Yörüks
Şablon:Infobox ethnic group Şablon:Turkish people The Yörüks, also Yuruks or Yorouks (Şablon:Lang-tr; Şablon:Lang-el, Youroúkoi; Şablon:Lang-bg; Şablon:Lang-mk, juruci), are a Turkish ethnic group,<ref>Vakalopoulos, Apostolos Euangelou. " Origins of the Greek Nation: The Byzantine Period, 1204-1461". Rutgers University Press, 1970. web link, p. 163, p. 330</ref> some of whom are nomadic, primarily inhabiting the mountains of Anatolia, and partly in the Balkan peninsula. Their name derives from the Turkish verb yürü- (yürümek in infinitive), which means "to walk", with the word yörük or yürük designating "those who walk on the hindlegs, walkers".<ref>Turkish Language Association - TDK Online Dictionary. Yorouk Şablon:Webarchive, yorouk Şablon:Webarchive Şablon:Tr icon</ref><ref>"yuruk." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. 2002.</ref> Yörüks lived within the Yörük Sanjak (Şablon:Lang-tr) which was not a territorial unit like other sanjaks but a separate organisational unit of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="ЋирковићМихаљчић1999">Şablon:Cite book</ref><ref name="Matkovski1983">Şablon:Cite book</ref>
İçindekiler
Yörüks in Anatolia
Historians and ethnologists often use the additional appellative 'Yörük Turcoman' or 'Turkmens' to describe the Yörüks of Anatolia. In Turkey's general parlance today, the terms "Türkmen" and "Yörük" indicate the gradual degrees of preserved attachment with the former semi-nomadic lifestyle of the populations concerned, with the "Turkmen" now leading a fully sedentary life, while keeping parts of their heritage through folklore and traditions, in arts like carpet-weaving, with the continued habit of keeping a yayla house for the summers, sometimes in relation to the Alevi community etc. and with Yörüks maintaining a yet stronger association with nomadism. These names ultimately hint to their Oghuz Turkish roots. The remaining transhumant or "true" Yörüks of today's Anatolian region traditionally use the camelŞablon:Citation needed as a means of transportation, though these are steadily being replaced by trucks.
The Yörüks are divided in a large number of named endogamous patrilineal tribes (aşiret). Among recent tribes mentioned in the literature are Aksigirli, Ali Efendi, Bahsıs, Cakallar, Coşlu, Qekli, Gacar, Güzelbeyli, Horzum, Karaevli, Karahacılı, Karakoyunlu, Karakayalı, Karalar, Karakecili, Manavlı, Melemenci, San Agalı, Sanhacılı, Sarıkeçili, Tekeli and Yeni Osmanlı. The tribes are splittered in clans or lineages, i.e. kabile, sülale or oba.<ref>Materialia Turcica, vol. 5-8, Studienverlag Brockmeyer., 1981, p.25</ref>
Yörüks in the Balkans
In 1911, the Yörük were distinct segment of the population of Macedonia and Thrace where they settled as early as the 14th century.Şablon:Sfn An earlier offshoot of the Yörüks, the Kailar or Kayılar Turks, were amongst the first settlements in Europe.Şablon:Citation needed
Yörüks and Sarakatsani
Their nomadic way of life and the fact that they spread through the Balkans led Arnold van Gennep to try to establish a connection between the Yörüks and the ethnically Greek Sarakatsani (Şablon:Lang-el) or Karakachans of Greece.<ref>Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference handbook By David Levinson page 41 :” Sarakatsani are Greek-speaking people in northwestern Greece and southern Bulgaria. They number less than 100 thousand , are ethnically Greek, speak Greek, and are Greek orthodox.”</ref> However, the Sarakatsani when for the first time mentioned under this name were Orthodox Christians and speaking Greek. While there are no actual linguistic or religious links to the Yörük, there are nevertheless connections and similarities as to the transhumant, nomadic way of life.<ref name="gennep">Şablon:Cite book</ref>
Kayılar Yörüks
The Kailar Turks formerly inhabited parts of Thessaly and Macedonia (especially near the town of Kozani and modern Ptolemaida). Before 1360, large numbers of nomad shepherds, or Yörüks, from the district of Konya, in Asia Minor, had settled in the country; their descendants are still known as "Konariotes" in Greek. Further immigration from this region took place from time to time up to the middle of the 18th century. After the establishment of the feudal system in 1397 many of the Seljuk noble families came over from Asia Minor; some of the beys or Muslim landowners in southern Macedonia before the Balkan Wars may have been their descendants.<Şablon:Sfn
Yörüks in Iran
Clans closely related to the Yörüks are scattered throughout the Anatolian peninsula and beyond its boundaries, particularly around the chain of Taurus Mountains and further east around the shores of the Caspian sea. Of the Turcomans of Iran, the Yomuts come the closest to the definition of the Yörüks. An interesting offshoot of the Yörük mass are the Tahtadji of the mountainous regions of Western Anatolia who, as their name implies, have been occupied with forestry work and wood craftsmanship for centuries. Despite this, they share similar traditions (with markedly matriarchal tones in their society structure) with their other Yörük cousins. The Qashqai people of southern Iran are also worthy of mention due to their shared characteristics.Şablon:What
Gallery
- Kailar baby.jpg
Kailar (Kayılar), Yörük baby in traditional taç
- DAVIS(1879) p010 YOUROUK ENCAMPMENT IN THE TAURUS.jpg
Yörük camp in the Taurus Mountains, c. 1879
- PSM V43 D200 Yuruk encampment.jpg
Yörük encampment, c. 1893
- II.selim tugra.jpg
Sultan Selim II's tughra for Kailar Yörüks in the Ottoman Archives
- Kayalar ilk meskunları (firs stalments of Kailar).jpg
The first settlements of Kailar Yörüks in Erdemuş
- Kayalar merkez cuma pzrı ilk yerleşenler.jpg
Kailar Yörüks in center of Kailar as a formal name of Cuma Pazarı
See also
Notes
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References
- Brailsford, H.N. Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future. Methuen & Co., London, 1906. Kailar Turks
- Cribb, Roger. Nomads in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Attribution
