"Mongolia" sayfasının sürümleri arasındaki fark

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(Yeni sayfa: "{{about|the modern sovereign state}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use American English|date=March 2017}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Mongo...")
 
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1. satır: 1. satır:
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{{about|the modern sovereign state}}
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?Book Report. Use this kind to write down a book report, noting the book's name, author, main characters, setting, and plot summary.  
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{{pp-move-indef}}
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A Friend. Publish about what being a friend will mean to you. Describe what friends do and how they behave with each individual other and with other people. What happens when friends disagree?
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{{Use American English|date=March 2017}}
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Movie Look at. Review article a movie. Include a description on the characters, the story, the scenery, and what you liked probably the most plus the least about the movie.  
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{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
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Election Issues. What do you think are quite possibly the most important issues on this election (and why)?
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{{Infobox country
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Improve the World. What you would do to improve the world? Think of steps you could take to help make the world a significantly better spot. June 23 is United Nations Public Program Working day.  
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|conventional_long_name = Mongolia
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How to Learn From Others. How can you learn from other people? Give an example of something you learned from someone else and explain why and how you learned it.  
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|common_name = Mongolia
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Something I Learned from the Bad Go through. Think about something bad that happened to you, but taught you something. Generate about this working experience and what you learned from it. Do you think that this knowledge will help you later in life?
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|native_name = Монгол Улс    Mongol Uls
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A Veteran's Story. Compose a site about a relative or friend who was inside of the Army, Marines, Navy, Air Pressure, Coast Guard, or National Guard. Who was this person (what is their relationship to you), when did this person serve, was it during a war (if so, which a particular), what did that person do during their assistance, and what are their recollections of their services?
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ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ        Monggol Ulus
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I Wonder Why. Think of something you have wondered about and compose about it.  
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[[Mongolian language|(Mongolian)]]
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Presidential Qualities. What do you think are probably the most important qualities a president should have (and why)?
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|image_flag = Flag of Mongolia.svg
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Living in Place. Do you think people will ever live in place? If not, why not? If so, where will they live and how will they do it?  
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|image_coat = Coat of Arms of Mongolia.svg
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Create About a Quantity. Pick a variety, then craft about it.  
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|symbol_type = Emblem
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Tell a Joke. Craft a funny joke which you know. Why did you pick this joke? Why is it so funny?
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|national_motto =
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Costless Vacation Trip. If someone offered to give you a absolutely free vacation trip just about anywhere in world, where would you go? Why do you wish to go to this location? What would you do while you got there?  
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|national_anthem = {{unbulleted list |[[National Anthem of Mongolia|Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал]]<br />{{transl|mn|''Mongol ulsyn töriin duulal''}}<br />{{small|''National anthem of Mongolia''}}}}<br /><center>[[File:National anthem of Mongolia 2006 official-instrumental.ogg]]</center>
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A New Olympic Sport. Invent a new Olympic sport. There are countless unusual Olympic sports, like skeleton (jogging and then sledding), biathlon (skiing additionally shooting), and curling (utilising brooms to propel an object over ice). Make up a new sport that would be fun to watch and engage in.  
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|image_map = Mongolia (orthographic projection).svg
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A New Web page. Any time you could put up a new internet site on any topic by any means, what would it be? Compose about why you chose this topic, what the web page would contain, and who else you think would probably be interested in going to your web page.  
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|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green}}
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New Nickname. If you happen to could choose a nickname for yourself, what would it be? Why did you pick this nickname? How do you think your classmates would react to this nickname?
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|capital = [[Ulaanbaatar]]{{Ref label|a|a}}
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An Invention I'd Like. Think about an invention that you'd like to have or make. Compose about what this new unit would do and why you'd like to employ it.  
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|coordinates = {{Coord|47|55|N|106|53|E|type:city}}
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Invent an Animal. Invent a new animal -- describe what it looks like, what it sounds like, how it moves, and what it eats. Is it scary or cuddly or something else altogether? Would it be a pet or live from the wild (or in a very zoo)?
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|largest_city = capital
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An Imaginary Pet. Draw and describe an imaginary pet that you choose to would like (or not like) to have.  
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|official_languages = [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
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Invent a New Holiday. Invent a new holiday. What would this holiday celebrate? How would you celebrate it? Would there be any special food or symbols in your holiday?
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|languages_type = [[Official script]]s
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New Student Questions. If there was a new student in class and you could only ask that person three questions to get to know them, what questions would you ask?
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|languages = [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongolian Cyrillic]]<br />[[Mongolian script]]<!-- Please, add an official (and non-media) source, otherwise it may be removed. --><ref>{{cite web |url = http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6478&Itemid=36 |title = Official Documents to be in Mongolian Script |publisher=''UB Post'' |date = June 21, 2011 |accessdate=2010-07-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20111101013639/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6478&Itemid=36 |archivedate = November 1, 2011 }}</ref>
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A New Name for your personal Town/City. Any time you could rename your town or city, what would you call it? Why did you pick this name? How would it change things into your town?
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|ethnic_groups =
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My Superpower. Once you could have just one superpower, what would it be? Create a web site explaining what the superpower is, why you would like to have it, and what you would do with this new power. How would your life change for those who had this superpower?
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{{unbulleted list
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If I Could Be a Different Age. . In case you could be any age in the slightest degree, how old would you be (more mature or younger)? Produce about why you would like to be this age and what you would do.  
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  | 96% [[Mongols]]
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If you ever Could Be Invisible. Those that could be invisible whenever you wanted to, what would you do? Why would you ought to do this particular thing?
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  |  4% [[Kazakhs]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mg.html |title = Mongolia |publisher=CIA |work = World Factbook |accessdate = August 9, 2015}}</ref>
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When you Could Fly. At any time you could fly whenever you wanted to, what would you do? Why would you must do this particular thing?
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}}
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A Magical Spell. A Magic Spell. Any time you could devise a magical spell, what would it be and what would it do? Produce about why you chose this new spell and how you would use it.  
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|ethnic_groups_year = 2010
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If All Your Wishes Had been Granted. Compose about what your life would be like if all your wishes came true. How would it change your life? What you would do?
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|demonym = {{hlist |[[Mongol]] |Mongolian{{Ref label|b|b}} }}
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As soon as you Could Make Something Disappear. If you happen to could make one particular thing disappear, what would it be? Generate about what would happen once it disappeared. How would it change things? What you would do?  
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|government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}} [[republic]]<ref name="Draft">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |dead-url= |journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |location=United States |publisher=University of California, San Diego |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archivedate=August 19, 2008 |pages= |access-date=21 February 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Dual">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fp/journal/v3/n3/pdf/8200087a.pdf |journal=French Politics |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Journals |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=pp. 323–351 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |access-date=21 February 2016 |quote=Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger’s sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in '''Mongolia''', Poland, and Senegal.}}</ref><ref name="IDEA">{{cite web |url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/news/mongolia-vain-constitutional-attempt-consolidate-parliamentary-democracy |title=Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy |last=Odonkhuu |first=Munkhsaikhan |author-link1=<!-- Munkhsaikhan Odonkhuu --> |date=12 February 2016 |website=ConstitutionNet |publisher=[[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|International IDEA]] |access-date=21 February 2016 |quote=Mongolia is sometimes described as a semi-presidential system because, while the prime minister and cabinet are collectively responsible to the SGKh, the president is popularly elected, and his/her powers are much broader than the conventional powers of heads of state in parliamentary systems.}}</ref>
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If I Could Change a School Rule. Once you could change one particular rule at your school, which rule would it be and what would you change it to? Why did you choose that rule? Why is your rule greater than the old rule?
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|leader_title1 = [[President of Mongolia|President]]
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Stranded on an Island. Those that were being going to be stranded with a deserted island and could take three items with you, what three items would you take and why? The three items should fit in an ordinary backpack. Describe every single item fully and tell why you'd like every a single.  
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|leader_name1 = [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]]
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Message inside of a Bottle. Should you have been stranded with a deserted island and could send out just one message within a bottle, what would you create in that message, and why would you create those particular things?
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|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|Prime Minister]]
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A House Adventure. Those that could travel anyplace in room, where would you go and why? What do you think it would be like there?  
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|leader_name2 = [[Jargaltulgyn Erdenebat]]
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Go Again in Time. If you happen to could go again in time and re-experience an event inside your life, what would it be. Would you go back again to change an event that happened or to re-experience a happy time? Or something else?
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|legislature = [[State Great Khural]]
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If I Have been a Grown-Up. Generate about what you'd do if you happen to had been a grown-up for 1 working day. What exactly would you like to do and why would you do it?
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|sovereignty_type = [[History of Mongolia|Formation]]
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If I Were being a Teacher. Publish a webpage on what you would do if you happen to ended up a teacher for a working day. What subjects would you teach and how would you teach them?
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|established_event1 = [[Xiongnu|Xiongnu Empire]]
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If I Ended up the President. Be able to write a website page on what you'd do in the event you have been the President. How would you change the world?
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|established_date1 = formed 209 BC
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If I Had a Hundred Dollars. Create a website page on what you'd do any time you had 1 hundred dollars.  
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|established_event2 = [[Mongol Empire]]
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The Story of Your Name. Why did your parents give you your name -- what is the story of your name? Are you named after someone or some put? Any time you don't know why you have your name, make up a story.  
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|established_date2 = formed 1206
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If I Had a New Name. If you ever could give yourself a new name, what would it be? Craft about why you chose this new name and how it might just change your life.  
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|established_event3 = [[Mongolian Revolution of 1911|Declaration of independence]] from the [[Qing dynasty]]
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If I Turned into an Animal. Once you had to turn into a different animal for only one working day, what animal would you choose to become? Why did you choose that animal? What would do while you became that animal, and where would you go? How do you think you would actually feel whenever you had been that animal? How would people treat you? How would other animals treat you?
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|established_date3 = December 29, 1911
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Talk to an Animal. Any time you could talk to an animal, what animal would you talk to and what would you talk about? Why did you choose that animal? What questions would you ask that animal?  
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|established_event4 = [[Mongolian People's Republic]] established
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Scariest Animal. Which animal frightens you some of the most? Describe the animal. What is it about this animal that makes it so terrifying? Is this animal actually dangerous or does it just disturb you?  
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|established_date4 = November 26, 1924
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My Special Working day. At any time you had a working day all for yourself and could do whatever you wanted to, what would you do? Start off with waking up and describe the entire working day. Include things like what you'd eat, who you'd see, where you'd go, and what you'd do.  
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|established_event5 = [[Constitution of Mongolia|Current Constitution]]
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An Adventure I'd like to have. If you should could have any type of adventure by any means, what would it be? Be able to write a webpage on an adventure that you'd like to encounter. Think belonging to the wildest adventure it is easy to imagine.  
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|established_date5 = February 13, 1992
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World Record. As soon as you could hold a world record in something, what would it be? How would you go about attaining this world record? How would it experience being a world record holder?
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|area_km2 = 1,566,000
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Favorites and Superlatives:  
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|area_rank = 18th
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My Favorite Game. What is your favorite game? Describe the game and how it is played. Explain the rules so that someone could learn how to participate in the game.
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|area_sq_mi = 603,909 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
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My Favorite Holiday. What is your favorite holiday? Describe what you like to do on this holiday, who you like to be with at that time, and why you enjoy it so noticeably.  
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|percent_water = 0.43<ref>[http://www.e-gazar.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=31%3A2008-10-21-08-45-23&id=163%3A-2007-&Itemid=58 Official landuse balanse data (2007)]{{Dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref>
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My Favorite Time of Yr. What is your favorite time of 12 months? Why do you like it so a lot? Describe what you like to do during this time, and why do you enjoy it so very much.  
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|population_estimate =3,081,677<ref>{{cite web |url = http://en.ubseg.gov.mn/|title=National Statistical Office of Mongolia |website =UBSEG.GOV.MN}}</ref>
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My Favorite Sport. What is your favorite sport? Why do you like it, and what do you like ultimate about it?
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|population_estimate_year = 2016
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My Favorite Movie. What is your favorite movie? Describe the characters, the story, and what you like most efficient about the movie.  
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|population_estimate_rank = 134th
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The Most popular Thing That Happened This Yr. What is the most popular thing that happened to you this calendar year? What was it and what effect did it have on your life? How did it make you feel really and how did it change you?
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|population_density_km2 = 1.97<ref name="Apr 2016">Apr 2016</ref>
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Some of the most Beautiful Spot I've Ever Seen. What is the best beautiful position you have ever seen? Describe this site and generate about where it is, what it looks like, and how you felt should you saw it.  
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|population_density_sq_mi = 5.10<ref name="Apr 2016"/> <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
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The Prime Thing I've Learned in School. Publish about probably the most valuable thing you ever learned in school. What made it so useful for you?  
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|population_density_rank = 238th
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What I Like Very best in School. What is your favorite part on the school working day? Be able to write a website page on what you like the ultimate in school.  
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|GDP_PPP = $36.6&nbsp;billion
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My Top Birthday Ever. Produce a website page over the preferred birthday you ever had. Describe what made it so special.  
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|GDP_PPP_year = 2015
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The Optimum Gift You Gave. Craft about the most excellent gift you ever gave. Who did you give it to and why did you give it to them? What made it a good gift?  
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|GDP_PPP_rank =
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The Most effective Gift You Received. Produce about the most effective gift you ever received. What was it and why did you like it so a good deal? What made it so special?  
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $11,024
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The Ideal Food You've Ever Eaten. Produce about the most popular food you ever had. What was it and why did you like it so noticeably? Have you had it again?
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
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The Worst Food You've Ever Eaten. Publish about quite possibly the most horrible food you ever had. What was it and why did you dislike it so very much? Have you had it again?
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|GDP_nominal = $12.5&nbsp;billion
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Craziest Meal. What is the craziest meal it is easy to think of? What foods would be in it? Who would make the food and where would it be served? Who would eat it? Who would like it?
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|GDP_nominal_year = 2015
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My Preferred Vacation Ever. Publish a site for the optimal vacation or trip you ever had. Describe where you went, who you went with, what you did, and why you enjoyed it.  
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|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,353
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Favorites and Superlatives:  
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|Gini = 36.5 <!-- number only -->
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Vacation: My Worst Vacation Ever. Craft a site within the worst vacation or trip that you simply ever had. Describe where you went, who you went with, what you did, and why you enjoyed it.  
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|Gini_year = 2011
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What is the Farthest You've Ever Traveled. What is the longest distance you've ever traveled? Where did you go, who did you select, and what did you do any time you got there? What was the highlight with the trip?
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|Gini_change =  <!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
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Fastest You've Ever Traveled. What is the Fastest You've Ever Traveled? What is the fastest speed at which you've moved? What type of vehicle had been you in? Where had been you and where did you go? Who have been you with, and why have been you traveling
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|Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=March 2, 2011}}</ref>
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The Funniest Thing I've Ever Seen or Heard. What is the funniest thing that you've ever seen or heard? Maybe it was a joke that a friend told you, a comedy routine, or a scene in the movie. Describe this amusing event and tell why you thought it was funny.  
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|Gini_rank =
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The Scariest Thing That Ever Happened To Me. What is the scariest thing that ever happened to you? Describe this event and compose about why it scared you.  
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|HDI = 0.727 <!-- number only, between 0 and 1 -->
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What I Worry About. What do you worry about? Describe something that worries you. Be able to write why it worries you, how it affects your life, and how you could perhaps be able to solve this problem.  
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|HDI_year = 2014 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year -->
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The Biggest Thing I've Ever Seen. What is the largest thing that you choose to have ever seen? Describe this huge object and create about if you saw it, where it was, and how you felt as you saw it.  
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|HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
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Just about the most Annoying Things. Be able to write about essentially the most irritating, bothersome things into your life.  
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|HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url = http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title = 2015 Human Development Report Statistical Annex |date = 2015 |accessdate = December 14, 2015 |publisher = United Nations Development Programme |page = 9}}</ref>
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A Reputable Personality Trait. Think of the person you really like or admire. Think of the personality trait that makes them so special. Generate about this strong trait and why you like it.  
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|HDI_rank = 90th
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A Bad Personality Trait. Think of the person you really dislike. Think of the personality trait that makes them so unpleasant. Generate about this bad trait and why you dislike it.  
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|currency = [[Mongolian tögrög|Tögrög]]
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The Hardest Part of Being a Kid. What do you think is the hardest part of being a kid? How could you make this difficult part of your life easier?
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|currency_code = MNT
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The Ultimate Advice Your Mother Gave You. Craft about the most advantageous advice your mother ever gave you. What was it and why was it important to you? How has it affected your life?  
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|time_zone = <!-- [[Asia/Hovd|HOVD]] (Hovd Standard Time) / [[Asia/Ulaanbaatar||ULAT]] (Ulaanbaatar Standard Time) -->
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The Ideal Advice Your Father Gave You. Compose about the most advantageous advice your father ever gave you. What was it and why was it important to you? How has it affected your life?
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|utc_offset = +7/+8<ref>{{cite web |title = Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7 |publisher = Time Temperature.com |url = http://www.timetemperature.com/asia/mongolia_time_zone.shtml |accessdate=2007-09-30}}</ref>
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The Oldest Thing You've Ever Seen. What is the oldest thing you have ever seen? Publish about what it was and how old it was. Where did you see it? What did it make you think
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|utc_offset_DST = +8/+9<ref>{{cite web |title = Clock changes in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia |publisher= timeanddate.com |url= http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/mongolia/ulaanbaatar |accessdate= 2015-03-27}}</ref>
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Quite possibly the most Fascinating Thing You've Ever Seen on the Sky. What is one of the most interesting thing you have ever seen while in the sky? Publish about what it was and what it looked like. Where did you see it? What did you think about it?
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|time_zone_DST =
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Most Important Person. Compose a web page on who you think is the best important person alive with the world today. Describe this person and create about why they are so important. How could you be a good deal more like this person?
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|date_format = yyyy.mm.dd ([[Common Era|CE]])
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Essays About the Writer:  
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|drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic#Right-hand traffic|right]]
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A Personal Accomplishment. Generate about something which you worked hard to accomplish. How did you go about succeeding? Why did you should accomplish this particular thing? How do you feel really about your accomplishment? What other things do you ought to accomplish?
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|calling_code = [[+976]]
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Autobiography. Craft the story of your life. Get started with with your birth and keep going the adventure up to the existing.  
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|iso3166code = MN
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How Are You Different?. Publish about what makes you different from other people you know. How do you think this will affect your life?
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|cctld = [[.mn]], [[.мон]]
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Self-Portrait. Draw a self-portrait, and describe yourself in crafting.  
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|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} Also spelled "Ulan Bator".
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Three Words Describing Yourself. Those that had to describe yourself utilising only three words, what would words would you use and why?  
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|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} "Mongolian" includes minorities such as [[Kazakhs]] or [[Tuvans]].
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My Family. Publish about the members of your family. Describe each individual person and what they mean to you.  
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|religion = [[Buddhism]] (53%)<br />[[Irreligion]] (38.6%)<br />[[Islam]] (3%)<br/> [[Mongolian shamanism|Shamanism]] (2.9%)<ref name="cia" />
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My Town. If an out-of-town visitor was coming to visit, where would you take your visitor? Describe the recommended places all around your town and why they are so interesting. Generate about parks, museums, lakes, stores, restaurants, and other places you enjoy.  
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|area_magnitude = 1 E12
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What I Wish to Do When I Grow Up. Create a web page on what you wish to do in the event you grow up. What career do you would like and what do you should accomplish?
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}}
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An Act of Kindness. Produce a site on something nice that you just did for someone, or on something nice that someone did for you for no reason.  
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A Sound Deed. When was the last time you did something nice for someone without them asking you? Publish about what it was that you just did and why you did it. How did the opposite person react, and how did you feel really about your first-rate deed? What about next time?
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'''Mongolia''' {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Mongolia.ogg|m|ɒ|ŋ|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|l|i|ə}} ([[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: {{lang|mn-Mong|{{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}}} [''Monggol Ulus''] in [[Mongolian script]]; {{linktext|Монгол}} {{linktext|Улс}} [''Mongol Uls''] in [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongolian Cyrillic]]) is a [[Landlocked country|landlocked]] [[unitary state|unitary]] [[sovereign state]] in [[East Asia]]. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of [[Outer Mongolia]], and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is sandwiched between [[China]] to the south and [[Russia]] to the north. While it does not share a border with [[Kazakhstan]], Mongolia is separated from it by only {{convert|36.76|km|mi|sp=us}}.
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A Dream I've Had. Describe a dream that you've had. How did the dream make you come to feel?
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The Ideal Thing I've Learned in School. Be able to write about just about the most valuable thing you ever learned in school. What made it so useful for you?
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At {{convert|1564116|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}, Mongolia is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|18th largest]] and the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density|most sparsely populated]] fully sovereign country in the world, with a population of around 3 million people. It is also the world's second-largest [[landlocked country]] behind [[Kazakhstan]] and the largest [[landlocked country]] that does not border a [[closed sea]]. The country contains very little [[arable land]], as much of its area is covered by grassy [[steppe]], with mountains to the north and west and the [[Gobi Desert]] to the south. [[Ulaanbaatar]], the capital and largest city, is home to about 45% of the country's population.
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Quite possibly the most Exciting Thing with your Life. What is one of the most exciting thing you have ever done? Craft about what it was, when it occurred, and where. Has it changed your life
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I'm an Expert. Everybody is exceptional at something - craft about what you do most popular. It could be a hobby, a sport, reading, playing chess, or anything else you excel at.  
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Approximately 30% of the population is [[nomad]]ic or semi-nomadic; [[Horse culture in Mongolia|horse culture]] is still integral. The majority of its population are [[Buddhist]]s. The non-religious population is the second largest group. [[Islam]] is the dominant religion among ethnic [[Kazakhs]]. The majority of the state's citizens are of Mongol ethnicity, although [[Kazakhs]], [[Tuvans]], and other minorities also live in the country, especially in the west. Mongolia joined the [[World Trade Organization]] in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups.<ref name="factbook-mn"/>
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Essays About the Writer:  
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What's Bugging You?. Think about something that annoys or bothers you. Be able to write about what it is and why it bothers you. What can you do to enable it to be less irritating?
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The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various [[nomadic empire]]s, including the [[Xiongnu]], the [[Xianbei]], the [[Rouran]], the [[Turkic Khaganate]], and others. In 1206, [[Genghis Khan]] founded the [[Mongol Empire]], which became the largest [[List of largest empires|contiguous land empire]] in history.  His grandson [[Kublai Khan]] conquered China to establish the [[Yuan dynasty]]. After the collapse of the Yuan, the [[Mongols]] retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of [[Dayan Khan]] and [[Tumen Zasagt Khan]].
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My Earliest Memory. What is the to begin with memory you have of your life? Produce about what you remember, how old you ended up in the time, and why you think you remember this event in particular. What do you think of this event now?
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Giving Thanks. Produce a website page on what are you most thankful for in life.  
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In the 16th century, [[Buddhism in Mongolia|Tibetan Buddhism]] began to spread in Mongolia, being further led by the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-founded [[Qing dynasty]], which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 1900s, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks.<ref>Michael Jerryson, ''Mongolian Buddhism: The Rise and Fall of the Sangha,'' (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2007), 89.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mongolia – Religion |url = http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/east_asia/mongolia/religion.htm |website = Michigan State University |accessdate = January 24, 2015}}</ref> After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia [[Mongolian Revolution of 1911|declared independence from the Qing dynasty]], and in 1921 [[Mongolian Revolution of 1921|established]] ''de facto'' independence from the [[Republic of China]]. Shortly thereafter, the country came under the control of the [[Soviet Union]], which had aided its independence from China. In 1924, the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] was declared as a Soviet [[satellite state]].<ref name=Sik>{{cite book|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1ecjepq80QC&pg=PA39|title=Nationality and International Law in Asian Perspective|isbn=9780792308768|author1=Sik|first1=Ko Swan|year=1990|accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref> After the anti-Communist [[revolutions of 1989]], Mongolia conducted its own peaceful [[1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia|democratic revolution]] in early 1990. This led to a [[multi-party system]], a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a [[market economy]].
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My Personal Hero. Who is your personal hero? Produce a website page on your hero's accomplishments and what makes that person a hero. Those that don't have a personal hero, describe the characteristics that someone would really need to possess to be your personal hero.  
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A Person You Admire. Who do you admire the best? Why do you respect this person so significantly; what have they done to deserve your respect
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== History ==
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My April Fool Joke. Who would you like to engage in an April Fool's Working day joke on? Why would you like to do this, and what would you like to do?  
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{{Main|History of Mongolia}}
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When I'm Eighty. Create an essay as though you had been 80 years old, seeking again at your life. What have you accomplished, what are you proudest of, what is the world like, and do you have any regrets?
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How Are You Like Your Mother?. Create about how you happen to be like your mother. Do you search in the least like her? Do you have any traits in widespread? What parts of your personality are like hers?
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=== Prehistory and antiquity ===
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How Are You Like Your Father?. Generate about how that you're like your father. Do you start looking in any way like him? Do you have any traits in everyday? What parts of your personality are like his?
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{{Main|Prehistoric Mongolia|Proto-Mongols}}
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When I Appear within the Mirror I. . What do you see while you glimpse with the mirror? Describe what you see, how you experience about your personal reflection, and what it prompts you to definitely do.  
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''[[Homo erectus]]'' inhabited Mongolia from 850,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.mas.ac.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56&Itemid=64 |title=Хүрээлэнгийн эрдэм шинжилгээний ажлын ололт амжилт |publisher=Institute of Mongolian Archaeology |date=June 24, 2013 |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref> Modern humans reached Mongolia approximately 40,000 years ago during the [[Upper Paleolithic]]. The ''Khoit Tsenkher Cave''<ref name="Novgorodova">Eleanora Novgorodova, Archäologische Funde, Ausgrabungsstätten und Skulpturen, in ''Mongolen (catalogue)'', pp. 14–20</ref> in [[Khovd Province]] shows lively pink, brown, and red ochre paintings (dated to 20,000 years ago) of [[mammoths]], [[lynx]], [[bactrian camel]]s, and [[ostrich]]es, earning it the nickname "the [[Lascaux]] of Mongolia". The [[venus figurines of Mal'ta]] (21,000 years ago) testify to the level of Upper Paleolithic art in northern Mongolia; Mal'ta is now part of [[Russia]].
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Thanksgiving Tradition. Produce about just one of your family's Thanksgiving traditions. Describe it in detail, tell how you actually feel about it and what it indicates to you.  
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[[File:Arkhangai Aimag6.JPG|thumb|Pasture land in [[Arkhangai Province]]. Mongolia was the heartland of many nomadic empires.]]
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Christmas Tradition. Compose about one particular of your family's Christmas traditions. Describe it in detail, tell how you experience about it and what it implies to you.  
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[[File:Ger Tereg Blue.jpg|thumb|Mongolian ''ordos'' (palaces) were likened to "cities on the move" ([[Plano Carpini]]).]]
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Bad Working day Solutions. Whenever you are having a bad working day, what do you do to make yourself come to feel improved? Does it always show results?
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Neolithic agricultural settlements (c. 5500–3500 BC), such as those at Norovlin, Tamsagbulag, Bayanzag, and Rashaan Khad, predated the introduction of horse-riding nomadism, a pivotal event in the history of Mongolia and becoming the dominant culture. Horse-riding nomadism has been documented by archeological evidence in Mongolia during the Copper and Bronze Age [[Afanasevo culture]] (3500–2500 BC); this culture was active to the [[Khangai Mountains]] in Central Mongolia. The wheeled vehicles found in the burials of the Afanasevans have been dated to before 2200 BC.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Christian|title=A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia|date=December 16, 1998|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-631-20814-3|page=101}}</ref> Pastoral nomadism and metalworking became more developed with the later [[Okunev culture]] (2nd millennium BC), [[Andronovo culture]] (2300–1000 BC) and [[Karasuk culture]] (1500–300 BC), culminating with the Iron Age [[Xiongnu]] Empire in 209 BC. Monuments of the pre-Xiongnu Bronze Age include [[deer stone]]s, keregsur [[kurgans]], [[Slab Grave Culture|square slab tombs]], and rock paintings.
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Although cultivation of crops has continued since the Neolithic, agriculture has always remained small in scale compared to pastoral nomadism. Agriculture may have first been introduced from the west or arose independently in the region. The population during the [[Copper Age]] has been described as mongoloid in the east of what is now Mongolia, and as europoid in the west.<ref name="Novgorodova"/> Tocharians ([[Yuezhi]]) and [[Scythians]] inhabited western Mongolia during the Bronze Age. The mummy of a Scythian warrior, which is believed to be about 2,500 years old, was a 30- to 40-year-old man with blond hair; it  was found in [[Altai Mountains|the Altai]], Mongolia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,433600,00.html |title=Archeological Sensation-Ancient Mummy Found in Mongolia |publisher=Spiegel.de |date=August 25, 2006 |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> As horse nomadism was introduced into Mongolia, the political center of the [[Eurasian Steppe]] also shifted to Mongolia, where it remained until the 18th century CE. The intrusions of northern pastoralists (e.g., Guifang, Shanrong, [[Donghu people|Donghu]]) into China during the [[Shang dynasty]] (1600–1046 BC) and [[Zhou dynasty]] (1046–256 BC) presaged the age of [[nomadic empire]]s.
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The concept of Mongolia as an independent power north of [[China]] is expressed in a letter sent by [[Emperor Wen of Han]] to [[Laoshang Chanyu]] in 162 BC (recorded in the ''[[Hanshu]]''):
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{{cquote| The Emperor of China respectfully salutes the great Shan Yu (Chanyu) of the [[Xiongnu|Hsiung-nu]] (Xiongnu)...When my imperial predecessor erected the Great Wall, all the bowmen nations on the north were subject to the Shan Yu; while the residents inside the wall, who wore the cap and sash, were all under our government: and the myriads of the people, by following their occupations, ploughing and weaving, shooting and hunting, were able to provide themselves with food and clothing...Your letter says:--"The two nations being now at peace, and the two princes living in harmony, military operations may cease, the troops may send their horses to graze, and prosperity and happiness prevail from age to age, commencing, a new era of contentment and peace." That is extremely gratifying to me...Should I, in concert with the Shan Yu, follow this course, complying with the will of heaven, then compassion for the people will be transmitted from age to age, and extended to unending generations, while the universe will be moved with admiration, and the influence will be felt by neighbouring kingdoms inimical to the Chinese or the Hsiung-nu...As the Hsiung-nu live in the northern regions, where the cold piercing atmosphere comes at an early period, I have ordered the proper authorities to transmit yearly to the Shan Yu, a certain amount of grain, gold, silks of the finer and coarser kinds, and other objects. Now peace prevails all over the world; the myriads of the population are living in harmony, and I and the Shan Yu alone are the parents of the people...After the conclusion of the treaty of peace throughout the world, take notice, the Han will not be the first to transgress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hantxt1.html | title=Selections from the Han Narrative Histories | publisher=Silk Road Texts, Washington University at Saint Louis | accessdate=March 30, 2014}}</ref>}}
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[[File:ZaamarTomb.jpg|thumb|right|7th-century finds found {{convert|180|km|0|abbr=on}} from Ulaanbaatar. Kept in Ulaanbaatar. A constant theme in Mongolian history is its relations with China.]]
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Since prehistoric times, Mongolia has been inhabited by nomads who, from time to time, formed great confederations that rose to power and prominence. Common institutions were the office of the [[Khan (title)|Khan]], the [[Kurultai]] (Supreme Council), left and right wings, imperial army ([[Keshig]]) and the decimal military system. The first of these empires, the [[Xiongnu]] of undetermined ethnicity, were brought together by [[Modu Shanyu]] to form a confederation in 209 BC. Soon they emerged as the greatest threat to the [[Qin Dynasty]], forcing the latter to construct the [[Great Wall of China]]. It was guarded by up to almost 300,000 soldiers during marshal [[Meng Tian]]'s tenure, as a means of defense against the destructive Xiongnu raids. The vast Xiongnu empire (209 BC–93 AD) was followed by the Mongolic [[Xianbei state|Xianbei empire]] (93–234 AD), which also ruled more than the entirety of present-day Mongolia. The Mongolic [[Rouran]] Khaganate (330–555), of [[Xianbei]] provenance was the first to use "Khagan" as an imperial title. It ruled a massive empire before being defeated by the [[Göktürks]] (555–745) whose empire was even bigger.
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The Göktürks laid siege to [[Panticapaeum]], present-day [[Kerch]], in 576. They were succeeded by the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] (745–840) who were defeated by the Kyrgyz. The Mongolic [[Khitan people|Khitans]], descendants of the Xianbei, ruled Mongolia during the [[Liao Dynasty]] (907–1125), after which the [[Khamag Mongol]] (1125–1206) rose to prominence.
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Lines 3–5 of the memorial inscription of [[Bilge Khagan]] (684–737) in central Mongolia summarizes the time of the [[Khagan]]s:
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{{cquote| In battles they subdued the nations of all four sides of the world and suppressed them. They made those who had heads bow their heads, and who had knees genuflect them. In the east up to the Kadyrkhan common people, in the west up to the Iron Gate they conquered... These Khagans were wise. These Khagans were great. Their servants were wise and great too. Officials were honest and direct with people. They ruled the nation this way. This way they held sway over them. When they died ambassadors from Bokuli Cholug (Baekje Korea), Tabgach (Tang China), Tibet (Tibetan Empire), [[Pannonian Avars|Avar]] (Avar Khaganate), Rome (Byzantine Empire), [[Yenisei Kirghiz|Kirgiz]], Uch-Kurykan, Otuz-Tatars, [[Khitan people|Khitans]], [[Kumo Xi|Tatabis]] came to the funerals. So many people came to mourn over the great Khagans. They were famous Khagans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=16&m=1 | title=Memorial Complex of Bilge Khagan | publisher=bitig.org | accessdate=January 1, 2015}}</ref>}}
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===Middle Ages to early 20th century===
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{{Main|Mongol Empire|Mongolia under Yuan rule|Northern Yuan dynasty|Dzungar Khanate|Mongolia under Qing rule}}
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{{See also|List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans|List of Mongol states|List of Mongol rulers}}
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[[File:Mongols-map.png|thumb|right|alt=Map of Asia|This map shows the boundary of the 13th-century [[Mongol Empire]] compared to today's [[Mongols]]. The red area shows where the majority of [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] speakers reside today.]]
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[[File:Post-Imperial Mongolia.png|thumb|The Northern Yuan at its greatest extent.]]
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In the chaos of the late 12th century, a chieftain named [[Genghis Khan|Temüjin]] finally succeeded in uniting the Mongol tribes between [[Manchuria]] and the [[Altai Mountains]]. In 1206, he took the title [[Genghis Khan#Name and title|Genghis Khan]], and waged a series of military campaigns – renowned for their brutality and ferocity – sweeping through much of Asia, and forming the [[Mongol Empire]], the largest contiguous land empire in world history. Under his successors it stretched from present-day [[Ukraine]] in the west to [[Korea]] in the east, and from [[Siberia]] in the north to the [[Gulf of Oman]] and [[Vietnam]] in the south, covering some {{convert|33000000|km2}},<ref name="EarthRule">{{cite web|author=Bruce R. Gordon |url=http://www.hostkingdom.net/earthrul.html |title=To Rule the Earth |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |date=July 1, 2007 |accessdate=2013-06-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011090918/http://www.hostkingdom.net/earthrul.html |archivedate=October 11, 2012 }}</ref> (22% of Earth's total land area) and having a population of over 100 million people (about a quarter of Earth's total population at the time). The emergence of [[Pax Mongolica]] also significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia during its height.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Guzman|first=Gregory G.|title=Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?|journal=The Historian|year=1988|issue=50|pages=568–70}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas T. Allsen|title=Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0StLNcKQNUoC&pg=PA211|accessdate=2013-06-28|date=March 25, 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-60270-9|page=211}}</ref>
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After Genghis Khan's death, the empire was subdivided into four kingdoms or [[Khanate]]s. These eventually became quasi-independent after the [[Toluid Civil War]] (1260–1264), which broke out in a battle for power following [[Möngke Khan]]'s death in 1259. One of the khanates, the "Great Khaanate", consisting of the Mongol homeland and [[History of China|China]], became known as the [[Yuan dynasty]] under [[Kublai Khan]], the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day [[Beijing]]. After more than a century of power, the Yuan was replaced by the [[Ming dynasty]] in 1368, and the Mongol court fled to the north. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capital [[Karakorum]] among a few other cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols under [[Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara|Ayushridar]] and his general [[Köke Temür]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}
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[[File:Altan Khan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Altan Khan]] (1507–1582) founded the city of [[Hohhot]], helped introduce Buddhism and originated the title of [[Dalai Lama]]]]
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[[File:Tsogtiin tsagaan baishin.JPG|thumb|left|Castle built in northern Mongolia by [[Tsogt Taij]] in 1601.]]
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[[File:TövkhönKhiid2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tövkhön Monastery]] built in 1653 by [[Zanabazar]]. Here he created the [[Soyombo script]] in 1686.]]
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After the expulsion of the Yuan dynasty rulers from China, the Mongols continued to rule Mongolia homeland, known as the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]]. The next centuries were marked by violent power struggles among various factions, notably the Genghisids and the non-Genghisid [[Oirats]], as well as by several Chinese invasions (such as the [[Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols|five expeditions led by the Yongle Emperor]]). In the early 15th century, the Oirads under [[Esen Tayisi]] gained the upper hand, and raided China in 1449 in a [[Tumu Crisis|conflict]] over Esen's right to pay tribute, capturing the Ming [[Zhengtong Emperor|emperor]] in the process. When Esen was murdered in 1454, the [[Borjigid]]s regained power. {{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}
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In the early 16th century, [[Dayan Khan]] and his [[khatun]] [[Mandukhai]] reunited the entire Mongol nation under the Genghisids. In the mid-16th century, [[Altan Khan]] of the Tümed, a grandson of [[Dayan Khan]] – but not a hereditary or legitimate Khan – became powerful. He founded [[Hohhot]] in 1557. After he met with the [[Dalai Lama]] in 1578, he ordered the introduction of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] to Mongolia. (It was the second time this had occurred). [[Abtai Sain Khan]] of the [[Khalkha]] converted to Buddhism and founded the [[Erdene Zuu]] monastery in 1585. His grandson [[Zanabazar]] became the first [[Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] in 1640. Following the leaders, the entire Mongolian population embraced Buddhism. Each family kept scriptures and Buddha statues on an altar at the north side of their [[yurt|ger]] (yurt). Mongolian nobles donated land, money and herders to the monasteries. As was typical in states with established religions, the top religious institutions, the monasteries, wielded significant temporal power in addition to spiritual power. {{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}
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[[File:Oirat Caravan.jpg|thumb|left|An image of an early 20th-century [[Oirats|Oirat]] caravan, traveling on horseback, possibly to trade goods.]]
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The last Mongol Khan was [[Ligden Khan]] in the early 17th century. He came into conflicts with the [[Manchu people|Manchus]] over the looting of Chinese cities, and also alienated most Mongol tribes.<!--Why? --> He died in 1634. By 1636 most [[Inner Mongolia]]n tribes had submitted to the Manchus, who founded the [[Qing dynasty]]. The Khalkha eventually submitted to Qing rule in 1691, thus bringing all of today's Mongolia under Manchu rule. After several wars, the [[Dzungars]] (the western Mongols or Oirats) were virtually annihilated during the Qing conquest of Dzungaria in 1757–58.<ref>{{cite web|author=Edward Allworth |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/313790/Kazakhstan/214566/History#ref=ref598970 |title=Kazakhstan to c. 1700 ce |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref>
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Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the 600,000 or more Dzungar were destroyed by a combination of disease and warfare.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080410040826/http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf Michael Edmund Clarke, ''In the Eye of Power'' (doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37] {{webarchive |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5wQnNChmw?url=http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf |date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref> Outer Mongolia was given relative autonomy, being administered by the hereditary Genghisid khanates of Tusheet Khan, Setsen Khan, Zasagt Khan and Sain Noyon Khan. The [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]] of Mongolia had immense ''de facto'' authority. The Manchu forbade mass Chinese immigration into the area, which allowed the Mongols to keep their culture.
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The main trade route during this period was the [[Siberian Route|Tea Road]] through Siberia; it had permanent stations located every {{convert|25|to|30|km|mi}}, each of which was staffed by 5–30 chosen families. Urga (present-day [[Ulaanbaatar]]) benefited greatly from this overland trade, as it was the only major settlement in Outer Mongolia used as a stopover point by merchants, officials and travelers on the Tea Road. {{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}
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Until 1911, the Qing dynasty maintained control of Mongolia with a series of alliances and intermarriages, as well as military and economic measures. [[Amban]]s, Manchu "high officials", were installed in [[Ulaanbaatar|Khüree]], [[Uliastai]], and [[Khovd (city)|Khovd]], and the country was subdivided into numerous feudal and ecclesiastical fiefdoms (which also placed people in power with loyalty to the Qing). Over the course of the 19th century, the feudal lords attached more importance to representation and less importance to the responsibilities towards their subjects. The behaviour of Mongolia's nobility, together with  [[usury|usurious]] practices by Chinese traders and the collection of imperial taxes in silver instead of animals, resulted in poverty among the nomads becoming widespread. By 1911 there were 700 large and small monasteries in Outer Mongolia; their 115,000 monks made up 21% of the population. Apart from the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, there were 13 other reincarnating high lamas, called 'seal-holding saints' (''tamgatai khutuktu''), in Outer Mongolia.
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=== Modern history ===
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{{Main|Mongolian Revolution of 1911|Mongolia (1911–24)|Mongolian Revolution of 1921|Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolian Revolution of 1990|History of modern Mongolia}}
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[[File:BogdKhan.jpg|thumb|upright|The eighth [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]]]]
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With the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia under the [[Bogd Khaan]] declared independence. But, the newly established [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] considered Mongolia to be part of its own territory. [[Yuan Shikai]], the President of the Republic of China, considered the new republic to be the successor of the Qing. Bogd Khaan said that both Mongolia and China had been administered by the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] during the Qing, and after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the contract of Mongolian submission to the Manchu had become invalid.<ref>Bawden, Charles (1968): ''The Modern History of Mongolia.'' Weidenfeld & Nicolson: 194–195</ref>
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The area controlled by the Bogd Khaan was approximately that of the former [[Outer Mongolia]] during the Qing period. In 1919, after the [[October Revolution]] in Russia, Chinese troops led by [[Xu Shuzheng]] occupied Mongolia. Warfare erupted on the northern border. As a result of the [[Russian Civil War]], the [[White movement|White]] Russian [[Lieutenant General]] [[Roman Ungern von Sternberg|Baron Ungern]] led his troops into Mongolia in October 1920, defeating the Chinese forces in [[Ulaanbaatar|Niislel Khüree]] (Ulaanbaatar) in early February 1921 with support by Mongols.
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To eliminate the threat posed by Ungern, [[Russian SFSR|Bolshevik Russia]] decided to support establishing a communist Mongolian government and army. This Mongolian army took the [[Altanbulag, Selenge|Mongolian part]] of [[Kyakhta]] from Chinese forces on March 18, 1921, and on July 6 Russian and Mongolian troops arrived in Khüree. Mongolia declared its independence again on July 11, 1921.<ref>Thomas E. Ewing, "Russia, China, and the Origins of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1911–1921: A Reappraisal", in: ''The Slavonic and East European Review'', Vol. 58, No. 3 (Jul. 1980), pp. 399, 414, 415, 417, 421</ref> As a result, Mongolia was closely aligned with the Soviet Union over the next seven decades.
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In 1924, after the [[Bogd Khaan]] died of [[laryngeal cancer]]<ref>
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''Кузьмин С. Л., Оюунчимэг Ж.'' [http://www.scribd.com/doc/54133527/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC-%D0%B8-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8 Буддизм и революция в Монголии] {{ref-ru}}</ref> or, as some sources claim, at the hands of Russian spies,<ref>{{YouTube|XuB0b_dEZ5g|Догсомын Бодоо 1/2}} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref> the country's [[political system]] was changed. The [[Mongolian People's Republic]] was established. In 1928, [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] rose to power. The early leaders of the Mongolian People's Republic (1921–1952) were not communists and many of them were [[Pan-Mongolism|Pan-Mongolists]]. The [[Soviet Union]] forcefully established a [[communist state|communist regime]] in Mongolia by later exterminating Pan-Mongolists. In the 1960s, Soviets recognized the [[Mongolian People's Party]] as "real" communists, who took power after the suspicious death of Pan-Mongolist leader Choibalsan.
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[[File:Sukhbaatar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Damdin Sükhbaatar]]]]
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Khorloogiin Choibalsan instituted [[collectivisation]] of livestock, began the destruction of the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[monastery|monasteries]], and carried out the [[Stalinist repressions in Mongolia]], which resulted in the murders of numerous monks and other leaders. In Mongolia during the 1920s, approximately one-third of the male population were monks. By the beginning of the 20th century, about 750 monasteries were functioning in Mongolia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orientmag.com/8-30.htm |title=Mongolia: The Bhudda and the Khan |publisher=Orient Magazine |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818173717/http://www.orientmag.com/8-30.htm |archivedate=August 18, 2010 }}</ref>
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In 1930 Russia stopped [[Buryats]] migration to the Mongolian People's Republic to prevent Mongolian reunification. All leaders of Mongolia who did not fulfill Russian demands to perform terror against Mongolians were executed by Russians, including [[Peljidiin Genden]] and [[Anandyn Amar]]. The [[Great Purge|Stalinist purges in Mongolia]], which began in 1937, killed more than 30,000 people. Choibalsan died suspiciously in Russia in 1952. [[Comintern]] leader [[Bohumír Šmeral]] said, "People of Mongolia are not important, the land is important. Mongolian land is larger than England, France and Germany".<ref name="Mongolia 2003">''History of Mongolia,'' 2003, Volume 5. Mongolian Institute of History</ref>
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After the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|Japanese invasion of neighboring Manchuria]] in 1931, Mongolia was threatened on this front. During the [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol|Soviet-Japanese Border War]] of 1939, the Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against Japanese expansionism.  Mongolia fought against Japan during the [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol]] in 1939 and during the [[Soviet–Japanese War (1945)|Soviet–Japanese War]] in August 1945 to liberate [[Southern Mongolia (region)|Southern Mongolia]] from Japan and China.
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The February 1945 [[Yalta Conference]] provided for the Soviet Union's participation in the Pacific War. One of the Soviet conditions for its participation, put forward at Yalta, was that after the war Outer Mongolia would retain its independence. [[Mongolian independence referendum, 1945|The referendum]] took place on October 20, 1945, with (according to official numbers) 100% of the electorate voting for independence.<ref>Nohlen, D, Grotz, F & Hartmann, C (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II'', p491 ISBN 0-19-924959-8</ref>
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After the establishment of the [[People's Republic of China]], both countries confirmed their mutual recognition on October 6, 1949. However, the [[Republic of China]] used its [[United Nations Security Council veto power|Security Council veto]] in 1955, to stop the admission of the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] to the United Nations on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia —including Outer Mongolia— as part of China. This was the only time the Republic Of China ever used its veto. Hence, and because of the repeated threats to veto by the ROC, Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 when the [[Soviet Union]] agreed to lift its veto on the admission of [[Mauritania]] (and any other newly independent African state), in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961.<ref name="unveto">{{cite web | url=http://www.un.org/zh/sc/meetings/veto/pdf/a58_47_p2.pdf|publisher=聯合國 | script-title=zh:因常任理事国投反对票而未获通过的决议草案或修正案各段 | language=Chinese}}</ref><ref name="bbcveto">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2828985.stm|title=The veto and how to use it|publisher=BBC News Online}}</ref><ref name="gpveto">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/102/32810.html|title=Changing Pattern in the Use of Veto in the Security Council|publisher=Global Policy Forum}}</ref> (see [[China and the United Nations]])
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On January 26, 1952, [[Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal]] took power in Mongolia. While Tsedenbal was visiting Moscow in August 1984, his severe illness prompted the parliament to announce his retirement and replace him with [[Jambyn Batmönkh]].
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The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 strongly influenced Mongolian politics and [[Youth in Mongolia|youth]]. Its people undertook the [[1990 Mongolian democratic revolution|peaceful Democratic Revolution]] in 1990 and the introduction of a multi-party system and a market economy.
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A new constitution was introduced in 1992, and the "People's Republic" was dropped from the country's name.
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The transition to market economy has often been rocky; during the early 1990s the country had to deal with high inflation and food shortages.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} The first election victories for non-communist parties came in 1993 (presidential elections) and 1996 (parliamentary elections). China has supported Mongolia's application for membership in to the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) and granting it [[observer status]] in the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |title="Pan-Mongolism" and U.S.-China-Mongolia relations |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=3856&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=195&no_cache=1 |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |date=2005-06-29 |accessdate=2013-04-07}}</ref>
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== Geography and climate ==
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{{Main|Geography of Mongolia}}
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[[File:Mongolia 1996 CIA map.jpg|thumb|The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the [[Gobi Desert]], while the northern and western portions are mountainous.]]
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[[File:Gorkhi Terelj Park.jpg|thumb|The [[Khentii Mountains]] in [[Gorkhi-Terelj National Park|Terelj]], close to the birthplace of Genghis Khan.]]
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At {{convert|1564116|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}, Mongolia is the world's [[List of sovereign states and dependencies by area|19th-largest]] country (after [[Iran]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |title=Countries by area |publisher=CIA World Factbook |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref> It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, [[Peru]]. It mostly lies between latitudes [[41st parallel north|41°]] and [[52nd parallel north|52°N]] (a small area is north of 52°), and longitudes [[87th meridian east|87°]] and [[120th meridian east|120°E]]. As a point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Amsterdam (Netherlands), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (USA). The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata (India), while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao (China) and Hangzhou (China), as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with [[Kazakhstan]], its westernmost point is only {{convert|36.76|km}} from [[Kazakhstan]].
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The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the [[Gobi Desert]] to the south and with cold and mountainous regions to the north and west. Much of Mongolia consists of the [[Mongolian-Manchurian grassland]] [[steppe]], with forested areas comprising 11.2% of the total land area,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w8302e/w8302e05.htm|title=Mongolian Forestry Sector|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> a higher percentage than the Republic of Ireland (10%).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-forest-area-577152-Aug2012/|title=Ireland now has the 'second-smallest' forest area in Europe|date=August 30, 2012|work=thejournal.ie|accessdate=May 31, 2013}}</ref> The whole of Mongolia is considered to be part of the [[Mongolian Plateau]]. The highest point in Mongolia is the [[Khüiten Peak]] in the [[Tavan bogd]] massif in the far west at {{convert|4374|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The basin of the [[Uvs Lake]], shared with [[Tuva Republic]] in Russia, is a natural [[World Heritage Site]].
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=== Climate ===
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{{Main|Climate of Mongolia}}
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Mongolia is known as the "Land of the Eternal Blue Sky" or "Country of Blue Sky" ([[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: "Mönkh khökh tengeriin oron") because it has over 250 sunny days a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-mongol.com/mongolia_climate.htm|title=Mongolia Climate – Retrieve the average temperatures and rains in Mongolia & in Ulaan baatar|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyscanner.net/news/country-nicknames-top-40-best-nation-aliases|title=Country Nicknames: Top 40 best nation aliases|publisher=}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20140113-nomadic-trails-in-the-land-of-the-blue-sky "Nomadic trails in the land of the blue sky"], BBC</ref><ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0719_040719_weepingcamel_2.html " 'Weeping Camel:' A Real Mongolian Tear-Jerker"], ''National Geographic'', 7 July 2004</ref>
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[[File:Mongolia map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|left|Mongolia map of Köppen climate classification.]]
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[[File:UAZ-469 towing a bus through a river in Mongolia.jpg|thumb|[[Riverine forest]] of the [[Tuul River]] near Ulaanbaatar.]]
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[[File:Uvs núr.JPG|thumb|[[Uvs Lake]], a [[World Heritage Site]], is the remnant of a saline sea.]]
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Most of the country is hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as {{convert|-30|°C}}.<ref name=mong26>{{cite web|year=2004 |url=http://www.imcg.net/gpd/asia/mongolia.pdf |format=PDF |title=Republic of Mongolia |publisher= |accessdate=2008-02-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002003846/http://www.imcg.net/gpd/asia/mongolia.pdf |archivedate=October 2, 2006 }}</ref> A vast front of cold, heavy, shallow air comes in from Siberia in winter and collects in river valleys and low basins causing very cold temperatures while slopes of mountains are much warmer due to the effects of [[temperature inversion]] (temperature increases with altitude).
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In winter the whole of Mongolia comes under the influence of the [[Siberian Anticyclone]]. The localities most severely affected by this cold weather are Uvs province ([[Ulaangom]]), western Khovsgol ([[Rinchinlkhumbe, Khovsgol|Rinchinlhumbe]]), eastern Zavkhan ([[Tosontsengel, Zavkhan|Tosontsengel]]), northern Bulgan (Hutag) and eastern Dornod province (Khalkhiin Gol). Ulaanbaatar is also strongly affected but not as severely. The cold gets less severe as one goes south, reaching the warmest January temperatures in Omnogovi Province ([[Dalanzadgad]], [[Khanbogd, Ömnögovi|Khanbogd]]) and the region of the Altai mountains bordering China. A unique microclimate is the fertile grassland-forest region of central and eastern Arkhangai Province ([[Tsetserleg (city)|Tsetserleg]]) and northern Ovorkhangai Province ([[Arvaikheer]]) where January temperatures are on average the same and often higher than the warmest desert regions to the south in addition to being more stable. The [[Khangai Mountains]] play a certain role in forming this microclimate. In Tsetserleg, the warmest town in this microclimate, nighttime January temperatures rarely go under {{convert|-30|°C}} while daytime January temperatures often reach {{convert|0|°C}} to {{convert|5|°C}} .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc.mn/aimag/Arkhangai/#|title=Arkhangai Meteorological Department |publisher=Icc.mn |date=June 24, 2013 |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/station/44282/2007/1/11/MonthlyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA |title=Climate History for Tsetserleg, Mongolia |publisher=Weather Underground |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref>
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The country is subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known as ''[[zud]].'' The annual average temperature in Ulaanbaatar is −1.3&nbsp;°C/29.7&nbsp;°F, making it the world's coldest capital city.<ref name=mong26/> Mongolia is high, cold, and windy. It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most of its annual precipitation falls. The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure. Precipitation is highest in the north (average of {{convert|200|to|350|mm|in|1|sp=us}} per year) and lowest in the south, which receives {{convert|100|to|200|mm|in|1|sp=us}} annually. The highest annual precipitation of {{convert|622.297|mm|2|abbr=on}} occurred in the forests of [[Bulgan Province]] close to the border with Russia and the lowest of {{convert|41.735|mm|2|abbr=on}} occurred in the Gobi Desert (period 1961–1990).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gis.wwf.mn/index.php/en/national/15-climate-of-mongolia |title=Annual average temperature and precipitation of Mongolia |publisher=Gis.wwf.mn |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref> The sparsely populated far north of Bulgan Province averages {{convert|600|mm|2|abbr=on}} in annual precipitation which means it receives more precipitation than Beijing (571.8mm) or [[Berlin]] (571mm).
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=== Wildlife ===
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{{Main|Wildlife of Mongolia}}
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{{see also|:Category:Biota of Mongolia}}
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The name "Gobi" is a Mongol term for a desert steppe, which usually refers to a category of arid rangeland with insufficient vegetation to support [[marmot]]s but with enough to support [[camel]]s.Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape.
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[[File:KhongorynElsCamels.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bactrian camels]] by sand dunes in Gobi Desert.]]
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Gobi rangelands are fragile and are easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not even [[Bactrian camel]]s can survive. The arid conditions in the Gobi are attributed to the [[rain shadow effect]] caused by the Himalayas. Before the Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate 10 million years ago Mongolia was a flourishing habitat for major fauna but still somewhat arid and cold due to distance from sources of evaporation. Sea turtle and mollusk fossils have been found in the Gobi apart from the more well-known dinosaur fossils. [[Tadpole shrimps]] (''Lepidurus mongolicus'') are still found in the Gobi today. The eastern part of Mongolia including the [[Onon River|Onon]], [[Kherlen River|Kherlen]] rivers and [[Lake Buir]] form part of the [[Amur river]] basin draining to the Pacific Ocean. It hosts some unique species like the Eastern brook lamprey, Daurian crayfish (''cambaroides dauricus'') and Daurian pearl oyster (''dahurinaia dahurica'') in the Onon/Kherlen rivers as well as Siberian prawn (''exopalaemon modestus'') in Lake Buir.
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== Demographics ==
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<!-- Please, add other images to Commons -->
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{{Main|Demographics of Mongolia}}
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[[File:UBNorthwest.jpg|thumb|[[Ulaanbaatar]] is the capital and largest city of Mongolia]]
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[[File:Yurt in Ulan Bator.JPG|thumb|In settlements, many families live in [[ger district|''ger'' districts]]]]
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Mongolia's total population as of January 2015 is estimated by [[U.S. Census Bureau]]<ref name="US Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/country/mgportal.html |title=U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> at 3,000,251 people, ranking at around 121st in the world in terms of population. But the [[U.S. Department of State]] [[Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs]] uses the United Nations (UN) estimations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm |title=U.S. Department of State. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. Background Note:Mongolia |publisher=State.gov |date=February 28, 2010 |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> instead of the U.S. Census Bureau estimations. [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] Population Division<ref name="UN DESA PD">{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf |title=WPP2006_Highlights_0823.doc |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref> estimates Mongolia's total population (mid-2007) as 2,629,000 (11% less than the U.S. Census Bureau figure). UN estimates resemble those made by the Mongolian National Statistical Office (2,612,900, end of June 2007). Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.2% (2007 est.).<ref name="UN DESA PD" /> About 59% of the total population is under age 30, 27% of whom are under 14. This relatively [[Youth in Mongolia|young]] and growing population has placed strains on Mongolia's economy.
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The first census in the 20th century was carried out in 1918 and recorded a population of 647,500.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unescap.org/stat/pop-it/pop-wdt/wdt-mongolia.pdf |title=Mongolia |publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref> Since the end of socialism, Mongolia has experienced a decline of [[total fertility rate]] (children per woman) that is steeper than in any other country in the world, according to recent UN estimations:<ref name="UN DESA PD" /> in 1970–1975, fertility was estimated to be 7.33 children per woman, dropping to about 2.1 in 2000–2005.<ref>Spoorenberg, Thomas. 2009. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17441730902992067#abstract "The impact of the political and economic transition on fertility and family formation in Mongolia. A synthetic parity progression ratio analysis"], ''Asian Population Studies'', 5(2), pp. 127–151.</ref> Recently, however, that trend has been stopped, so in 2005–2010 period, the estimated fertility value has actually increased to 2.5 and stabilised afterwards at the rate of about 2.2–2.3 children per woman.
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Ethnic Mongols account for about 95% of the population and consist of Khalkha and other groups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongol language. The [[Khalkha]] make up 86% of the ethnic Mongol population. The remaining 14% include [[Oirats]], [[Buryats]] and others. [[Turkic people]]s ([[Kazakhs]] and [[Tuvans]]) constitute 4.5% of Mongolia's population, and the rest are Russian, Chinese, Korean and American nationalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/second-wave-of-chinese-invasion/2007/08/12/1186857347594.html |title=Second wave of Chinese invasion |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |date=August 13, 2007 |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref>
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=== Languages ===
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[[File:KhitanUB.jpg|thumb|Para-Mongolic [[Khitan language|Khitan]] inscription dated 1058 found in south-eastern Mongolia.]]
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The official language of Mongolia is [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], and is spoken by 95% of the population. A variety of [[dialect]]s of [[Oirat language|Oirat]] and [[Buryat language|Buryat]] are spoken across the country, and there are also some speakers of [[Mongolic language|Mongolic]] Khamnigan. In the west of the country, [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] and [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]], both [[Turkic languages]], are also spoken.  [[Mongolian Sign Language]] is the principal language of the deaf community.
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Today, Mongolian is written using the [[Cyrillic alphabet]], although in the past it was written using the [[Mongolian script]]. An official reintroduction of the old script was planned for 1994, but has not taken place as older generations encountered practical difficulties.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Ulrich Ammon |author2=Norbert Dittmar |author3=Klaus J. Mattheier |author4=Peter Trudgill |title=Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik: An Internationdkznal Handbook of the Science of Language and Society|publisher=Walter de Gruyter & Co.|year=2006|location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1894&lpg=PA1894&dq=official+reintroduction+of+Mongolian+script&q=|isbn=978-3-11-018418-1}}</ref> The traditional alphabet is being slowly reintroduced through schools.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/27/mongolia.essentialinfo|title=Mongolia: Essential information|work=guardian.co.uk|accessdate=March 27, 2010|location=London|date=November 22, 2006}}</ref>
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Russian is the most frequently spoken foreign language in Mongolia, followed by English, although English has been gradually replacing Russian as the second language. [[Korean language|Korean]] has gained popularity as tens of thousands of [[Mongolians in South Korea|Mongolians work in South Korea]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Office of the President, Republic of Korea |url=http://english.president.go.kr/cwd/en/archive/archive_view.php?meta_id=en_dip_2006&category=164&id=923b8c655856408486c7764f |date=May 5, 2006 |accessdate=2007-08-17 |title=Today in Mongolia: Everyone can speak a few words of Korean |last=Han |first=Jae-hyuck |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015517/http://english.president.go.kr/cwd/en/archive/archive_view.php?meta_id=en_dip_2006&category=164&id=923b8c655856408486c7764f |archivedate=September 30, 2007 }}</ref>
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Interest in [[Standard Mandarin|Chinese]], as the language of the other neighbouring power, has been growing.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} A number of older educated Mongolian citizens speak some German, as they studied in the former [[East Germany]], while a few speak other languages from the former [[Eastern Bloc]]. Many younger people are fluent in the Western European languages as they study or work in, among other places, Germany, France and Italy.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
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=== Cuisine ===
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[[Mongolian cuisine]] is rooted in their nomadic history, and thus includes a lot of dairy and meat, but little vegetables. Two of the most popular dishes are [[Buuz]] (a meat filled steamed dumpling) and [[Khuushuur]] (a sort of deep-fried meat pie.)
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=== Religion ===
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{{Main|Religion in Mongolia|Freedom of religion in Mongolia}}
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[[File:Dambadarjaalin Monastery grounds in Ulan Bator, in front of a shamanic sacred mountain.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Grounds of Dambadarjaalin Monastery in [[Ulaanbaatar]], with a [[stupa]], in front of a sacred mount with [[mantra]] inscribed on the slope and a [[Mongolian shamanism|shamanic]] [[ovoo]] on the top.]]
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According to the 2010 National Census, among Mongolians aged 15 and above, 53% were [[Buddhism in Mongolia|Buddhists]], while 39% were [[Irreligion|non-religious]]. <!-- Is the Mongolian state effectively separated from religion (i.e. true secularism), or does it give some kind of special status? -->
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right; margin:10px"
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|-
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|+ Religions in Mongolia<br><small>(population aged 15 and above)<ref name="Religion2010">2010 Population and Housing Census of Mongolia. Data recorded in Brian J. Grim et al. ''Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2014''. BRILL, 2014. p. 152</ref></small>
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! Religion !! Population!! Share<br>%
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| '''Non-religious''' || 735,283 || 38.6
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| '''Religious''' || ''1,170,283'' || ''61.4''
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| [[Buddhism]] || 1,009,357 || 53.0
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| [[Islam]] || 57,702 || 3.0
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|-
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| [[Shamanism]] || 55,174 || 2.9
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|-
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| [[Christianity]] || 41,117 || 2.1
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| Other religions || 6,933 || 0.4
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| '''Total''' || '''1,905,566''' || '''100.0'''
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[[Mongolian shamanism]] has been widely practised throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, with similar beliefs being common among the nomads of central Asia. They gradually gave way to [[Tibetan Buddhism]], but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and it continues to be practiced. The Kazakhs residing in western Mongolia, some Mongols and other Turkic peoples in the country traditionally adhere to [[Islam in Mongolia|Islam]].
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Throughout much of the 20th century, the [[Mongolian People's Republic|communist]] government ensured that the religious practices of the Mongolian people were largely repressed. It targeted the clergy of the Mongolian Buddhist Church, which had been tightly intertwined with the previous feudal government structures (e.g. from 1911 on, the head of the Church had also been the [[Khan (title)|khan]] of the country).<ref name=eb/> In the late 1930s, the regime, then led by [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]], closed almost all of Mongolia's over 700 Buddhist monasteries and [[Stalinist repressions in Mongolia|killed at least 30,000 people, of whom 18,000 were lamas]].<ref name="Thirty thousand">{{cite web|url=http://www.chriskaplonski.com/downloads/bullets.pdf|title=Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe, London 2002, p. 156|format=PDF|accessdate=2010-12-23}}</ref> The number of [[Buddhist monk]]s dropped from 100,000 in 1924 to 110 in 1990.<ref name=eb>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389335/Mongolia |title=Mongolia |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |date=July 11, 1921 |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref>
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The [[fall of communism]] in 1991 restored public religious practice. [[Tibetan Buddhism]], which had been the predominant religion prior to the rise of communism, again rose to become the most widely practised religion in Mongolia. The end of religious repression in the 1990s also allowed for other religions to spread in the country. According to the Christian missionary group [[Barnabas Fund]], the number of Christians grew from just four in 1989 to around 40,000 {{As of|2008|lc=y}}. In May 2013, [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) held a cultural program to celebrate 20 years of LDS Church history in Mongolia, with 10,900 members, and 16 church buildings in the country.<ref name="LDS Members Celebrate 20 Years of Church in Mongolia">{{cite web|url=http://www.lds.org/church/news/members-celebrate-20-years-of-church-in-mongolia?lang=eng|title=Members Celebrate 20 Years of Church in Mongolia|publisher=lds.org |accessdate=2013-06-02}}</ref> There are some 1,000 Catholics in Mongolia and, in 2003, a missionary from the [[Philippines]] was named Mongolia's first [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] bishop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mongolia-attractions.com/religions-in-mongolia.html |title=Religions in Mongolia |publisher=Mongolia-attractions.com |accessdate=2010-05-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513073925/https://www.mongolia-attractions.com/religions-in-mongolia.html |archivedate=May 13, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>
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== Government and politics ==
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{{Main|Politics of Mongolia}}
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[[File:President Putin meeting deputies of the Great State Hural-1.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[State Great Khural]] chamber in session]]
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Mongolia is a [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]], where the [[President of Mongolia|President]] is directly elected.<ref name="Draft" /><ref name="Dual" /><ref name="IDEA" /> The people also elect the deputies in the national assembly, the [[State Great Khural]]. The President appoints the Prime Minister, and nominates the Cabinet on the proposal of the prime minister. The [[constitution of Mongolia]] guarantees a number of freedoms, including full [[freedom of expression]] and [[Freedom of religion|religion]]. Mongolia has a number of political parties; the largest are the [[Mongolian People's Party]] and the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]]. The non-governmental organisation [[Freedom House]] considers Mongolia to be free.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FITW_Report_2016.pdf|title = Freedom in the World, 2016|date = |access-date = 30 January 2016|website = |publisher = Freedom House}}</ref>
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The People's Party – known as the People's Revolutionary Party between [[1921]] and 2010 – formed the government of the country from 1921 to 1996 (in a [[One-party state|one-party system]] until 1990) and from 2000 to 2004. From 2004 to 2006, it was part of a coalition with the Democrats and two other parties, and after 2006 it was the dominant party in two other coalitions. The party initiated two changes of government from 2004 until it lost power in a 2012 election. The Democrats were the dominant force in a ruling coalition between 1996 and 2000, and an almost-equal partner with the People's Revolutionary Party in a coalition between 2004 and 2006. An election of deputies to the national assembly on 28 June 2012 resulted in no party having an overall majority;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/4423 |title=Preliminary Results Issued by the General Election Commission of Mongolia... |publisher=Infomongolia.com |date=June 29, 2012 |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref> however, as the Democratic Party won the largest number of seats,<ref>{{cite web|last=Hook |first=Leslie |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ec0e7c04-c1cb-11e1-8e7c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz24pxWkMSH |title=Democratic party leads Mongolia poll |publisher=Financial Times |date=June 29, 2012 |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref> its leader, [[Norovyn Altankhuyag]], was appointed [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|prime minister]] on August 10, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=345 |title=N. Altankhuyag Becomes 27th Prime Minister of Mongolia |publisher=UBPost |date=August 10, 2012 |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref> In 2014, he was replaced by [[Chimediin Saikhanbileg]]. The [[Mongolian People's Party|MPP]] won a landslide victory in the [[Mongolian legislative election, 2016|2016 elections]] and the current [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|Prime Minister]] is [[Mongolian People's Party|MPP]]'s [[Jargaltulgyn Erdenebat]].
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The [[President of Mongolia]] has functions like vetoing the laws made by parliament, appointing judges and justice of courts and appoint ambassadors abroad. The parliament can override that veto by a two-thirds majority vote. Mongolia's constitution provides three requirements for taking office as president; the candidate must be a native-born Mongolian, be at least 45 years old, and have resided in Mongolia for five years before taking office. The president must also suspend their party membership. [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]], a two-time former prime minister and member of the Democratic Party was elected as president on May 24, 2009 and inaugurated on June 18 that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/18/content_11563770.htm |title=Elbegdorj sworn in as Mongolia's president |publisher=Xinhua |date=June 18, 2009|accessdate=June 28, 2013}}</ref> Elbegdorj was re-elected on June 26, 2013 and was inaugurated on July 10, 2013 for his second term as president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shuud.mn/?p=252264 |title=President to be sworn in on 10th in front of Genghis Khan monument |publisher=shuud.mn (in Mongolian) |date=July 3, 2013 |accessdate=July 3, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705082636/http://www.shuud.mn/?p=252264 |archivedate=July 5, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref>
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Mongolia uses a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[legislature]], The State Great Khural, with 76 seats, which is chaired by the speaker of the house. Its members are directly elected, every four years, on parliamentary elections, by popular vote.<ref name="IDEA" />
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=== Foreign relations ===
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[[File:SA-7 MANPADS.JPG|thumb|right|220px|A Mongolian soldier, with an [[Strela 2|SA-7]] [[man-portable air-defense system]] on the Pacific Alaskan Range Complex during Red Flag-Alaska 07-3 in [[Alaska]], United States.]]
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{{Main|Foreign relations of Mongolia}}
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Mongolia maintains positive relations and has [[List of diplomatic missions of Mongolia|diplomatic missions]] in many countries such as Russia, the People's Republic of China, Bangladesh, North and South Korea, Japan, and the United States. The government has focused a great deal on encouraging foreign investments and trade.
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Mongolia has embassies in Almaty, Ankara, Bangkok, Berlin, Beijing, Brussels, Budapest, Cairo, Canberra, Warsaw, Washington, D.C., Vienna, Vientiane, Havana, New Delhi, Kuwait City, London, Moscow, Ottawa, Paris, Prague, Pyongyang, Seoul, Sofia, Stockholm, Tokyo, Hanoi, and Singapore, consulates in Irkutsk, Breda and Ulan-Ude, and diplomatic missions to the United Nations in New York City and in Geneva.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulanbator.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=241&Itemid=941 |title=Ulaanbaatar |publisher=Wayback.archive.org |date=September 28, 2007 |accessdate=2013-06-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224064310/http://www.ulanbator.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=241&Itemid=941 |archivedate=February 24, 2008 }}</ref>
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=== Military ===
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[[File:Mongolian Armed Forces engineers with the 017 Construction Regiment receive instructions before participating in Khaan Quest 2013 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, July 22, 2013 130722-M-MG222-001.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Mongolian Armed Forces engineers with the 017 Construction Regiment receive instructions before participating in Khaan Quest 2013 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, July 22, 2013.]]{{main|Mongolian Armed Forces}}
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Mongolia supported the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], and has sent several successive contingents of 103 to 180 troops each to [[Iraq]]. About 130 troops are currently deployed in [[Afghanistan]]. 200 Mongolian troops are serving in [[Sierra Leone]] on a UN mandate to protect the UN's [[Special Court for Sierra Leone|special court]] set up there, and in July 2009, Mongolia decided to send a [[battalion]] to [[Chad]] in support of [[MINURCAT]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp?nid=1312 |title=Ban Ki-Moon on press conference in Ulaanbaatar, July 27th, 2009 |publisher=Un.org |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>
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From 2005 to 2006, about 40 troops were deployed with the Belgian and Luxembourg contingents in [[Kosovo]]. On November 21, 2005, [[George W. Bush]] became the first-ever sitting U.S. President to visit Mongolia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mongolia.usembassy.gov/potus_visit.html |title=President George W. Bush Visits Mongolia |publisher=US embassy in Mongolia, 2005 |accessdate=2013-06-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229154823/http://mongolia.usembassy.gov/potus_visit.html |archivedate=February 29, 2008 }}</ref> In 2004, under the Bulgarian chairmanship, the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE) invited Mongolia as its newest Asian Partner.
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=== Legal system ===
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{{Main|Judiciary of Mongolia}}
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The '''judiciary of Mongolia''' is made up of a three-tiered [[court]] system: [[Trial court|first instance]] courts in each [[Districts of Mongolia|provincial district]] and each [[Düürgüüd of Mongolia|Ulaanbaatar district]]; [[Appellate court|appellate]] courts for each province and also the Capital Ulaanbaatar; and the court of last resort (for non-constitutional matters) at the [[Supreme Court of Mongolia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Judicial System of Mongolia|url=http://www.supremecourt.mn/english/content/11|publisher=[[Supreme Court of Mongolia]]|accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref> For questions of constitutional law there is a separate [[constitutional court]].
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A [[Judicial General Council of Mongolia|Judicial General Council]] (JGC) nominates judges which must then be confirmed by the [[State Great Khural|parliament]] and appointed by the President.
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Arbitration centres provide [[alternative dispute resolution]] options for commercial and other disputes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legalinfo.mn/law/details/8689 |title=Эвлэрүүлэн зуучлалын тухай хууль |trans-title=Law on mediation and conciliation |publisher=www.Legalinfo.mn |date=2012-05-22 |accessdate=13 May 2016}}</ref>
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=== Administrative divisions ===
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{{Main|Provinces of Mongolia|Districts of Mongolia}}
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{{Clickable map of Mongolian provinces}}
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Mongolia is divided into 21 [[Provinces of Mongolia|provinces (aimags)]], which are in turn divided into 329 [[Districts of Mongolia|districts (sums)]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Givaandondogiin Purevsambuu|title=Mongolia|year=2006|publisher=Montsame News Agency|isbn=978-99929-0-627-9|page=46}}</ref> The capital [[Ulaanbaatar]] is administrated separately as a [[Provinces of Mongolia|capital city (municipality)]] with provincial status. The ''aimags'' are:
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:
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{{columns
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|col1 =
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* [[Arkhangai Province|Arkhangai]]
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* [[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ölgii]]
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* [[Bayankhongor Province|Bayankhongor]]
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* [[Bulgan Province|Bulgan]]
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* [[Darkhan-Uul Province|Darkhan-Uul]]
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* [[Dornod Province|Dornod]]
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* [[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi]]
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* [[Dundgovi Province|Dundgovi]]
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* [[Govi-Altai Province|Govi-Altai]]
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* [[Govisümber Province|Govisümber]]
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* [[Khentii Province|Khentii]]
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|col2 =
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* [[Khovd Province|Khovd]]
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* [[Khövsgöl Province|Khövsgöl]]
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* [[Ömnögovi Province|Ömnögovi]]
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* [[Orkhon Province|Orkhon]]
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* [[Övörkhangai Province|Övörkhangai]]
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* [[Selenge Province|Selenge]]
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* [[Sükhbaatar Province|Sükhbaatar]]
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* [[Töv Province|Töv]]
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* [[Uvs Province|Uvs]]
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* [[Zavkhan Province|Zavkhan]]
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}}
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=== Major cities ===
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{{Main|List of cities in Mongolia}}
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About 40% of the population lives in [[Ulaanbaatar]], and in 2002 a further 23% lived in [[Darkhan (city)|Darkhan]], [[Erdenet]], the [[aimags of Mongolia|aimag]] centers and [[sums of Mongolia|sum]]-level permanent settlements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://202.131.5.91/yearbook/2002/yearbook2002.pdf |title=National Statistical Office: Statistical Yearbook 2002, p. 39. "Villages" in this case refers to settlements that are not part of a sum, see p. 37 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325081923/http://202.131.5.91/yearbook/2002/yearbook2002.pdf |archivedate=March 25, 2009 }}</ref> Another share of the population lives in the sum centers.
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{{Largest cities of Mongolia}}
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== Economy ==
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{{Main|Economy of Mongolia}}
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{{Outdated section|date=August 2016}}
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[[File:UBSouth.jpg|thumb|High end southern part of Ulaanbaatar valued for clean air in winter.]]
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Economic activity in Mongolia has traditionally been based on herding and agriculture, although development of extensive mineral deposits of copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold have emerged as a driver of industrial production.<ref name=stategov>{{cite web|title=Background Note: Mongolia|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm|publisher=Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs}}</ref> Besides mining (21.8% of GDP) and agriculture (16% of GDP), dominant industries in the composition of GDP are wholesale and retail trade and service, transportation and storage, and real estate activities.<ref name=stategov/> The [[grey economy]] is estimated to be at least one-third the size of the official economy.<ref name=stategov/> {{As of|2006}}, 68.4% of Mongolia's exports went to the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]], and the PRC supplied 29.8% of Mongolia's imports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=30357 |title=Beijing's growing politico-economic leverage over Ulaanbaatar |author1=Morris Rossabi |author2=Vladimir Socor |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |date=May 5, 2005 |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref>
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Mongolia is ranked as lower middle income economy by the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/mongolia |title=Mongolia – World Bank |publisher=Data.worldbank.org |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}</ref> Some 22.4% of the population lives on less than [[United States dollar|US$]]1.25 a day.<ref name="HDI-2011">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Tables.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2011 |year=2011 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref> In 2011, GDP per capita was $3,100.<ref name="factbook-mn">{{CIA World Factbook link|mn|Mongolia}}</ref> Despite growth, the proportion of the population below the poverty line was estimated to be 35.6% in 1998, 36.1% in 2002–2003, and 32.2% in 2006.<ref name="Yearbook2007">Statistical Yearbook of Mongolia 2006, National Statistical Office, Ulaanbaatar, 2007</ref>
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Because of a boom in the mining sector, Mongolia had high growth rates in 2007 and 2008 (9.9% and 8.9%, respectively).<ref name=stategov/> In 2009, sharp drops in commodity prices and the effects of the global financial crisis caused the local currency to drop 40% against the U.S. dollar. Two of the 16 commercial banks were taken into receivership.<ref name=stategov/> In 2011, GDP growth  was expected to reach 16.4%. However, inflation continued to erode GDP gains, with an average rate of 12.6% expected in Mongolia at the end of 2011.<ref name=stategov/> Although GDP has risen steadily since 2002 at the rate of 7.5% in an official 2006 estimate, the state is still working to overcome a sizable trade deficit. The ''Economist'' predicted this trade deficit of 14% of Mongolia's GDP would transform into a surplus in 2013.<ref name="econ-mam">{{cite news | title = Booming Mongolia: Mine, all mine | newspaper = The Economist | date = January 21, 2012 | url = http://www.economist.com/node/21543113/}}</ref>
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Mongolia was never listed among the [[emerging market]] countries until February 2011 when [[Citigroup]] analysts determined Mongolia to be one of the "[[3G (countries)|global growth generating]]" countries, which are countries with the most promising growth prospects for 2010–2050.<ref>{{cite news|title=Forget The BRICs: Citi's Willem Buiter Presents The 11 "3G" Countries That Will Win The Future|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1|accessdate=2013-06-28|newspaper=Business Insider|date=February 22, 2011}}</ref> The [[Mongolian Stock Exchange]], established in 1991 in Ulaanbaatar, is among the world's smallest [[stock exchange]]s by [[market capitalisation]].<ref name="Jeffs">{{cite news|url=http://www.efinancialnews.com/content/1047180747|title=Mongolia earns a sporting chance with fledgling operation |last=Jeffs |first=Luke |date=February 12, 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-11 |work=Dow Jones Financial News Online}}</ref><ref name="IHT">{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/19/bloomberg/bxmongol.php |date=September 19, 2006 |accessdate=2007-09-11 |title=Mongolian bourse seeks foreign investment |last=Cheng |first=Patricia |work=International Herald-Tribune |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820205402/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/19/bloomberg/bxmongol.php |archivedate=August 20, 2007 }}</ref> In 2011, it had 336 companies listed with a total market capitalization of US$2&nbsp;billion after quadrupling from US$406&nbsp;million in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mse.mn/doc/factbook/fact%20book%202010.pdf |title=Message From The Board of Chairman and the Acting Ceo |publisher=Mongolian Stock Exchange |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504094205/http://www.mse.mn/doc/factbook/fact%20book%202010.pdf |archivedate=May 4, 2012 }}</ref> Mongolia made a significant improvement on the ease of doing business in 2012, moving up to rank 76 compared with 88 last year in the "Doing Business" report by the [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mad-mongolia.com/news/mongolia-news/improved-regulations-push-mongolia-up-on-doing-business-index-13396/ |title=Improved regulations push Mongolia up on "Doing Business" index |publisher=Mad-mongolia.com |date=October 25, 2012 |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref>
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=== Mineral industry ===
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{{main|Mining in Mongolia}}
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[[File:Oyu Tolgoi 23.JPG|thumb|[[Oyu Tolgoi]] employs 18,000 workers and expects to be producing 450,000 tonnes of copper a year by 2020<ref>{{cite news|title=Mongolian copper – Halfway to where? – A massive mining project hits a snag|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21531499|publisher=The Economist | date=October 8, 2011}}</ref>]]
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Minerals represent more than 80% of Mongolia's exports, a proportion expected to eventually rise to 95%. About 3,000 mining licences have been issued.<ref name="econ-mam"/> Mining is continuing to rise as a major industry of Mongolia as evidenced by the number of Chinese, Russian and Canadian firms starting mining businesses in Mongolia.<ref name="factbook-mn"/>
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In 2009, the government negotiated an "investment agreement" with [[Rio Tinto Group|Rio Tinto]] and [[Turquoise Hill Resources|Ivanhoe Mines]] to develop the [[Oyu Tolgoi]] copper and gold deposit,<ref name=stategov/> the biggest foreign-investment project in Mongolia, expected to account for one-third of Mongolia's GDP by 2020.<ref name="econ-mam"/> In March 2011, six big mining companies prepared to bid for the [[Tavan Tolgoi]] area, the world's largest untapped coal deposit. According to Erdenes MGL, the government body in-charge of Tavan Tolgoi, [[ArcelorMittal]], [[Vale (mining company)|Vale]], [[Xstrata]], U.S. coal miner [[Peabody Energy|Peabody]], a consortium of Chinese energy firm [[Shenhua Group|Shenhua]] and Japan's [[Mitsui & Co]], and a separate consortium of Japanese, South Korean and Russian firms are the preferred bidders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/07/mongolia-tolgoi-idUSL3E7E70CI20110307 |title=ArcelorMittal, Vale vie for huge Mongolia coal mine |author1=Jin, Hyunjoo  |author2=David Stanway  |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher=Reuters.com |date=March 7, 2011 |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref>
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=== Agriculture ===
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{{main|Agriculture in Mongolia}}
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In 2002, about 30% of all households in Mongolia lived from breeding livestock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://202.131.5.91/yearbook/2002/yearbook2002.pdf |title=Statistical Yearbook 2002 |publisher=National Statistical Office |pages=43, 151 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325081923/http://202.131.5.91/yearbook/2002/yearbook2002.pdf |archivedate=March 25, 2009 }}</ref> Most herders in Mongolia follow a pattern of [[nomads|nomadic]] or semi-nomadic [[pastoralism]]. Due to the severe 2009–2010 winter, Mongolia lost 9.7&nbsp;million animals, or 22% of total livestock. This immediately affected meat prices, which increased twofold; the GDP dropped 1.6% in 2009.<ref name=stategov/>
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== Infrastructure ==
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=== Communications ===
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{{See also|Telecommunications in Mongolia}}
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Postal services are provided by state-owned [[Mongol Post]] and 54 other licensed operators.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Odgerel|first1=U.|last2=International Chinese Transportation Professional Association|title=White Paper 2011 Mongolia|url=http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN048133.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations Public Administration Network]]|accessdate=20 June 2016|date=2011}}</ref>
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=== Energy ===
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{{See also|Mongolia Energy Corporation}}
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=== Transportation ===
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{{Main|Transportation in Mongolia}}
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[[File:Zamyn Uud traders.jpg|thumb|Train in [[Zamyn-Üüd]] station in [[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi aimag]]]]
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[[File:Rider in Mongolia, 2012.jpg|thumb|While the [[Mongolian horse]] continues to be revered as the national symbol, they are fast being replaced by motorized vehicles.]]
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[[File:Байкал и Хубсугул 332.jpg|thumb|Mongolian ferry ''Sukhbaatar'' on [[Lake Khovsgol]] in Khovsgol Province.]]
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The [[Trans-Mongolian Railway]] is the main rail link between Mongolia and its neighbors.  It begins at the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] in Russia at the town of [[Ulan-Ude]], crosses into Mongolia, runs through Ulaanbaatar, then passes into China at [[Erenhot]] where it joins the Chinese railway system. A separate railroad link connects the eastern city of [[Choibalsan (city)|Choibalsan]] with the Trans-Siberian Railway. However, that link is closed to passengers after the Mongolian town of Chuluunkhoroot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mongolia/eastern-mongolia/choibalsan/transport/getting-there-away |title=Lonely Planet Mongolia: Choibalsan transport |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>
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Mongolia has a number of domestic airports with some of them having international status. However, the main international airport is [[Chinggis Khaan International Airport]], located approximately {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} from downtown Ulaanbaatar. Direct flight connections exist between Mongolia and South Korea, China, Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, Russia, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkey. [[MIAT Mongolian Airlines]] is Mongolia's national air carrier operating international flights, while other domestic air carriers such as Aero Mongolia and Hunnu Airlines are serving both domestic and regional routes.
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Many overland roads in Mongolia are only gravel roads or simple cross-country tracks. There are paved roads from Ulaanbaatar to the Russian and Chinese border, from Ulaanbaatar east- and westward (the so-called Millenium Road), and from Darkhan to [[Bulgan (city)|Bulgan]]. A number of road construction projects are currently underway. Mongolia has 4,800&nbsp;km of paved roads, with 1,800&nbsp;km of that total completed in 2013 alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=7086 |title=Tough challenges in 2014 &#124; UBPost News |publisher=Ubpost.mongolnews.mn |date=December 26, 2013 |accessdate=2014-05-05}}</ref>
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=== Education ===
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During the state socialist period, education was one of the areas of significant achievement in Mongolia. Before the [[Mongolian People's Republic|People's Republic]], literacy rates were below one percent. By 1952, illiteracy was virtually eliminated,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Mongolian+People's+Republic|title=Mongolian People's Republic|newspaper=TheFreeDictionary.com|access-date=2016-11-28}}</ref> in part through the use of seasonal boarding schools for children of nomadic families. Funding to these boarding schools was cut in the 1990s, contributing to slightly increased illiteracy.
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Primary and secondary education formerly lasted 10 years, but was expanded to 11 years. Since the 2008–2009 school year, new first-graders are using the 12-year system, and a full transition to the 12-year system will not occur until the 2019–2020 school year, when the current third-graders graduate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1134602 |title=Зургаан настнууд зутрах шинжтэй |language=Mongolian |publisher=Olloo.mn |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref>
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{{As of|2006}}, English is taught in all secondary schools across Mongolia, beginning in fourth grade.
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Mongolian national universities are all spin-offs from the [[National University of Mongolia]] and the [[Mongolian University of Science and Technology]]. Almost three in five Mongolian youths now enroll in university. There was a six-fold increase in students between 1993 and 2010.<ref>Jakob Engel and Annalisa Prizzon, with Gerelmaa Amgaabazar, July 2014, From decline to recovery: Post-primary education in
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Mongolia, http://www.developmentprogress.org/sites/developmentprogress.org/files/case-study-summary/mongolia_summary_digi.pdf</ref>
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=== Health ===
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Since 1990, key health indicators like life expectancy and [[infant mortality|infant]] and [[child mortality]] have steadily improved, both due to social changes and to improvement in the health sector. Yet, adult health deteriorated during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century and mortality rates increased significantly.<ref>Mungunsarnai, G. and Spoorenberg, T. 2012. "Did the social and economic transition cause a health crisis in Mongolia? Evidence from age- and sex-specific mortality trends (1965–2009)", in J. Dierkes (ed.) Change in Democratic Mongolia: Social Relations, Health, Mobile Pastoralism and Mining, Leiden, Brill.</ref>
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Serious problems remain, especially in the countryside.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nso.mn/mdg/eng_goals4.htm |title=Goal 4 – Reduce Child Mortality |publisher=National Statistical Office of Mongolia |date=July 11, 2004 |accessdate=2013-06-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021093652/http://www.nso.mn/mdg/eng_goals4.htm |archivedate=October 21, 2009 }}</ref> According to a 2011 study by the [[World Health Organization]], Mongolia's capital city of [[Ulaanbaatar]] has the second-most fine particle pollution of any city in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://science.time.com/2011/09/27/the-10-most-air-polluted-cities-in-the-world/|title=The 10 Most Air-Polluted Cities in the World|first=Bryan|last=Walsh|date=September 27, 2011|accessdate=2013-03-15|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> Poor air quality is also the largest occupational hazard, as over two-thirds of occupational disease in Mongolia is dust induced chronic [[bronchitis]] or [[pneumoconiosis]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The significance of nano particles in particle-induced pulmonary fibrosis|author1=James D Byrne|author2=John A Baugh|journal=McGill Journal of Medicine|year=2008|volume=11|pages=43–50|pmc=2322933|pmid=18523535|issue=1}}</ref>
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Average childbirth ([[fertility rate]]) is around 2.25<ref name="US Census" />–1.87<ref name="UN DESA PD" /> per woman (2007) and average [[life expectancy]] is 68.5 years (2011).<ref name="HDI-2011"/> Infant mortality is at 1.9%<ref name="NMH Yearbook 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.nchd.mn/pdf/uzuulelt/2006.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025091501/http://www.nchd.mn/pdf/uzuulelt/2006.pdf |archivedate=October 25, 2007 |title=National Ministry of Health Yearbook 2006 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-30}}</ref>–4%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/mongolia.html |title=At a glance: Mongolia |publisher=UNICEF |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> and child mortality is at 4.3%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1244&Itemid=1 |title=UBPost: Child Mortality Rate Has Decreased, UNICEF Says |publisher=Ubpost.mongolnews.mn |date= |accessdate=2010-05-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405230446/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1244&Itemid=1 |archivedate=April 5, 2008 }}</ref>
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Mongolia has the highest rate of liver cancer in the world by a significant margin.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/data-specific-cancers/liver-cancer-statistics| title= Liver Cancer Statistics| publisher= wcrf.org | accessdate= September 10, 2015}}</ref>
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The health sector comprises 17 specialized hospitals and centers, 4 regional diagnostic and treatment centers, 9 district and 21 ''aimag'' general hospitals, 323 ''soum'' hospitals, 18 ''feldsher'' posts, 233 family group practices, 536 private hospitals, and 57 drug supply companies/pharmacies. In 2002, the total number of health workers was 33,273, of whom 6823 were doctors, 788 pharmacists, 7802 nurses, and 14,091 mid-level personnel. At present, there are 27.7 physicians and 75.7 hospital beds per 10,000 inhabitants.
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== Culture ==
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{{Main|Culture of Mongolia}}
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The symbol in the left bar of the national flag is a Buddhist icon called [[Soyombo symbol|Soyombo]]. It represents the sun, moon, stars, and heavens per standard cosmological symbology abstracted from that seen in traditional [[thangka]] paintings.
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=== Visual arts ===
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[[File:White Tara.jpg|thumb|upright|Sita (White) Tara by Öndör Gegeen [[Zanabazar]]. Mongolia, 17th century]]
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Before the 20th century, most works of the fine arts in Mongolia had a religious function, and therefore Mongolian fine arts were heavily influenced by religious texts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Terese Tse Bartholomew|year=1995|url=http://www.asianart.com/mongolia/introduct.html|title=Introduction to the Art of Mongolia|publisher=asianart.com|accessdate=2013-03-22}}</ref> [[Thangkas]] were usually painted or made in [[applique]] technique. Bronze sculptures usually showed Buddhist deities. A number of great works are attributed to the first [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]], [[Zanabazar]].
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In the late 19th century, painters like [[Marzan Sharav|"Marzan" Sharav]] turned to more realistic painting styles. Under the [[Mongolian People's Republic]], [[socialist realism]] was the dominant painting style,<ref>{{cite book|author=Veronika Ronge|editor=Michael Weiers|title=Die Mongolen: Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte und Kultur|year=1986|publisher=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft|isbn=978-3-534-03579-3|pages=125–148|chapter=Kunst und Kunstgewerbe}}</ref> however traditional ''thangka''-like paintings dealing with secular, nationalist themes were also popular, a genre known as "[[Mongol zurag|Mongol ''zurag'']]".
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Among the first attempts to introduce [[modernism]] into the fine arts of Mongolia was the painting ''Ehiin setgel'' (''Mother's love'') created by Tsevegjav in the 1960s. The artist was purged as his work was censored.
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All forms of fine arts flourished only after "[[Perestroika]]" in the late 1980s. [[Otgonbayar Ershuu]] is arguably one of the most well-known Mongolian modern artists in the Western world, he was portrayed in the film "ZURAG" by Tobias Wulff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zurag.de/zurag-film.html |title=ZURAG – a movie about Otgonbayar Ershuu |publisher=Zurag.de |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref>
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=== Architecture ===
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{{Main|Architecture of Mongolia}}
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[[File:Gurvger.jpg|thumb|left|A [[yurt|''ger'']] in front of the [[Gurvan Saikhan Uul|Gurvan Saikhan Mountains]]]]
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The traditional Mongolian dwelling is known as a ''ger''.  In the past it was known by the Russian term ''yurt'', but this is changing as the Mongolian term becomes better known among English-speaking countries. According to Mongolian artist and art critic [[N. Chultem]], the ''ger'' was the basis for development of traditional Mongolian architecture. In the 16th and 17th centuries, lamaseries were built throughout the country. Many of them started as ''ger''-temples. When they needed to be enlarged to accommodate the growing number of worshippers, the Mongolian architects used structures with 6 and 12 angles{{clarify|r=is sides or corners meant?|date=April 2011}} with pyramidal roofs to approximate to the round shape of a ''ger''. Further enlargement led to a quadratic shape of the temples. The roofs were made in the shape of marquees.<ref name="Chultem">{{cite book | authorlink = N. Chultem | title = Искусство Монголии | year=  1984 | location = Moscow}}</ref> The trellis walls, roof poles and layers of felt were replaced by stone, brick, beams and planks, and became permanent.<ref>{{cite web | title = Cultural Heritage of Mongolia | url = http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/heritage.htm | publisher = [[Indiana University]] | accessdate = 2007-07-07|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070702015556/http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/heritage.htm |archivedate = July 2, 2007}}</ref>
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Chultem distinguished three styles in traditional Mongolian architecture: Mongolian, [[Tibetan architecture|Tibetan]] and [[Chinese architecture|Chinese]] as well as combinations of the three. Among the first quadratic temples was Batu-Tsagaan (1654) designed by [[Zanabazar]]. An example of the ''ger''-style architecture is the lamasery Dashi-Choiling in Ulaanbaatar. The temple Lavrin (18th century) in the [[Erdene Zuu]] lamasery was built in the Tibetan tradition. An example of a temple built in the Chinese tradition is the lamasery Choijing Lamiin Sume (1904), which is a museum today. The quadratic temple Tsogchin in lamasery Gandan in Ulaanbaatar is a combination of the Mongolian and Chinese tradition. The temple of Maitreya (disassembled in 1938) is an example of the Tibeto-Mongolian architecture.<ref name="Chultem" /> Dashi-Choiling monastery has commenced a project to restore the temple and the {{convert|25|m|ft}} sculpture of Maitreya.
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=== Music ===
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{{Main|Music of Mongolia}}
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[[File:Mongolian Musician.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Musician playing the traditional Mongolian musical instrument [[morin khuur]]]]
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The music of Mongolia is strongly influenced by nature, nomadism, shamanism, and also Tibetan Buddhism. The traditional music includes a variety of instruments, famously the [[morin khuur]], and also the singing styles like the [[Long song|urtyn duu]] ("long song"), and throat-singing ([[Tuvan throat singing#Khoomei|khoomei]]). The "tsam" is danced to keep away evil spirits and it was seen the reminiscences of shamaning.
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The first rock band of Mongolia was [[Soyol Erdene]], founded in the 1960s. Their [[The Beatles|Beatles]]-like manner was severely criticized by the Communist censorship. It was followed by Mungunhurhree, Ineemseglel, Urgoo, etc., carving out the path for the genre in the harsh environment of Communist ideology. Mungunhurhree and [[Haranga]] were to become the pioneers in the Mongolia's heavy rock music. Haranga approached its zenith in the late 1980s and 1990s.
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The leader of Haranga, famous guitarist Enh-Manlai, generously helped the growth of the following generations of rockers. Among the followers of Haranga was the band [[Hurd (band)|Hurd]]. In the early 1990s, group Har-Chono put the beginning for Mongolia's folk-rock, merging elements of the Mongolian traditional "[[long song]]" into the genre.
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By that time, the environment for development of artistic thought had become largely liberal thanks to the new democratic society in the country. The 1990s saw development of rap, techno, hip-hop and also boy bands and girl bands flourish at the turn of the millennium.
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=== Media ===
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{{Main|Media of Mongolia}}
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[[File:Mongolia media.jpg|thumb|right|Mongolian media interviewing the opposition [[Mongolian Green Party]]. The media has gained significant freedoms since democratic reforms initiated in the 1990s.]]
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Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the [[Soviet Union]] under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the establishment of the ''Unen'' ("Truth") newspaper similar to the Soviet ''[[Pravda]]''.<ref name=pr>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressreference.com/Ma-No/Mongolia.html |title=Mongolia media |publisher=Press reference |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref> Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media was allowed.<ref name=pr/> The [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] had a significant impact on Mongolia, where the [[one-party state]] grew into a [[Multi-party system|multi-party]] democracy, and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront.
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A new law on press freedom, drafted with help from international NGOs on August 28, 1998 and enacted on January 1, 1999, paved the way for media reforms.<ref name=bruun>{{cite book|author1=Ole Bruun|author2=Ole Odgaard|title=Mongolia in Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEvbqA5PInIC|accessdate=2013-06-28|year=1996|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7007-0441-5}}</ref> The Mongolian media currently consists of around 300 print and broadcasting outlets.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1235560.stm#media |title=Country Profile: Mongolia |publisher=BBC News |date= |accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref>
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Since 2006, the media environment has been improving with the government debating a new [[Freedom of information laws by country|Freedom of Information Act]], and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government.<ref name=baner>B{{cite book|title=Asian communication handbook 2008|year=2008|publisher=AMIC|isbn=978-981-4136-10-5|editor1=Indrajit Banerjee |editor2=Stephen Logan }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World Trade Organization legal, economic and political analysis|year=2005|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-22685-9|editor1=Patrick F.J. Macrory |editor2=Arthur E. Appleton |editor3=Michael G. Plummer }}</ref> Market reforms have led to an increasing number of people working in the media year on year, along with students at journalism schools.<ref name=baner/>
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In its 2013 World Press Freedom Index report, [[Reporters Without Borders]] classified the media environment as 98th out of 179, with 1st being most free.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html|title=2013 World Press Freedom Index: Dashed Hopes After Spring|publisher=Reporters Without Borders|year=2013}}</ref> In 2016, Mongolia was ranked 60th out of 180.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2016|title=2016 World Press Freedom Index|publisher=Reporters Without Borders|year=2016}}</ref>
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According to 2014 Asian Development Bank survey, 80% of Mongolians cited TV as their main source of information.<ref>Enkhbold, Enerelt (2016). [http://blogs.adb.org/blog/tv-drama-promotes-financial-education-mongolia TV drama promotes financial education in Mongolia]. ''Asian Development Bank Blog''</ref>
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=== Sports ===
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{{Main|Mongolia at the Olympics}}
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[[File:Naadamceremony2006.jpg|thumb|right|[[Naadam]] is the largest summer celebration]]
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The main national festival is [[Naadam]], which has been organised for centuries and takes place over three days in the summer, consists of three Mongolian traditional sports, [[archery]], horse-racing (over long stretches of open country, not the short racing around a track practiced in the West), and wrestling, traditionally recognized as the Three Manly Games of Nadaam. In modern-day Mongolia, Naadam is held on July 11 to 13 in the honour of the anniversaries of the National Democratic Revolution and foundation of the Great Mongol State.
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Another very popular activity called Shagaa is the "flicking" of sheep ankle bones at a target several feet away, using a flicking motion of the finger to send the small bone flying at targets and trying to knock the target bones off the platform. At Naadam, this contest is very popular and develops a serious audience among older Mongolians.
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[[File:Three Naadam riders.jpg|thumb|left|Riders during [[Naadam]] festival]]
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[[Horse culture in Mongolia|Horse riding]] is especially central to Mongolian culture. The long-distance races that are showcased during Naadam festivals are one aspect of this, as is the popularity of trick riding. One example of trick riding is the legend that the Mongolian military hero [[Damdin Sükhbaatar]] scattered coins on the ground and then picked them up while riding a horse at full gallop.
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[[Mongolian wrestling]] is the most popular of all Mongol sports. It is the highlight of the Three Manly Games of Naadam. Historians claim that Mongol-style wrestling originated some seven thousand years ago. Hundreds of wrestlers from different cities and aimags around the country take part in the national wrestling competition.
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Other sports such as basketball, [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], [[powerlifting]], and association football, athletics, gymnastics, table tennis, [[jujutsu]], [[karate]], [[aikido]], [[kickboxing]], [[mixed martial arts]] have become popular in Mongolia. More Mongolian table tennis players are competing internationally.
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[[Freestyle wrestling]] has been practised since 1958 in Mongolia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wrestling.mn/page/show/19|title=Монголын Чөлөөт Бөхийн Холбоо|publisher=}}</ref> Mongolian freestyle wrestlers have won the first and the most Olympic medals of Mongolia.
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[[Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar]] won Mongolia's first ever Olympic gold medal in the men's 100-kilogram class of judo.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/08/15/mongolia.medal/index.html| title =  Mongolia wins first-ever gold medal| author = Mark Bixler| publisher = CNN.com/world sport| date = August 15, 2008| accessdate = 2008-08-16|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080822162813/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/08/15/mongolia.medal/index.html |archivedate = August 22, 2008}}</ref>
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[[Amateur boxing]] has been practised in Mongolia since 1948.<ref>[http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=108135 Д.Батмєнх: Анх дээлтэй, монгол гуталтай бокс тоглодог байлаа]</ref> Mongolian olympic boxing national team was founded in 1960. Communist government of Mongolia banned boxing during the period 1964–1967 but the government ended ban on boxing soon. [[Professional boxing]] began in Mongolia in the 1990s.
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[[Mongolia national basketball team|Mongolia's basketball team]] enjoyed some success recently, especially at the [[Basketball at the East Asian Games|East Asian Games]].
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Association football is also played in Mongolia. The [[Mongolia national football team|Mongolian national team]] began playing national games again during the 1990s; but has not yet qualified for a major international tournament. The [[Mongolia Premier League]] is the top domestic competition.
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Several Mongolian women have excelled in [[shooting sports|pistol shooting]]: [[Otryadyn Gündegmaa]] is a silver medalist of the 2008 Olympic Games, [[Munkhbayar Dorjsuren]] is a double world champion and Olympic bronze medal winner (now representing Germany), while [[Tsogbadrakhyn Mönkhzul]] is, as of May 2007, ranked third in the world in the [[25-metre pistol]] event.<ref>{{cite web | title = World ranking: 25 m Pistol Women | url = http://www.issf-shooting.org/update/worldranking.asp?mode=allbyevent&event=SP | publisher = [[International Shooting Sport Federation]] | date = May 29, 2007 | accessdate = June 4, 2007|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070425032544/http://www.issf-shooting.org/update/worldranking.asp?mode=allbyevent&event=SP |archivedate = April 25, 2007}}</ref>
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Mongolian [[sumo]] wrestler [[Dolgorsürengiin Dagvadorj]] won 25 top division tournament championships, placing him fourth on the [[List of sumo record holders#Most career championships|all-time list]]. In January 2015, [[Mönkhbatyn Davaajargal]] took his 33rd top division championship, giving him the most in the history of sumo.
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Ulaanbataar holds an annual marathon in June.  2015 will have the 6th marathon that has been organized by Ar Mongol.  The race starts at Sukh Bataar Square and is always open to residents and runners who come especially for this unique event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mongoliatourism.info/1/news/6|title=.: MONGOLIATOURISM :. – Мэдээ, мэдээлэл – 6th International Ulaanbaatar Marathon – June 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
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=== Festivals ===
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Mongolia holds many traditional festivals throughout the year. [[Naadam Festival]] is the largest festival, celebrated in every town and village across the country. It features three sporting events: wrestling, archery and horse racing, amongst other traditional games and exhibits. The [[Eagle festival]] draws about 400 eagle hunters on horseback, including the traveler Мөнхбаярт Батсайхан (Munkhbayart Batsaikhan), to compete with their birds. The [[Ice festival]] and the [[Thousand Camel Festival]] are amongst many other traditional Mongolian festivals.
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== See also ==
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{{Wikipedia books|Mongolia}}
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* [[Index of Mongolia-related articles]]
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* [[Central Asia]]
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* [[Outline of Mongolia]]
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* [[List of World Heritage Sites in Mongolia]]
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== References ==
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{{Reflist|30em}}
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== Further reading ==
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* {{cite book|author1=Elaine Ling|author2=William W. Fitzhugh|author3=Thubten Konchog Norbu|title=Mongolia: Land of the Deer Stone|url=http://www.lodimapress.com/html/elaine_ling.html|accessdate=2013-06-28|year=2009|publisher=Lodima Press|isbn=978-1-888899-57-3}}
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* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Mongolia ''Mongolia''], Encyclopædia Britannica
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* {{CIA World Factbook link|mg|Mongolia}}
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* [http://www.state.gov/p/eap/ci/mg/ ''Background notes on Mongolia''], US Department of State
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* [http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=245 Mongolia: Growth, Democracy, and Two Wary Neighbors] (Q&A with [[Alan M. Wachman|Alan Wachman]], May 2012)
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* {{Loc}}
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== External links ==
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<!-- NO TRAVEL BUSINESS LINKS, PLEASE! -->
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{{Sister project links|voy=Mongolia}}
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; Government
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* {{en icon}} {{Link language|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090316081323/http://www.pmis.gov.mn/gov_eng.htm Official Website of the Government Organizations of Mongolia]
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* [http://www.pmis.gov.mn/pmis_eng/index.php Mongolia Government Overview] {{mn icon}}
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* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-m/mongolia.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
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; General information
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* {{CIA World Factbook link|mg|Mongolia}}
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* [http://www.welcometomongolia.com/ Mongolian tourism website ]
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* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mongolia.htm Mongolia] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
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* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Mongolia}}
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* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15460525 Mongolia profile] from the [[BBC News]]
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* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389335/Mongolia Mongolia] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
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* {{wikiatlas|Mongolia}}
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* [http://wrestlingroots.org/ Wrestling Roots]
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* [http://www.countryreports.org/country/mongolia.htm Mongolia, Facts and Culture – from CountryReports.org]
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17:54, 6 Ekim 2017 tarihindeki hâli

?Book Report. Use this kind to write down a book report, noting the book's name, author, main characters, setting, and plot summary. A Friend. Publish about what being a friend will mean to you. Describe what friends do and how they behave with each individual other and with other people. What happens when friends disagree? Movie Look at. Review article a movie. Include a description on the characters, the story, the scenery, and what you liked probably the most plus the least about the movie. Election Issues. What do you think are quite possibly the most important issues on this election (and why)? Improve the World. What you would do to improve the world? Think of steps you could take to help make the world a significantly better spot. June 23 is United Nations Public Program Working day. How to Learn From Others. How can you learn from other people? Give an example of something you learned from someone else and explain why and how you learned it. Something I Learned from the Bad Go through. Think about something bad that happened to you, but taught you something. Generate about this working experience and what you learned from it. Do you think that this knowledge will help you later in life? A Veteran's Story. Compose a site about a relative or friend who was inside of the Army, Marines, Navy, Air Pressure, Coast Guard, or National Guard. Who was this person (what is their relationship to you), when did this person serve, was it during a war (if so, which a particular), what did that person do during their assistance, and what are their recollections of their services? I Wonder Why. Think of something you have wondered about and compose about it. Presidential Qualities. What do you think are probably the most important qualities a president should have (and why)? Living in Place. Do you think people will ever live in place? If not, why not? If so, where will they live and how will they do it? Create About a Quantity. Pick a variety, then craft about it. Tell a Joke. Craft a funny joke which you know. Why did you pick this joke? Why is it so funny? Costless Vacation Trip. If someone offered to give you a absolutely free vacation trip just about anywhere in world, where would you go? Why do you wish to go to this location? What would you do while you got there? A New Olympic Sport. Invent a new Olympic sport. There are countless unusual Olympic sports, like skeleton (jogging and then sledding), biathlon (skiing additionally shooting), and curling (utilising brooms to propel an object over ice). Make up a new sport that would be fun to watch and engage in. A New Web page. Any time you could put up a new internet site on any topic by any means, what would it be? Compose about why you chose this topic, what the web page would contain, and who else you think would probably be interested in going to your web page. New Nickname. If you happen to could choose a nickname for yourself, what would it be? Why did you pick this nickname? How do you think your classmates would react to this nickname? An Invention I'd Like. Think about an invention that you'd like to have or make. Compose about what this new unit would do and why you'd like to employ it. Invent an Animal. Invent a new animal -- describe what it looks like, what it sounds like, how it moves, and what it eats. Is it scary or cuddly or something else altogether? Would it be a pet or live from the wild (or in a very zoo)? An Imaginary Pet. Draw and describe an imaginary pet that you choose to would like (or not like) to have. Invent a New Holiday. Invent a new holiday. What would this holiday celebrate? How would you celebrate it? Would there be any special food or symbols in your holiday? New Student Questions. If there was a new student in class and you could only ask that person three questions to get to know them, what questions would you ask? A New Name for your personal Town/City. Any time you could rename your town or city, what would you call it? Why did you pick this name? How would it change things into your town? My Superpower. Once you could have just one superpower, what would it be? Create a web site explaining what the superpower is, why you would like to have it, and what you would do with this new power. How would your life change for those who had this superpower? If I Could Be a Different Age. . In case you could be any age in the slightest degree, how old would you be (more mature or younger)? Produce about why you would like to be this age and what you would do. If you ever Could Be Invisible. Those that could be invisible whenever you wanted to, what would you do? Why would you ought to do this particular thing? When you Could Fly. At any time you could fly whenever you wanted to, what would you do? Why would you must do this particular thing? A Magical Spell. A Magic Spell. Any time you could devise a magical spell, what would it be and what would it do? Produce about why you chose this new spell and how you would use it. If All Your Wishes Had been Granted. Compose about what your life would be like if all your wishes came true. How would it change your life? What you would do? As soon as you Could Make Something Disappear. If you happen to could make one particular thing disappear, what would it be? Generate about what would happen once it disappeared. How would it change things? What you would do? If I Could Change a School Rule. Once you could change one particular rule at your school, which rule would it be and what would you change it to? Why did you choose that rule? Why is your rule greater than the old rule? Stranded on an Island. Those that were being going to be stranded with a deserted island and could take three items with you, what three items would you take and why? The three items should fit in an ordinary backpack. Describe every single item fully and tell why you'd like every a single. Message inside of a Bottle. Should you have been stranded with a deserted island and could send out just one message within a bottle, what would you create in that message, and why would you create those particular things? A House Adventure. Those that could travel anyplace in room, where would you go and why? What do you think it would be like there? Go Again in Time. If you happen to could go again in time and re-experience an event inside your life, what would it be. Would you go back again to change an event that happened or to re-experience a happy time? Or something else? If I Have been a Grown-Up. Generate about what you'd do if you happen to had been a grown-up for 1 working day. What exactly would you like to do and why would you do it? If I Were being a Teacher. Publish a webpage on what you would do if you happen to ended up a teacher for a working day. What subjects would you teach and how would you teach them? If I Ended up the President. Be able to write a website page on what you'd do in the event you have been the President. How would you change the world? If I Had a Hundred Dollars. Create a website page on what you'd do any time you had 1 hundred dollars. The Story of Your Name. Why did your parents give you your name -- what is the story of your name? Are you named after someone or some put? Any time you don't know why you have your name, make up a story. If I Had a New Name. If you ever could give yourself a new name, what would it be? Craft about why you chose this new name and how it might just change your life. If I Turned into an Animal. Once you had to turn into a different animal for only one working day, what animal would you choose to become? Why did you choose that animal? What would do while you became that animal, and where would you go? How do you think you would actually feel whenever you had been that animal? How would people treat you? How would other animals treat you? Talk to an Animal. Any time you could talk to an animal, what animal would you talk to and what would you talk about? Why did you choose that animal? What questions would you ask that animal? Scariest Animal. Which animal frightens you some of the most? Describe the animal. What is it about this animal that makes it so terrifying? Is this animal actually dangerous or does it just disturb you? My Special Working day. At any time you had a working day all for yourself and could do whatever you wanted to, what would you do? Start off with waking up and describe the entire working day. Include things like what you'd eat, who you'd see, where you'd go, and what you'd do. An Adventure I'd like to have. If you should could have any type of adventure by any means, what would it be? Be able to write a webpage on an adventure that you'd like to encounter. Think belonging to the wildest adventure it is easy to imagine. World Record. As soon as you could hold a world record in something, what would it be? How would you go about attaining this world record? How would it experience being a world record holder? Favorites and Superlatives: My Favorite Game. What is your favorite game? Describe the game and how it is played. Explain the rules so that someone could learn how to participate in the game. My Favorite Holiday. What is your favorite holiday? Describe what you like to do on this holiday, who you like to be with at that time, and why you enjoy it so noticeably. My Favorite Time of Yr. What is your favorite time of 12 months? Why do you like it so a lot? Describe what you like to do during this time, and why do you enjoy it so very much. My Favorite Sport. What is your favorite sport? Why do you like it, and what do you like ultimate about it? My Favorite Movie. What is your favorite movie? Describe the characters, the story, and what you like most efficient about the movie. The Most popular Thing That Happened This Yr. What is the most popular thing that happened to you this calendar year? What was it and what effect did it have on your life? How did it make you feel really and how did it change you? Some of the most Beautiful Spot I've Ever Seen. What is the best beautiful position you have ever seen? Describe this site and generate about where it is, what it looks like, and how you felt should you saw it. The Prime Thing I've Learned in School. Publish about probably the most valuable thing you ever learned in school. What made it so useful for you? What I Like Very best in School. What is your favorite part on the school working day? Be able to write a website page on what you like the ultimate in school. My Top Birthday Ever. Produce a website page over the preferred birthday you ever had. Describe what made it so special. The Optimum Gift You Gave. Craft about the most excellent gift you ever gave. Who did you give it to and why did you give it to them? What made it a good gift? The Most effective Gift You Received. Produce about the most effective gift you ever received. What was it and why did you like it so a good deal? What made it so special? The Ideal Food You've Ever Eaten. Produce about the most popular food you ever had. What was it and why did you like it so noticeably? Have you had it again? The Worst Food You've Ever Eaten. Publish about quite possibly the most horrible food you ever had. What was it and why did you dislike it so very much? Have you had it again? Craziest Meal. What is the craziest meal it is easy to think of? What foods would be in it? Who would make the food and where would it be served? Who would eat it? Who would like it? My Preferred Vacation Ever. Publish a site for the optimal vacation or trip you ever had. Describe where you went, who you went with, what you did, and why you enjoyed it. Favorites and Superlatives: Vacation: My Worst Vacation Ever. Craft a site within the worst vacation or trip that you simply ever had. Describe where you went, who you went with, what you did, and why you enjoyed it. What is the Farthest You've Ever Traveled. What is the longest distance you've ever traveled? Where did you go, who did you select, and what did you do any time you got there? What was the highlight with the trip? Fastest You've Ever Traveled. What is the Fastest You've Ever Traveled? What is the fastest speed at which you've moved? What type of vehicle had been you in? Where had been you and where did you go? Who have been you with, and why have been you traveling The Funniest Thing I've Ever Seen or Heard. What is the funniest thing that you've ever seen or heard? Maybe it was a joke that a friend told you, a comedy routine, or a scene in the movie. Describe this amusing event and tell why you thought it was funny. The Scariest Thing That Ever Happened To Me. What is the scariest thing that ever happened to you? Describe this event and compose about why it scared you. What I Worry About. What do you worry about? Describe something that worries you. Be able to write why it worries you, how it affects your life, and how you could perhaps be able to solve this problem. The Biggest Thing I've Ever Seen. What is the largest thing that you choose to have ever seen? Describe this huge object and create about if you saw it, where it was, and how you felt as you saw it. Just about the most Annoying Things. Be able to write about essentially the most irritating, bothersome things into your life. A Reputable Personality Trait. Think of the person you really like or admire. Think of the personality trait that makes them so special. Generate about this strong trait and why you like it. A Bad Personality Trait. Think of the person you really dislike. Think of the personality trait that makes them so unpleasant. Generate about this bad trait and why you dislike it. The Hardest Part of Being a Kid. What do you think is the hardest part of being a kid? How could you make this difficult part of your life easier? The Ultimate Advice Your Mother Gave You. Craft about the most advantageous advice your mother ever gave you. What was it and why was it important to you? How has it affected your life? The Ideal Advice Your Father Gave You. Compose about the most advantageous advice your father ever gave you. What was it and why was it important to you? How has it affected your life? The Oldest Thing You've Ever Seen. What is the oldest thing you have ever seen? Publish about what it was and how old it was. Where did you see it? What did it make you think Quite possibly the most Fascinating Thing You've Ever Seen on the Sky. What is one of the most interesting thing you have ever seen while in the sky? Publish about what it was and what it looked like. Where did you see it? What did you think about it? Most Important Person. Compose a web page on who you think is the best important person alive with the world today. Describe this person and create about why they are so important. How could you be a good deal more like this person? Essays About the Writer: A Personal Accomplishment. Generate about something which you worked hard to accomplish. How did you go about succeeding? Why did you should accomplish this particular thing? How do you feel really about your accomplishment? What other things do you ought to accomplish? Autobiography. Craft the story of your life. Get started with with your birth and keep going the adventure up to the existing. How Are You Different?. Publish about what makes you different from other people you know. How do you think this will affect your life? Self-Portrait. Draw a self-portrait, and describe yourself in crafting. Three Words Describing Yourself. Those that had to describe yourself utilising only three words, what would words would you use and why? My Family. Publish about the members of your family. Describe each individual person and what they mean to you. My Town. If an out-of-town visitor was coming to visit, where would you take your visitor? Describe the recommended places all around your town and why they are so interesting. Generate about parks, museums, lakes, stores, restaurants, and other places you enjoy. What I Wish to Do When I Grow Up. Create a web page on what you wish to do in the event you grow up. What career do you would like and what do you should accomplish? An Act of Kindness. Produce a site on something nice that you just did for someone, or on something nice that someone did for you for no reason. A Sound Deed. When was the last time you did something nice for someone without them asking you? Publish about what it was that you just did and why you did it. How did the opposite person react, and how did you feel really about your first-rate deed? What about next time? A Dream I've Had. Describe a dream that you've had. How did the dream make you come to feel? The Ideal Thing I've Learned in School. Be able to write about just about the most valuable thing you ever learned in school. What made it so useful for you? Quite possibly the most Exciting Thing with your Life. What is one of the most exciting thing you have ever done? Craft about what it was, when it occurred, and where. Has it changed your life I'm an Expert. Everybody is exceptional at something - craft about what you do most popular. It could be a hobby, a sport, reading, playing chess, or anything else you excel at. Essays About the Writer: What's Bugging You?. Think about something that annoys or bothers you. Be able to write about what it is and why it bothers you. What can you do to enable it to be less irritating? My Earliest Memory. What is the to begin with memory you have of your life? Produce about what you remember, how old you ended up in the time, and why you think you remember this event in particular. What do you think of this event now? Giving Thanks. Produce a website page on what are you most thankful for in life. My Personal Hero. Who is your personal hero? Produce a website page on your hero's accomplishments and what makes that person a hero. Those that don't have a personal hero, describe the characteristics that someone would really need to possess to be your personal hero. A Person You Admire. Who do you admire the best? Why do you respect this person so significantly; what have they done to deserve your respect My April Fool Joke. Who would you like to engage in an April Fool's Working day joke on? Why would you like to do this, and what would you like to do? When I'm Eighty. Create an essay as though you had been 80 years old, seeking again at your life. What have you accomplished, what are you proudest of, what is the world like, and do you have any regrets? How Are You Like Your Mother?. Create about how you happen to be like your mother. Do you search in the least like her? Do you have any traits in widespread? What parts of your personality are like hers? How Are You Like Your Father?. Generate about how that you're like your father. Do you start looking in any way like him? Do you have any traits in everyday? What parts of your personality are like his? When I Appear within the Mirror I. . What do you see while you glimpse with the mirror? Describe what you see, how you experience about your personal reflection, and what it prompts you to definitely do. Thanksgiving Tradition. Produce about just one of your family's Thanksgiving traditions. Describe it in detail, tell how you actually feel about it and what it indicates to you. Christmas Tradition. Compose about one particular of your family's Christmas traditions. Describe it in detail, tell how you experience about it and what it implies to you. Bad Working day Solutions. Whenever you are having a bad working day, what do you do to make yourself come to feel improved? Does it always show results?

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