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Yeni sayfa: "{{Infobox Former Country |native_name = |conventional_long_name = Yueban |common_name = Yueban |continent = Asia |region = |coun..."

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'''Yueban''' ({{zh|c=悅般}}), also written '''Üeban''', '''Urpen''' ''literally:'' "Weak [[Xiongnu]]") was the name used by Chinese historians for remnants of the Xiongnu in [[Zhetysu]], now part of modern-day [[Kazakhstan]]. In Chinese literature they commonly called Yueban. The Yuebans gained their own visibility after disintegration of the Eastern Xiongnu state, because unlike the main body of the Northern Xiongnu, who escaped from the Chinese sphere of knowledge, the Yueban tribes remained closer to China.

The Yueban emerged after the disintegration of the [[Xiongnu]] confederation. They underwent a strong influence of the [[Sogdiana|Sogdian]] culture.<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"History of Hun People"'', Moscow, 'Science', Ch.15 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph15.htm (In Russian)</ref>

Their name was later applied to the Chuy tribes of Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun, and Chuban. The Chuy tribes were also collectively named Chuyue ({{zh|t=處月|s=处月|l=Abode of the Moon [god]|labels=no}}). The present endoethnonym of the Chuy descendants is Chuy Kiji, Turkic for "Chuy People".<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.20 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot20.htm (In Russian)</ref>

The Yuebans later intermixing with [[Turkic peoples]], formed the [[Shatuo]] of the Western [[Göktürk Khaganate]].<ref>C. P. Atwood, ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', p.424</ref>

The Yueban-descended [[Shatuo|Shato]] played an important role in Chinese dynastic history. In the 10th century the remaining Shato branch of the Chuy tribe possibly joined [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic-speaking]] [[Tatar confederation]] in the territory of the modern [[Mongolia]], and became known as [[Ongud]] or White Tatars <ref>Ozkan Izgi, ''"The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization"''//The Turks, Ankara, 2002, p. 98, ISBN 975-6782-56-0</ref> branch of the Tatars.

Another Chuy-descendent tribe, the [[Kimek]] was one of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes known from Arab and Persian Middle Age writers as one of the seven tribes in the [[Kimek Khanate|Kimek Kaganate]] in the period of 743-1050 AD. The other six constituent tribes of the Kimek Kaganate according to [[Abu Said Gardizi]] (d. 1061) were the [[Kipchaks]], [[Imi]], [[Tatars]], [[Bayandur]], [[Lanikaz]], and [[Ajlad]].

==History==
[[File:Nirun, Tuyuhun, Yueban, Tuoba Wei.jpg|thumb|[[Rouran Khaganate]] and Yueban]]
[[File:Asia 400ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Asia in 400 AD, showing the Yueban Khanate and its neighbors.]]
Between 155 and 166 a former vassal tribe Syanbi (Ch. pinyin [[Xianbei]], Wade–Giles Hsien-pi, [[Hsien-pei]]) of the Huns (Ch. [[Xiongnu]]), known collectively as [[Xiongnu]], united under [[Change of Xianbei names to Han names|Tian-Shih-huai]] conducted a series of campaigns against Northern Xiongnu, eventually defeating them and forcing them to flee west, which started a series of the Xiongnu's westward migrations (93-c. 380) to the S. Siberia and Middle Asia <ref>L.T. Yablonsky ''"Stock-Breeders of the Ancient Khоrezm"'', Russian Academy Of Sciences Institute Of Archaeology,
Bulletin of Russian Humanities Foundation, 1999, Issues 1-2, Page 198</ref><ref>E.A.Tsvetsinskaya ''"Integrated assessment of landscape evolution in the Amudarya Prisarykamysh delta, 2001</ref>

The defeat ended the prominence of the Eastern Huns (Ch. [[Xiongnu]]) as a major power in inner Asia. Tian-Shih-huai expelled the Xiongnu from [[Dzungaria]] to beyond the [[Tarbagatai Mountains]], and pushed the [[Dingling]] beyond the [[Sayan Mountains]]. The defeat had cost the Xiongnu their revenue from the [[Silk Road]] in the agricultural dependencies in the [[Tarim Basin]] ("Western Territories", Xiyu or Xinjian of the Chinese annals), forcing them to find new dependencies, and the Xiongnu split again.

The Yueban tribes, or "Weak Xiongnu", took advantage of [[Uar]] ([[Hephthalites]]) weakness and conquered [[Zhetysu]], where they established the principality of Yueban, which existed until the 480s AD. Later, some Uar returned to Zhetysu, and in cooperation with the ''Mukrins'', a Xianbei tribe, occupied the Tianshan slopes in the 2nd century AD, retaining their independence for some time as the ''Western Xianbei Horde''.<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Hunnu in China"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)</ref> 

The "Strong Xiongnu" ([[Huns]]) migrated westward, conquering the Iranian [[Alans]] and Germanic [[Goths]], and later attacking the [[Roman Empire]]. This Hunnic invasion of Europe led to severe upheavals among European peoples, giving the Huns a reputation in Europe as bandits and robbers, while the Chinese authors characterized them as the most cultured of all "barbarians".<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"History of Hun People"'', Moscow, 'Science', Ch.15, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph15.htm (In Russian)</ref>

In literature, the Yuebans of the Late Antique period are also called by the generic appellation '''Central Asian Huns'''.

In the 5th century the Yueban were conquered by the [[Gaoche]] and split into four tribes: Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun, and Chuban.<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"History of Hun People"'', Moscow, 'Science', Ch.16, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph16.htm (In Russian)</ref> The Chuyue branch, intermixing with [[Uyghur people|Turkuts]], formed the Shato tribe in Southern [[Dzungaria]], west of [[Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County#Lake Barkol|Lake Barkol]].<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.20 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot20.htm (In Russian)</ref>

Zhetysu was also populated by the [[Tukhsi]] and [[Azi (tribe)|Azi]]. The Azi lived between [[Suyab]] and [[Uzket]]. The Tukhsi and Azi are sometimes linked to the [[Tukhara]] and [[Asii]] – [[Indo-European migrations|Indo-European peoples]] who had conquered [[Bactria]] (''Tukhara'') six centuries earlier. However, the pioneering medieval linguist [[Mahmud Kashgari]] listed the Tukhsi, as a male dynastic tribe with a Turkic language.<ref>Yu. Zuev, ''"Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology"'', Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 152-153, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|9985-4-4152-9}}</ref> This may suggest that language replacement, in the form of "[[Turkification]]", had occurred.

In 448 the [[Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei]] received an envoy from the Yueban to negotiate a war with the [[Rouran]]. If the Yuebans would pressure them from the west, the Rourans would lose any freedom to maneuver. Though no direct records exist about the war in Dzungaria, by the course of the events, there was no peace, and the nomadic empire of Rouran began to decline.<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Hunnu in China"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)</ref>

Based on his reconstructions of the events of Yueban history, [[Lev Gumilev]] argued against a widespread view that the Rouran were the "Abars" who attacked the [[Sabirs]], starting a "[[Migration Period|Great Migration of people]]", because the Chuban state separated the Rouran Empire from the Sabirs.<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Hunnu in China"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9 Note 26, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)</ref>

By the 6th century AD the Yuebans, Uar Hephthalites, and Mukrin tribes merged to form the [[Turgesh]] people.

The Yueban state survived to the end of 480s, until its independence was destroyed by the [[Teleuts]], who had split from the Rouran in 487. But the Teleuts' dominance was short-lived, first the [[Hephthalite]] conquered them in 495-496, then Rouran crushed them, and finally in 547, the Turkut [[Uyghur people]] conquered the Teleuts. But the Yueban lived on, forming four tribes - Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban. These tribes became major players in the later [[Turkic Khaganate]] and thereafter<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Hunnu in China"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)</ref>

==Theism, spirits, and magic==
No records address the Yueban religion, though Chinese annals depict some manifestations of religious rites and magic. A narration about the Yuebans tells about sorcerers, able to cause frost and rainstorm. During a war with the Rouran, Chuban sorcerers incited a snowstorm against them, making the Rouran so frostbitten they had to stop their campaign and retreat. A similar legend is later told about the [[Avars (Carpathians)|Eurasian Avars]] sorcerers in their war with the [[Francs]], and [[Naimans|Naiman]] sorcerers against [[Chingis-Khan]].<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.7 http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/OT/ot07.htm (In Russian)</ref>

The reigning clan of the western Turkic, initially [[Manichaean]] [[Chigils|Chigil]] (Persian ''cihil "forty"'') tribe was Shato (Persian ''Sada "Hundred"''), which later founded the Chinese state Hou-Tang ([[Later Tang]], 923-936) in Northern China, and adopted a Chinese surname Li. The Shato had a predominant Dragon cult. Later Tang's founder Li Keiun also came from the Dragon tribe. The annals even noted that the Shato were praying "old services following the custom of the North" at the Thunder-mountain, at the Gates of Dragon.<ref>Yu. Zuev, ''"Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology"'', Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 145, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|9985-4-4152-9}}</ref> Within China, Chuy Shato became active adherents and protectors of [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]], and initiated construction of many Buddhist temples. Subsequent to Shato, most of these temples were demolished.<ref>Ozkan Izgi, ''"The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization"''//The Turks, Ankara, 2002, p. 100</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chigils]]
*[[Kimek]]
*[[Quba]]

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chuban}}
[[Category:Xiongnu]]

Yueban - Değişiklik geçmişi

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