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2017-05-06T09:29:08Z

Yeni sayfa: "{{about|the ancient Central Asian title|other uses|Tarkan (disambiguation)|and|Darkhan (disambiguation)}} '''Tarkhan''' (Old Turkic ''Tarqan'';<ref name="Turkic1">{{Citation |..."

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{{about|the ancient Central Asian title|other uses|Tarkan (disambiguation)|and|Darkhan (disambiguation)}}

'''Tarkhan''' ([[Old Turkic]] ''Tarqan'';<ref name="Turkic1">{{Citation | place = [[Korea|KR]] | format = PDF |date=Oct 2005 | url = http://www.iacd.or.kr/pdf/journal/05/5-10.pdf | title = A Study of the Ancient Turkic "TARQAN" | first = Han-Woo | last = Choi | publisher = Handong University}}</ref> [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: ''Darqan'' or ''Darkhan'';<ref>{{Citation | first = Leland Liu | last = Rogers | title = The Golden Summary of Cinggis Qayan: Cinggis Qayan-u Altan Tobci | page = 80}}</ref><ref name="Genghis Khan p.82">{{Citation | first = Paul | last = Ratchnevsky | title = Genghis Khan: his life and legacy | page = 82}}</ref> {{lang-fa|ترخان}}; {{zh|c=達干}}; {{lang-ar |طرخان}}; alternative spellings ''Tarkan'', ''Tarkhaan'', ''Tarqan'', ''Tarchan'', ''Turxan'', ''Tarcan, "Turpan aka Turfan" "Tárkány, Tarján, Torgyán'' or ''Turgan'') is an ancient [[Central Asian]] title used by various [[Turkic peoples]], [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-Europeans]] (i.e. [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]], [[Tokharian]], [[Punjabis|Punjabi]]), and by the [[proto-Mongols]], [[Hungarians]] and [[Mongols]]. Its use was common among the successors of the [[Mongol Empire]].

== Etymology ==
The origin of the word is not known. Various historians identify the word as either [[Eastern Iranian languages|East Iranian]] ([[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], or [[Saka language|Khotanese Saka]]),<ref name="Qarib">{{Citation | last = Qarīb | first = Badr-az-Zamān | year = 1995 | title = Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian – Persian – English | place = Tehran | publisher = Farhangan}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Doerfer | first = Gerhard | author-link = Gerhard Doerfer | year = 1993 | title = Chaladschica extragottingensia | journal = Central Asiatic Journal | volume = 37 | number = 1–2 | page = 43}}</ref><ref name="Ossetic">{{Citation | first = Agustí | last = Alemany | title = Sources on the Alans | publisher = Brill | year = 2000 | page = 328 | quote = Abaev considers this word (lacking in a Turco-Mongolian etymology), as well Old Hungarian tarchan “olim judex”, borrowing from Scythians (Alans) *tarxan “judge” -> Ossetian. Taerxon “argument, trial”; cf. the Ossete idioms taerxon kaenyn “to judge” (+ kӕnyn “to do”) and tӕrxon lӕg “judge” (+l ӕg man). Iron ævzag}}</ref> [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] (incl. [[Hunnic language|Hunnic]] and [[Xiongnu]]),<ref name="Turkic1" /><ref>Róna-Tas, András; "[https://books.google.com/books?hl=de&id=tQi4AAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Tarkhan Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages]", Central European University Press, p 228, 1999, ISBN 9639116483</ref><ref name="Turkic2">{{Citation | last = Frye | first = Richard N | title = Tarxun-Turxun and Central Asian History | journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies | volume = 14 | number = 1/2 | pages = 105–29}}</ref> or [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]].

Although [[Richard N. Frye]] reports that the word "was probably foreign to Sogdian", hence considered to be a loanword from Turkic, [[Gerhard Doerfer]] points out that even in Turkic languages, its [[plural]] is not Turkic (sing. ''tarxan'' --> plur. ''tarx'''at'''''), suggesting a non-Turkic origin.<ref name="Doerfer">{{Citation | first = Gerhard | last = Doerfer | title = Mongolo-Tungusica | editor-first = O | editor-last = Harrassowitz | year = 1985 | publisher = University of Virginia}}</ref> L. Ligeti comes to the same conclusion, saying that ''"tarxan and tegin [prince] form the wholly un-Turkish plurals tarxat and tegit"'' and that the word was unknown to medieval western Turkic languages, such as [[Bulgar language|Bulgar]].<ref>{{Citation | first = L | last = Ligeti | title = Researches in Altaic languages | editor-first = A | editor-last = Kiadó | year = 1975 | publisher = University of Michigan | page = 48}}</ref> Taking this into consideration, the word seems to be derived from medieval Mongolian ''darqat'' (plural suffix '''-at'''), itself perhaps derived from the earlier Sogdian word ''*tarxa'''n'''t'' ("free of taxes").<ref name = "Doerfer" /> Contradicts this the fact that one of the [[Magyar tribes|Magyar (Hungarian) tribes]] was called Tarjan (''Ταριάνου'') according to [[Constantine VII|Constantin VII]]'s [[De Administrando Imperio]], dated centuries earlier. Also this name is commonly used for settlements throughout Hungary, and used as a family name. A. Alemany gives the additional elaboration that the related East Iranian Scythian (and [[Alans|Alanic]]) word ''*tarxan'' still survives in [[Ossetian language|Ossetic]] ''tærxon'' ("argument, trial") and ''tærxon kænyn'' ("to judge").<ref name="Ossetic" /> [[Harold Walter Bailey]] also proposes an Iranian ([[Saka language|Khotanese Saka]]) root for the word,<ref>{{Citation | last = Bailey | first = Harold W | year = 1985 | url = https://archive.org/details/EtymologyOfXiongnuNamesByTheLateH.w.Bailey | title = Indo-Scythian Studies: being Khotanese Texts | volume = VII | publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press}}</ref> L. Rogers bears in mind that the word may have originated among the [[Xiongnu]] and [[Huns]] where it was associated with a title for nobility. [[Edwin G. Pulleyblank]] also suggests that both, Turkic ''tarqan'' and Mongolian ''darxan''/''daruyu'', may preserve an original Hunnic word.<ref name="Universität Bonn.">Universität Bonn. Seminar für Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens: Zentralasiatische Studien, Vol. 24-26, p.21</ref>

The word was borrowed by many languages, including Armenian [[wikt:թարխան|tʿarxan]], Georgian [[wikt:თარხანი|t’arxani]] and Russian [[wikt:тархан|тархан]] through the Mongolian conquests.

==History==
Tarkhan was used among the various [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] ([[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], [[Saka language|Saka]] and [[Hephthalite Empire|Hephthalites]]), Turkic and [[proto-Mongols|proto-Mongol]] peoples of [[Central Asia]] and by other [[Eurasian nomads]]. It was a high rank in the army of [[Timur]]. Tarkhans commanded military contingents (roughly of regimental size under the [[Khazars]]) and were, roughly speaking, [[general officer|general]]s. They could also be assigned as military governors of conquered regions.

The [[Göktürks]] probably adopted the title darqan from the proto-Mongol [[Rouran Khaganate|Rourans]] or [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]].<ref>{{Citation | author= Pelliot | title = Neuf Notes | language = French | trans_title = Nine notes | page = 250}}</ref> The Tarkhan were cited in the [[Orkhon inscriptions|Orkhon inscription]] of [[Kul Tigin]] (d. c. 731 CE). They were given high honors such as entering the [[yurt]] of the [[khagan]] without any prior appointment and shown unusual ninefold pardon to the ninth generation from any crime they committed.<ref>{{Citation | last = Eberhard | title = Conquerors and Rulers | page = 98}}</ref> Although the etymology of the word is unknown, it is attested under the [[Khitan people]], whose [[Liao dynasty]] ruled most of Mongolia and [[North China]] from 916-1125.<ref>{{Citation | last = Wittfogel | title = Liao dynasty | page = 433|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

Like many titles, Tarkhan also occurs as a personal name, independent of a person's rank, which makes some historical references confusing. For example, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] texts refer to a "Tarkhan, king of the Khazars" as reigning in the mid ninth century. Whether this is a confused reference to a military official or the name of an individual Khazar [[khagan]] remains unclear. The name is occasionally used today in Turkish and Arabic speaking countries. It is used as family name in Hungary today.

In the [[Mongol Empire]], the darkhans were exempted from taxation, socage and requisitioning. [[Genghis Khan]] made those who helped his rise darkhans in 1206. The families of the darkhans played crucial roles later when the succession crisis occurred in [[Yuan dynasty]] and [[Ilkhanate]]. [[Abaqa Khan]] (1234–82) made an [[Indian people|Indian]] Darkhan after he had led his mother and her team all the way from Central Asia to Persia safely. A wealthy merchant of Persia was made of Darkhan by [[Ghazan]] (1271–1304) for his service during the early defeat of the Ilkhan. In Russia, the Khans of the [[Golden Horde]] assigned important tasks to the Darkhan. A [[jarlig]] of [[Temür Qutlugh]] (ca. 1370–1399) authorized rights of the tarkhan of Crimea.<ref>http://reff.net.ua/26327-YArlyki_hanov_Zolotoiy_Ordy_kak_istochnik_prava_i_kak_istochnik_po_istorii_prava.html</ref>

After suppressing the rebellion of the right three tumens in Mongolia, [[Dayan Khan]] exempted his soldiers, who participated the battle of Dalan-Terqin, from imposts and made them Darkhan in 1513. Even after the collapse of [[Northern Yuan dynasty]] with the death of [[Ligdan Khan]] in 1635, the title of darkhan continued to be bestowed on religious dignitaries, sometimes on persons of low birth. For example, in 1665, [[Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji]], the [[Altan Khan of the Khalkha]], bestowed the title on a Russian interpreter and requested the [[Tsar#Russia|Tsar of Russia]] to exempt the interpreter from all tax obligations.<ref name="Genghis Khan p.82" />

A tarkhan established the [[Tarkhan dynasty]], which ruled [[North India]] from 1554-91.

All craftsmen held the status of darkhan and were immune to occasional requisitions levied incessantly by passing imperial envoys.<ref>{{Citation | first = Christopher | last = Atwood | title = Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire | page = 25}}</ref> From then on, the word referred to craftsmen or [[blacksmith]]s<ref>{{Citation | first = Paul | last = Ratchnevsky | title = Genghis Khan: his life and legacy | page = 243}}</ref> in the [[Mongolian language]] now and is still used in Mongolia as privilege.<ref>{{Citation | first = Michael | last = Kohn | title = Mongolia | page = 126}}</ref> People who served the [[Orda (organization)|Khagan's orda]] were granted the title of darkhan and their descendants are known as the ''darkhad'' in [[Ordos City]], [[Inner Mongolia]].

One of the seven [[Magyar tribes|Magyar (Hungarian) tribes]] was called Tarjan (''Ταριάνου'') according to [[Constantine VII|Constantin VII]]'s [[De Administrando Imperio]], and it is a common geographical name used in many villages and city names.

==In fiction==
*In [[C. S. Lewis]]' ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' series of novels, the apparent spelling variation ''Tarkaan'' is the title of a [[Calormen]] nobleman, ''tarkheena'' that of a noble woman.
*In ''[[Age of Empires II: The Conquerors]]'', the ''tarkan'' is the Huns' unique unit with the appearance of a horseman with a torch and scourge in place of sword. Their strength is destroying buildings.
*Tarkan in the [[Tarkan (comics)|comic Tarkan]] is a fictional Hun warrior created by Turkish cartoonist [[Sezgin Burak]].

==See also==
[[Tarkhan (Punjab)]]

[[Khatri]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ai-press.com/Solclranks.html Terminology in Russian history]

{{Mongol Empire}}
{{Post-imperial Mongolia}}

[[Category:Turkish words and phrases]]
[[Category:Khazar titles]]
[[Category:Military ranks]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sogdian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Bulgarian noble titles]]

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Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{about|the ancient Central Asian title|other uses|Tarkan (disambiguation)|and|Darkhan (disambiguation)}} '''Tarkhan''' (Old Turkic ''Tarqan'';{{Citation |..."