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2017-03-26T17:08:47Z

Yeni sayfa: "{{other uses}} {{redirect|Eurasian|people of mixed European and Asian ancestry|Eurasian (mixed ancestry)}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox continent |title = Eurasia |image = Image:Eu..."

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{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Eurasian|people of mixed European and Asian ancestry|Eurasian (mixed ancestry)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox continent
|title = Eurasia
|image = [[Image:Eurasia (orthographic projection).svg|220px]]
|area = 54,759,000 km<sup>2</sup>
|population = 5,175,000,000 (2016)<ref>https://author24.ru/spravochniki/geografiya/materik_evraziya_geograficheskoe_polozhenie_materika_istoriya_issledovaniya/naselenie_evrazii/</ref>
|density = 84/km<sup>2</sup>
|demonym = Eurasian
|countries = ~[[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia#Sovereign states|90 countries]]
|list_countries =
|dependencies = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia#Dependent territories|9 dependencies]]
|time = [[UTC−01:00|UTC−1]] to [[UTC+12]]
|cities =
}}

'''Eurasia''' {{IPAc-en|y|ʊ|ˈ|r|eɪ|ʒ|ə|}} is a combined [[continental landmass]] of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]].<ref>
{{citation|last=Lewis|first= Martin W.|last2= Wigen|first2= Kären|year=1997|title= The myth of continents: a critique of metageography|publisher= University of California Press|isbn= 0-520-20743-2|pages=31–32}} "While a few professionals may regard Europe as a mere peninsula of Asia (or Eurasia), most geographers—and almost all nongeographers—continue to treat it not only as a full-fledged continent, but as the ''archetypal'' continent."</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nield|first=Ted|title=Continental Divide|url=http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/en/Education%20and%20Careers/Ask%20a%20Geologist/Continents%20Supercontinents%20and%20the%20Earths%20Crust/Continental%20Divide|work=Geological Society|accessdate=2012-08-08}}</ref><ref name="NatlGeo">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/faq/geography.html#continents|title=How many continents are there?|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|accessdate=2010-09-26|quote=By convention there are seven continents: [[Asia]], [[Africa]], [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[Australia (continent)|Australia]], and [[Antarctica]]. Some geographers list only six continents, combining [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] into Eurasia. In parts of the world, students learn that there are just five continents: Eurasia, Australia, Africa, Antarctica, and the [[Americas]].}}</ref> The term is a [[portmanteau]] of its constituent continents. Located primarily in the [[Northern Hemisphere|Northern]] and [[Eastern Hemisphere]]s, it is bordered by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west, the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the east, the [[Arctic Ocean]] to the north, and by [[Africa]], the [[Mediterranean Sea]], and the [[Indian Ocean]] to the south.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Eurasia?|url=http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/What-Is-Eurasia.htm|publisher=geography.about.com|accessdate=17 December 2012}}</ref> The division between Europe and Asia as two different continents is a historical and [[cultural construct]], with no clear physical separation between them; thus, in some parts of the world, Eurasia is recognized as the largest of five or six continents.<ref name="NatlGeo"/> In geology, Eurasia is often considered as a single rigid megablock. However, the rigidity of Eurasia is debated based on the [[Paleomagnetism|paleomagnet]] data.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=V.E.|year=2012|title=Siberian Paleomagnetic Data and the Problem of Rigidity of the Northern Eurasian Continent in the Post Paleozoic|url=|journal=Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth|volume=48|pages=721–737|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Yong-Xiang|last2=Shu|first2=Liangshu|last3=Wen|first3=Bin|last4=Yang|first4=Zhenyu|last5=Ali|first5=Jason R.|date=2013-09-01|title=Magnetic inclination shallowing problem and the issue of Eurasia's rigidity: insights following a palaeomagnetic study of upper Cretaceous basalts and redbeds from SE China|url=http://gji.oxfordjournals.org/content/194/3/1374|journal=Geophysical Journal International|language=en|volume=194|issue=3|pages=1374–1389|doi=10.1093/gji/ggt181|issn=0956-540X}}</ref>

Eurasia covers around {{convert|55,000,000|km2|mi2}}, or around 36.2% of the [[Earth]]'s total land area. The landmass contains around 5.0 billion people, equating to approximately 70% of the [[human population]]. Humans first settled in Eurasia between 60,000 and 125,000 years ago. Some major islands, including [[Great Britain]], [[Iceland]], and [[Ireland]], and those of [[Japan]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]], are included under the popular definition of Eurasia, in spite of being separate from the massive landmass.

[[Physical geography|Physiographically]], Eurasia is a single continent.<ref name="NatlGeo"/> The concepts of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] as distinct continents date back to [[classical antiquity|antiquity]] and their borders are geologically arbitrary. In ancient times the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Marmara]], along with their associated straits, were seen as separating the continents, but today the [[Ural Mountains|Ural]] and [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]] ranges are more seen as the main delimiters between the two. Eurasia is connected to [[Africa]] at the [[Suez Canal]], and Eurasia is sometimes combined with Africa as the largest contiguous landmass on Earth called [[Afro-Eurasia]].<ref>{{cite book|title='continents' - ''Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA215 |editor=R. W. McColl | year=2005 | publisher=Golson Books Ltd. | ISBN=9780816072293 | page=215 | accessdate=2012-06-26 | quote=And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia.}}</ref> Due to the vast landmass and differences in latitude, Eurasia exhibits all types of climate under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]], including the harshest types of hot and cold temperatures, high and low precipitation and various types of [[ecosystem]]s.

==History==
{{Main article|History of Eurasia}}
{{Further information|Laurasia| Foreign interactions with Europe}}

Eurasia formed 375 to 325 million years ago with the merging of [[Siberia (continent)|Siberia]] (once a separate continent), [[Kazakhstania]], and [[Baltica]], which was joined to [[Laurentia]], now North America, to form [[Euramerica]]. Chinese [[craton]]s collided with Siberia's southern coast.

Eurasia has been the host of many ancient civilizations, including those based in [[Mesopotamia]], the [[Indus Valley]] and [[China]]. In the [[Axial Age]] (mid-[[first millennium BC]]), a continuous belt of civilizations stretched through the Eurasian [[Subtropics|subtropical zone]] from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This belt became the mainstream of world history for two millennia.

==Geopolitics==
Originally, “Eurasia” is a geographical notion: in this sense, it is simply the biggest continent; the combined landmass of Europe and Asia. However, geopolitically, the word has several different meanings, reflecting the specific geopolitical interests of each nation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andreen |first1=Finn|title=The Concept of Eurasia |url=http://commentandoutlook.blogspot.fr/2014/04/the-concept-of-eurasia-part-i.html| website=Blogger.com /|publisher=Comment and Outlook|accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> “Eurasia” is one of the most important geopolitical concepts; as [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] observed:

{{quote|
“... how America "manages" Eurasia is critical. A power that dominates “Eurasia” would control two of the world’s three most advanced and economically productive regions. A mere glance at the map also suggests that control “Eurasia” would almost automatically entail Africa’s subordination, rendering the Western Hemisphere and Oceania geopolitically peripheral to the world’s central continent. About 75 per cent of the world’s people live in “Eurasia”, and most of the world’s physical wealth is there as well, both in its enterprises and underneath its soil. “Eurasia” accounts for about three-fourths of the world’s known energy resources.”<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brzezinski|first1=Zbigniew|title=The grand chessboard : American primacy and its geostrategic imperatives|date=1997|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=0465027261|page=31|edition=[Repr.]}}</ref>}}

At the moment one of the most prominent projects of the [[European Union]] (EU) is the [[Russia–European Union relations|Russia - EU Four Common Spaces Initiative.]] A political and economic union of former Soviet states named the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] was established in 2015, similar in concept to the EU.

The Russian concept of “Eurasia” corresponded initially more or less to the land area of [[Imperial Russia]] in 1914, including parts of Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nartov|first1=N. A.|title=Geopolitika : [učebnik]|date=2004|publisher=Edinstvo|location=Moskva|isbn=5238006829|at=Part 2.4, p. 50|edition=3rd}}</ref> One of Russia's main geopolitical interests lies in ever closer integration with those countries that it considers part of “Eurasia.”<ref>{{cite web|last1=Andreen|first1=Finn|title=The Concept of Euroasia|url=http://commentandoutlook.blogspot.fr/search/label/Russia|website=Blogger.com |publisher=Commentary and Outlook|accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref>

[[File:ASEM.PNG|thumb|300px|Members of the [[Asia-Europe Meeting|ASEM]]]]
Every two years since 1996 a meeting of most Asian and European countries is organised as the [[Asia-Europe Meeting]] (ASEM).

==Use of term==
===History of the Europe–Asia division===
In ancient times, the [[Greeks]] classified Europe (derived from the mythological [[Phoenicians|Phoenician]] princess [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]]) and Asia (derived from [[Asia (mythology)|Asia]], a woman in [[Greek mythology]]) as separate "lands". Where to draw the dividing line between the two regions is still a [[boundaries between continents|matter of discussion]]. Especially whether the [[Kuma-Manych Depression]] or the [[Caucasus Mountains]] form the southeast boundary is disputed, since [[Mount Elbrus]] would be part of Europe in the latter case, making it (and not [[Mont Blanc]]) Europe's highest mountain. Most accepted is probably the boundary as defined by [[Philip Johan von Strahlenberg]] in the 18th century. He defined the dividing line along the [[Aegean Sea]], [[Dardanelles]], [[Sea of Marmara]], [[Bosporus]], [[Black Sea]], [[Kuma–Manych Depression]], [[Caspian Sea]], [[Ural River]], and [[Ural Mountains]].

===Geography===
Located primarily in the [[Eastern Hemisphere|eastern]] and [[Northern Hemisphere|northern hemispheres]], Eurasia is considered a [[supercontinent]], part of the supercontinent of [[Afro-Eurasia]] or simply a continent in its own right.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pangaea Supercontinent|url=http://geology.com/articles/supercontinent.shtml|publisher=Geology.com | accessdate=19 Feb 2011}}</ref> In [[plate tectonics]], the [[Eurasian Plate]] includes Europe and most of Asia but not the [[Indian subcontinent]], the [[Arabian Peninsula]] or the area of the [[Russian Far East]] east of the [[Chersky Range]].

===Post-Soviet countries===
[[Image:EEA CES.PNG|thumb|right|600px|[[Single market]]s in European and post Soviet countries; [[European Economic Area]] and [[Common Economic Space (CIS)|Common Economic Space]]]]

Nineteenth-century Russian philosopher [[Nikolai Danilevsky]] defined Eurasia as an entity separate from Europe and Asia, bounded by the Himalayas, the Caucasus, the Alps, the Arctic, the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, a definition that has been influential in Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schmidt|first1=Matthew|title=Is Putin Pursuing a Policy of Eurasianism?|journal=Demokratizatsiya |date=2005|volume=1|issue=13|page=90}}</ref> Nowadays, partly inspired by this usage, the term Eurasia is sometimes used to refer to the [[post-Soviet space]] – in particular [[Russia]], the [[Central Asia]]n republics, and the [[South Caucasus|Transcaucasian]] republics – and sometimes also adjacent regions such as [[Turkey]], [[Mongolia]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Xinjiang]]. This usage can be seen in the names of [[Eurasianet]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Eurasianet|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref> The Journal of Eurasian Studies,<ref>{{cite web|title=Journal of Eurasian Studies|url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-eurasian-studies/|website=Elsevier|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref> and the [[Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies]],<ref>{{cite web|title=About ASEEES|url=http://aseees.org/about|website=Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref> as well as the titles of numerous academic programmes at US universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Slavic and Eurasian Studies|url=https://gradschool.duke.edu/academics/programs-degrees/slavic-and-eurasian-studies|website=Duke Graduate School|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russian and Eurasian Studies|url=http://russianstudies.gmu.edu/|website=George Mason University|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Slavic and Eurasian Studies|url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/slavic/|website=University of Texas at Austin|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies|url=https://creees.stanford.edu/|website=Stanford University|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Institute of Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies|url=http://iseees.berkeley.edu/|website=University of California, Berkeley|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref> Another prominent example of this usage is in the name of the [[Eurasian Economic Community]], an organization including [[Kazakhstan]], Russia, and some of their neighbors, and headquartered in [[Moscow]], Russia, and [[Astana]], the capital of Kazakhstan.

The word "Eurasia" is often used in [[Kazakhstan]] to describe its location. Numerous Kazakh institutions have the term in their names, like the [[Lev Gumilev|L. N. Gumilev]] Eurasian National University ({{lang-kk|[[:kk:Еуразия ұлттық университеті|Л. Н. Гумилёв атындағы Еуразия Ұлттық университеті]]}}; {{lang-ru|[[:ru:Евразийский Национальный университет имени Л. Н. Гумилёва|Евразийский Национальный университет имени Л. Н. Гумилёва]]}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emu.kz/ |title=L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University |publisher=Emu.kz |date=2010-07-29 |accessdate=2010-08-07}}</ref> ([[Lev Gumilev]]'s [[Eurasianists|Eurasianism]] ideas having been popularized in Kazakhstan by [[Olzhas Suleimenov]]), the Eurasian Media Forum,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eamedia.org/about |title=The Eurasian Media Forum |publisher=Eamedia.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-07}}</ref> the Eurasian Cultural Foundation ({{lang-ru|[[:ru:Евразийский фонд культуры|Евразийский фонд культуры]]}}), the [[Eurasian Development Bank]] ({{lang-ru|[[:ru:Евразийский банк развития|Евразийский банк развития]]}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eabr.org/eng |title=Eurasian Development Bank |publisher=Eabr.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-07}}</ref> and the Eurasian Bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasian-bank.kz/ |title=Eurasian Bank |publisher=Eurasian-bank.kz |date= |accessdate=2010-08-07}}</ref> In 2007 Kazakhstan's President, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], proposed building a "[[Eurasia Canal]]" to connect the [[Caspian Sea]] and the [[Black Sea]] via Russia's [[Kuma-Manych Depression]] in order to provide Kazakhstan and other Caspian-basin countries with a more efficient path to the ocean than the existing [[Volga-Don Canal]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2002408.ece Canal will link Caspian Sea to world] (The Times, June 29, 2007)</ref> This usage is comparable to how Americans use "[[Western Hemisphere]]" to describe concepts and organizations dealing with the Americas (e.g., [[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]], [[Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation]]).

==See also==
{{portal|Geography|Asia|Europe}}



*[[Asia-Europe Foundation]]
*[[Asia–Europe Meeting]]
*[[Afro-Eurasia]]
*[[Borders of the continents]]
*[[Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations]]
*[[Eastern Partnership]]
*[[Eurasia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)#Eurasia|Eurasia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)]]
*[[Eurasian (disambiguation)]]
*[[Eurasian Economic Community]]
*[[Eurasia Tunnel]]
*[[Eurasian Union]]
*[[European Union]]
*[[Intermediate Region]]
*[[Laurasia]], a geological supercontinent joining Eurasia and North America.
*[[List of Eurasian countries by population]]
*[[List of supercontinents]]
*[[Marmaray]], railway tunnel links the Europe to Asia.
*[[Neo-Eurasianism]]
*[[Palearctic]]
*[[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]
*[[Turkish Straits]]
*[[Vega expedition]], the first voyage to circumnavigate Eurasia
*[[Eurasianism]]
*[[United States of Eurasia]]

==References==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{wiktionary}}
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Continents of the world}}
{{Regions of the world}}

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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Eurasia| ]]
[[Category:Supercontinents]]

Eurasia - Değişiklik geçmişi

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{other uses}} {{redirect|Eurasian|people of mixed European and Asian ancestry|Eurasian (mixed ancestry)}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox continent |title = Eurasia |image = Image:Eu..."