Admin: Yeni sayfa: "'''Bayan I''' was the first khagan of the Avar Khaganate, between 562 and 602. As the Göktürk Empire expanded westwards on the Eurasian Steppe during the 6th cent..."

2017-03-26T16:26:20Z

Yeni sayfa: "'''Bayan I''' was the first khagan of the Avar Khaganate, between 562 and 602. As the Göktürk Empire expanded westwards on the Eurasian Steppe during the 6th cent..."

Yeni sayfa

'''Bayan I''' was the first [[khagan]] of the [[Avar Khaganate]], between 562 and 602.

As the [[Göktürk Empire]] expanded westwards on the [[Eurasian Steppe]] during the 6th century, peoples such as the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] (also known as the "Pseudo-Avars", Obri, Abaroi and Varchonites) and [[Bulgars]] migrated into [[Central Europe]] and the [[Balkans]]. Bayan I led the Avars, along with some Bulgars into [[Pannonia]], where the khaganate was established from 568.

== Raids against the Franks and Lombards ==
By 562, the Avars and Bulgars had reached the Lower [[Danube]]: it was most likely in that year that Bayan became their supreme [[Khagan]], as his predecessor, the [[Kutrigur]] khan [[Zabergan]] had died.

As allies of the [[Byzantine Empire]] (ruled at time by by [[Justinian I]]), the Avars had obtained a grant of gold to crush other nomads — the [[Sabirs]], [[Utigurs]], [[Kutrigurs]] and [[Saragurs]] - in the lands later known as [[Ukraine]], a task they accomplished to the emperor's satisfaction. Bayan's Avars now exacted the renewal of the alliance, increased pay and a land to live in.

Bayan had eyed the plain of [[Moesia]], just south of the Lower [[Danube]], what would become northern [[Bulgaria]], as his promised land, but the Byzantines were adamant the Avars should not in any case cross the river. So Bayan and his horde in 563 rode around the northern [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]] to [[Germany]], where they were soundly stemmed along the river [[Elbe]] by the [[Franks|Frankish]] king [[Sigebert I]] of [[Austrasia]]. This defeat induced them to come back on their footsteps to the Lower Danube region. After vainly trying to force the Danubian border when the new Byzantine emperor [[Justin II]] denied them both entry and wage, the Avars renewed their ride to [[Thuringia]]. This time (566) they did defeat Sigebert, but had nonetheless to stop; in the meantime the [[Göktürks]], in pursuit of their former subjects, remained a real danger.

The Avars, traditionally a [[nomad]]ic people, desperately needed both shelter and pasture for their [[livestock]], but the route to [[Pannonia]] was blocked by impassable mountains covered with thick forests: the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathian]] range. It was in the critical winter of 566-567 that the Avars, stuck in what is now eastern [[Germany]], were sent feelers by [[Alboin]], the strong ruler of the [[Lombards]] and brother-in-law of Sigebert, who sought an alliance to crush his old enemies the [[Gepids]]. These last ones, by chance, controlled the only practical way from the Lower Danube to the craved Pannonian pastures. So in 567 (see [[Lombard–Gepid War (567)]]) king [[Cunimund]]'s Gepid kingdom was attacked by two directions: from the west came the Lombards, from the north, through [[Moravia]] and the Danube, the Avars. Bayan crushed Cunimund's forces and made a cup from his defeated enemy's skull as a present (and warning) for his ally Alboin (who is famously quoted as having forced Cunimond's daughter [[Rosamund (Gepid)|Rosamund]], whom he had taken as war bride, to drink from it, sealing his own fate). Then the Avar horde marched against [[Sirmium]], by now firmly held by Gepid remnants and a Byzantine garrison led by general Bonosus. In the meantime large numbers of [[Slavs]] settled in Pannonia in the wake of the Avars; and in 568 Alboin and his Lombards deemed it wise to move for the [[Gothic War (535–552)|half-ruined]] but promising lands of [[Italy]] where they would establish a long-lasting kingdom. They concluded however a treaty with the Avar Khagan so as they could reenter parts of Pannonia and [[Noricum]] ([[Austria]]) if they chose so in the future, then departed with large numbers of the vanquished Gepids and a host of other [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes.

== Wars with Byzantium ==
After ten years of uneasy, undocumented peace, Bayan again marched against [[Sirmium]], wresting it from Byzantine hands after a [[Siege of Sirmium|two-year siege]], then took also [[Singidunum]], evicting the Byzantines from the inner [[Balkans]] and opening the area to an unstoppable influx of [[Slavs]], that in five years at most flooded all the semi-abandoned region down to the [[Peloponnesus]]. It was the year 582: Bayan was now able to attack the Byzantines in [[Thrace]], and when [[Tiberius II Constantine]], who had failed in stopping him, was succeeded in Constantinople by his son-in-law [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]], he managed to extract a huge [[tribute]] in gold: 100,000 [[Solidus (coin)|gold coins]], or some 1,000 lbs, per year.

In later times Avars and Slavs still raided the remaining Byzantine lands as Maurice was hard pressed to defend his native [[Cappadocia]] and [[Armenia]] from the mighty [[Sassanians]] of [[Persia]]. By 592 the Byzantine ruler, once he [[Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591|defeated the Persian menace]], was bent on revenge and counterattacked in full force, soon reverting the roles (see [[Maurice's Balkan campaigns]]). Repeated, massive defeats shook the Avaro-Slavic hordes as strong organized Byzantine armies penetrated north of the Danube into [[Wallachia]], and eventually, under general [[Priscus (general)|Priscus]], crushed the enemy along the river [[Tisza]] in the very heart of [[Pannonia]]. It was [[Phocas]]' rebellion against Maurice in 602 that ultimately saved the Avars. In the same year Khagan Bayan died, his empire now safe and firmly established.

== Notes ==
<references/>

== References ==
*[http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/41.html Lászlo Makkai and András Mócsy, editors, 2001. ''History of Transylvania'', II.4 "The period of Avar rule"]
* {{cite journal | last = Olajos | first = Thérèse | title = La chronologie de la dynastie avare de Baïan | journal = Revue des études byzantines | volume = 34 | year = 1976 | pages = 151–158 | url = http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_0766-5598_1976_num_34_1_2050 | accessdate = 28 May 2011 | language = French | doi=10.3406/rebyz.1976.2050}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Avar Khaganate|Avar Khagan]]<br>[[Kutrigurs|Kutrigur Ruler]]
| years = 562-602
| before = [[Zabergan]]
| after = [[Bayan II]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayan I}}
[[Category:6th-century births]]
[[Category:602 deaths]]
[[Category:6th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:Eurasian Avars]]
[[Category:Avar–Byzantine Wars]]
[[Category:6th century in Romania]]
[[Category:6th century in Serbia]]
[[Category:6th century in Bulgaria]]

Bayan I - Değişiklik geçmişi

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "'''Bayan I''' was the first khagan of the Avar Khaganate, between 562 and 602. As the Göktürk Empire expanded westwards on the Eurasian Steppe during the 6th cent..."