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{{About|the Central Asian ethnic group|other related groups|Turkmen (disambiguation){{!}}Turkmen}}
{{infobox ethnic group
|group=Turkmens <br>''Türkmenler, Түркменлер''
| image = 
|poptime    = about ''9 million''
|region1    = {{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmenistan]]
|pop1       = 4,248,000
|ref1       = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html#People|title=The World Factbook|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>
|region2    = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]]
|pop2       = 1,328,585
|ref2       = <ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#People|title=The World Factbook|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>
|region3    = {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Afghanistan]]
|pop3       = 200,000
|ref3       = <ref>"Ethnic Groups". Library of Congress Country Studies. 1997. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
^ Jump up to: a b</ref>
|region4    = {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistan]]
|pop4       = 152,000
|ref4       = <ref>Alisher Ilhamov (2002). ''Ethnic Atlas of Uzbekistan''. Open Society Institute: Tashkent.</ref>
|region5    = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
|pop5       = 110,000
|ref5       = <ref>http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=SUBSITES&page=SUBSITES&id=434fdc702</ref>
|region6    = {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]
|pop6       = 46,885
|ref6       = <ref>2002 [[Russian Census (2002)|Russian census]]</ref>
|region7    = {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajikistan]]
|pop7       = 15,171
|ref7       = <ref>2002 [[:ru:Перепись населения Таджикистана 2010 года|Tajikistani census (2010)]]</ref>
|region8   = {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]]
|pop8      = 7,709
|ref8      = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001|work=Ukraine Census 2001|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref>
|langs      = [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]
|religions  = Predominately [[Sunni Islam]]
|related    = [[Salar people|Salar]], [[Yörük]], and other [[Turkic people]]s
}}

The '''Turkmens''' ({{lang-tk|Türkmenler Түркменлер}}) are a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]] located primarily in [[Central Asia]], in the state of [[Turkmenistan]], as well as in [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[North Caucasus]] ([[Stavropol Krai]]), and northern [[Pakistan]]. They speak the [[Turkmen language]], which is classified as a part of the [[Oghuz languages|Eastern Oghuz]] branch of the [[Turkic languages]]. Examples of other [[Oghuz languages]] are [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]], [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]], [[Khorasani Turkic language|Khorasani]], and [[Salar language|Salar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/|title=UCLA Language Materials Project: Main|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>

==Origins==
Originally, all Turkic tribes that were not part of the Turkic dynastic mythological system (for example, [[Uigurs]], [[Karluks]], [[Ethans]] and a number of other tribes) were designated ''"Turkmens"''. Only later did this word come to refer to a specific ethnonym. The etymology of the term derives from ''Türk'' plus the Sogdian affix of similarity  ''-myn'', ''-men'', and means "resembling a Türk" or "co-Türk".<ref>[[Yury Zuev|Yu. Zuev]], ''"Early Türks: Essays on history and ideology"'', Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 157, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|9985-4-4152-9}}</ref> A prominent Turkic scholar, [[Mahmud Kashgari]], also mentions the etymology ''Türk manand'' (like Turks). The language and ethnicity of the Turkmen were much influenced by their migration to the west. Kashgari calls the Karluks Turkmen as well, but the first time the etymology Turkmen was used was by [[Makdisi]] in the second half of the 10th century AD. Like Kashgari, he wrote that the Karluks and [[Oghuz Turk]]s were called Turkmen. Some modern scholars have proposed that the element ''-man/-men'' acts as an intensifier, and have translated the word as "pure Turk" or "most Turk-like of the Turks".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/tmtoc.html|title=Turkmenistan : Country Studies – Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> Among Muslim chroniclers such as [[Ibn Kathir]], the etymology was attributed to the mass conversion of two hundred thousand households in 971 AD, causing them to be named ''Turk Iman'', which is a combination of "Turk" and "Iman" إيمان (faith, belief), meaning "believing Turks", with the term later dropping the hard-to-pronounce ''[[hamza]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ar.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_-_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1_11|title=البداية والنهاية/الجزء الحادي عشر|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>

Historically, all of the Western or Oghuz Turks have been called ''Türkmen'' or ''Turkoman'';<ref name="locorigins">
Glenn E. Curtis, ed. "Origins and Early History", Turkmenistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1996. pg. 13</ref> however, today the terms are usually restricted to two Turkic groups: the Turkmen people of [[Turkmenistan]] and adjacent parts of [[Central Asia]], and the [[Turkomans of Iraq]] and [[Syrian Turkmen|Syria]].

During the Ottoman period these nomads were known by the names of Türkmen and [[Yörük]] or Yürük (Türkic ''"Nomad"'', other phonetic variations include ''Iirk, Iyierk, Hiirk, Hirkan, Hircanae, Hyrkan, Hyrcanae'', the last four known from the Greek annals).<ref>[[Mirfatyh Zakiev|M.Zakiev]], ''"Origin of Türks and Tatars"'', p.474 on, Moscow, "Insan", 2002, ISBN 5-85840-317-4 {{ru icon}}</ref> These names were generally used to describe their nomadic way of life, rather than their ethnic origins. However, these terms were often used interchangeably by foreigners. At the same time, various other exonym words were used for these nomads, such as 'Konar-göçer', 'Göçebe', 'Göçer-yörük', 'Göçerler', and 'Göçer-evliler'. The most common one among these was 'Konar-göçer' – nomadic Turcoman Turks. All of these words are found in Ottoman archival documents and carry only the meaning of 'nomad'.

The modern Turkmen people descend, at least in part, from the Oghuz Turks of [[Transoxiana]], the western portion of [[Turkestan]], a region that largely corresponds to much of Central Asia as far east as [[Xinjiang]]. Oghuz tribes had moved westward from the [[Altay mountains]] in the 7th century AD, through the [[Siberian]] steppes, and settled in this region. They also penetrated as far west as the [[Volga]] basin and the [[Balkans]]. These early Turkmens are believed to have mixed with native Sogdian peoples and lived as pastoral nomads until the Russian conquest of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/0801492114|title=Amazon.com: Central Asians under Russian Rule: A Study in Culture Change (Cornell Paperbacks) (9780801492112): Elizabeth E. Bacon, Michael M. J. Fischer: Books|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Turkmenistan}}
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[[Image:Ethnicities and religions in Iran.png|thumb|300px|Right|Turkmens in Iran]]
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Signs of advanced settlements have been found throughout Turkmenistan including the ''[[Djeitun]]'' settlement where [[neolithic]] buildings have been excavated and dated to the 7th millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/047/0043/Ant0470043.pdf|title=Cambridge Journals Online – Antiquity|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> By 2000 BCE, various [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European peoples]] began to settle throughout the region, as indicated by the finds at the [[Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex]]. Notable early tribes included the nomadic [[Dahae]] (a.k.a. Daoi/Dasa), [[Massagetae]] and [[Scythians]]. The [[Achaemenid]] Empire annexed the area by the 4th century BCE and then lost control of the region following the invasion of [[Alexander the Great]], whose Hellenistic influence had an impact upon the area and some remnants have survived in the form of a planned city which was discovered following excavations at Antiocheia ([[Merv]]). The [[Parni]], a Dahae tribe came to dominate the region, and established the [[Parthian Empire]], which also later fractured as a result of invasions from the north.

[[Ephthalites]], [[Huns]], and [[Göktürks]] came in a long parade of invasions. Finally, the [[Sassanid]] Empire based in [[Persia]] ruled the area prior to the coming of the [[Muslim]] [[Arab]]s during the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] by 716 CE. The majority of the inhabitants were converted to [[Islam]] as the region grew in prominence. Next came the [[Oghuz Turks]], who imparted their language upon the local population. A tribe of the Oghuz, the [[Seljuks]], established a [[Turko-Iranian (disambiguation)|Turko-Iranian]] culture that culminated in the [[Khwarezmid Empire]] by the 12th century. [[Mongol]] hordes led by [[Genghis Khan]] conquered the area between 1219 and 1221 and devastated many of the cities which led to a rapid decline of the remaining Iranian urban population.

The Turkmen largely survived the Mongol period due to their semi-nomadic lifestyle and became traders along the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]], which led to contacts with [[Eastern Europe]]. Following the decline of the Mongols, [[Tamerlane]] conquered the area and his [[Timurid Empire]] would rule, until it too fractured, as the [[Safavids]], [[Khanate of Bukhara]], and [[Khanate of Khiva]] all contested the area. The expanding [[Russian Empire]] took notice of [[Economy of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan's extensive cotton industry]], during the reign of [[Peter the Great]], and invaded the area. Following the decisive [[Battle of Geok Tepe]] in January 1881, Turkmenistan became a part of the Russian Empire. After the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]], [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] control was established by 1921 as Turkmenistan was transformed from a medieval Islamic region to a largely secularized republic within a [[totalitarian]] state. By 1991, with the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)|fall of the Soviet Union]], Turkmenistan achieved independence as well, but remained dominated by a one-party system of government led by the [[authoritarian]] regime of President [[Saparmurat Niyazov]] until his death in December 2006.

==Language==
{{Main|Turkmen language}}
Turkmen (Latin: Türkmençe, Cyrillic: Түркменче) is the language of the titular nation of  [[Turkmenistan]]. It is spoken by over 5,200,000 people in [[Turkmenistan]], and by roughly 3,000,000 people in other countries, including [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tuk|title=Turkmen|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> Up to 30% of native speakers in Turkmenistan also claim a good knowledge of [[Russian language|Russian]], a legacy of the [[Russian Empire]] and [[Soviet Union]].

Turkmen is not a literary language in Iran and Afghanistan, where many Turkmen tend towards bilingualism, usually conversant in the countries different dialects of [[Persian language|Persian]], such as [[Dari language|Dari]] in Afghanistan. Variations of the [[Persian alphabet]] are, however, used in Iran.

==Ethnogenesis==

[[File:Turkmen man with camel.jpg|right|280px|thumb|A Turkmen man of Turkmenistan in traditional clothes by [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]], around 1910.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumsyndicate.com/item.php?item=31562|title=Turkmen Camel Driver by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2498/|title=Turkmen Man Posing with Camel Loaded with Sacks, Probably of Grain or Cotton, Central Asia|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sechtl-vosecek.ucw.cz/en/prokudin-gorsky/ostatni.html|title=Prokudin-Gorsky, other|author=Prokudin-Gorskii|work=Šechtl & Voseček|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>]]
[[File:MSU V2P2 - Hunter with caracal.png|thumb|Turkmen hunter with [[caracal]] in Repetek, eastern [[Karakum Desert|Karakum]] (January, 1958)]]
Genetic studies on [[mitochondrial DNA]] ([[mtDNA]]) restriction polymorphism confirmed that  Turkmen were characterized by the presence of local Iranian mtDNA lineages, similar to the [[Eastern Iranian]] populations, but high male [[Mongoloid]] genetic component observed in Turkmens populations with the frequencies of about 20%.<ref>[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maik/ruge/2002/00000038/00000004/00375256;jsessionid=1i2j4imsmaj3n.alice 1 Russian Journal of Genetics, Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism in Populations of the Caspian Region and Southeastern Europe]</ref> This most likely indicates an ancestral combination of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] groups that the modern Turkmen have inherited and which appears to correspond to the historical record which indicates that various Iranian tribes existed in the region prior to the migration of Turkic tribes:

{{Quote|The Turkomans observe a difference between their children from Turkoman mothers, and those from the Persian female captives whom they take as wives, and the Kazakh women whom they purchase from the Uzbeks of Khiva. The Turkomans of pure race enjoy full privileges, while the others are not allowed to contract marriages with Turkoman women of pure blood, but must choose themselves wives among the half-castes and Kazakh captives.

As there exists a great animosity between the Yamuds and Goklans they do not intermarry, although they reckon themselves of equally noble lineage. The same hatred is extended to the Tekke Turkomans, whom the Goklans and Yamuds, moreover, look upon as their inferiors, being, according to their genealogies, the descendants of a slave-woman, whilst they are the posterity of a free-woman. (p. 71)

The more intimate connection of the Astrakhan and Kazan Tartars with the Mogols can be traced in their features; with the Nogay it is less visible. In like manner, the Turkomans further off in the desert, and the Uzbeks of Khive, have more of the Mogol expression than the Turkomans who encamp near the Persian frontier. The frequent intercourse of the Nogay, in latter years, with the Cherkess, seems to have improved their race; and notwithstanding the enmity that exists between the Turkomans and the Persians, it is still not unlikely that their close vicinity should have produced on the former a similar effect in a lapse of several centuries. The fact we have seen, that the Turkomans marry Persian women, when they take them as prisoners. The Turkoman women are, like the men, tall, and when young, well-shaped; their faces are rounder than those of the men; the cheek-bones less prominent; the eyes black, with fine eye-brows, and many with fair complexion; the nose is rather flat; the mouth small, with a row of regular white teeth. In a word, a great number of the younger part of the community might be reckoned as fair specimens of pretty women. (p. 73)}}

Bode, C.A. "The Yamud and Goklan tribes of Turkomania". Journal of the London Ethnological Society, vol. 1, 1848, pp.&nbsp;60–78.

==Religion==
{{main|Religion in Turkmenistan}}

==Culture and society==

===Nomadic heritage===
[[File:Tekke Chuval.tiff|thumb|Tekke ''chuval'' with Salor [[Gul (design)|gül]]s, late 19th century|350px]]
Before the establishment of Soviet power in [[Central Asia]], it was difficult to identify distinct ethnic groups in the region. Sub-ethnic and supra-ethnic loyalties were more important to people than ethnicity. When asked to identify themselves, most Central Asians would name their kin group, neighborhood, village, religion or the state in which they lived; the idea that a state should exist to serve an ethnic group was unknown.<ref name="Adrienne Lynn Edgar 2007 18">{{cite book|author= Adrienne Lynn Edgar|title=Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan|url= https://books.google.nl/books?id=9Q11AQAAQBAJ |year=2007|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=18}}</ref>

Most Turkmen were nomads and were not settled in cities and towns until the advent of the Soviet government. This mobile lifestyle precluded identification with anyone outside one's kin group and led to frequent conflicts between different Turkmen tribes. In collaboration with the local nationalists, the Soviet government sought to transform the Turkmen and other “backward” ethnic groups in the USSR into modern socialist nations that based their identity on a fixed territory and a common language.

The Soviet-led standardization of the Turkmen language, education, and projects to promote ethnic Turkmen in the industry, government and higher education had led growing numbers of Turkmen to identify with a larger national Turkmen culture rather than with sub-national, pre-modern forms of identity.<ref name="Adrienne Lynn Edgar 2007 261">{{cite book|author= Adrienne Lynn Edgar|title=Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan|url= https://books.google.nl/books?id=9Q11AQAAQBAJ |year=2007|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=261}}</ref> Before the Soviet era, a proverb stated that the Turkmen’s home was where his horse happened to stand. After gaining independence from the Soviet Union, Turkmen historians went to great lengths to prove that the Turkmen had inhabited their current territory since time immemorial; some historians even tried to deny the nomadic heritage of the Turkmen.<ref name="Adrienne Lynn Edgar 2007 264">{{cite book|author= Adrienne Lynn Edgar|title=Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan|url= https://books.google.nl/books?id=9Q11AQAAQBAJ |year=2007|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=264}}</ref>

[[File:Tolkuchka Bazaar - Flickr - Kerri-Jo (32).jpg|thumb|Tolkuchka Bazaar in Turkmenistan]]
Turkmen lifestyle was heavily invested in horsemanship and as a prominent horse culture, Turkmen horse-breeding was an ages old tradition. In spite of changes prompted by the Soviet period, a tribe in southern Turkmenistan has remained very well known for their horses, the [[Akhal-Teke]] ''desert horse'' – and the horse breeding tradition has returned to its previous prominence in recent years.<ref>[http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/horses.html Embassy of Turkmenistan-History & Culture, The Akhalteke Horse of Turkmenistan]</ref>

Many tribal customs still survive among modern Turkmen. Unique to Turkmen culture is ''kalim'' which is a [[Bridegroom|groom]]'s "[[dowry]]", that can be quite expensive and often results in the widely practiced{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} tradition of [[bride kidnapping|bridal kidnapping]].<ref name="Turkmen Society">[http://www.iatp.edu.tm/baskurt/SocStructure.html Turkmen Society]</ref> In something of a modern parallel, in 2001, President Saparmurat Niyazov had introduced a state enforced "''kalim''", which required all foreigners who wanted to marry a Turkmen woman to pay a sum of no less than $50,000.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">Philip Sherwell, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/turkmenistan/1334919/Price-of-loving-a-Turkmen-girl-is-now-50000.html Price of loving a Turkmen girl is now $50,000], ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', July 22, 2001</ref> The law was abolished in March 2005.<ref name="rferl.org">Gulnoza Saidazimova, [http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059210.html Turkmenistan: Marriage Gets Cheaper As Turkmenbashi Drops $50,000 Dollar Foreigners' Fee], ''[[Radio Free Europe]]'', June 10, 2005</ref>

Other customs include the consultation of tribal elders, whose advice is often eagerly sought and respected. Many Turkmen still live in extended families where various generations can be found under the same roof, especially in rural areas.<ref name="Turkmen Society"/>

The music of the nomadic and rural Turkmen people reflects rich oral traditions, where epics such as [[Koroglu]] are usually sung by itinerant bards. These itinerant singers are called ''[[bakshy]]'' and sing either a cappella or with instruments such as the two-stringed [[lute]] called [[dutar]].

===Society today===
[[File:Female Visitors, Merv (5730558119).jpg|thumb|Women in Turkmenistan in 2011]]
Since Turkmenistan's independence in 1991, a cultural revival has taken place with the return of a moderate form of [[Islam]] and celebration of [[Novruz]] (an [[Iran]]ian<ref name="Meri">Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, "Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index ", Taylor & Francis, 2006.  pp 605: "Buyid rulers such as Azud al-Dawla resusciated a number of pre-islamic Iranian practices, most notably the titular of shahanshah (king of kings) and the celebration of the Persian New Year</ref> tradition) or New Year's Day.

Turkmen can be divided into various social classes including the urban intelligentsia and workers whose role in society is different from that of the rural peasantry. Secularism and [[atheism]] remain prominent for many Turkmen intellectuals who favor moderate social changes and often view extreme religiousity and cultural revival with some measure of distrust.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+tm0026)|title=US Library of Congress Country Studies-Turkmenistan: Social Structure|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>

Self-proclaimed ''President for Life'' [[Saparmurat Niyazov]] was largely responsible for many of the changes that have taken place in modern Turkmen society. Niyazov made nationalism an important element in Turkmenistan, while contacts with Turkmen in neighboring Iran and Afghanistan have increased. Significant changes to the names of the cities as well as calendar reform were introduced by President Niyazov as well. The [[Renaming of Turkmen months and days of week, 2002|calendar reform]] resulted in renaming months and days of the week from [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Europe]]an-derived words into purely Turkmen ones, some of them eponymously related to the president or his [[family]]. The policy was reversed in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7365346.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Asia-Pacific – Turkmen go back to old calendar|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>

The five traditional carpet designs that form motifs in the country's [[Coat of arms of Turkmenistan|state emblem]] and [[Flag of Turkmenistan|flag]] represent the five major [[Turkmen tribes]].

[[File:Iranian muslim turkmen of Ashuradeh island.jpg|thumb|Iranian Turkmen from [[Ashuradeh]]]]

===Turkmen in Iran===
{{See also|Iranian Turkmen}}
Turkmen rulers, successively of the [[Black Sheep Turkomans]] and [[White Sheep Turkomans]], ruled much of Persia and surrounding countries before [[Shah Ismail I]] defeated them to begin the [[Safavid]] dynasty in 1501.  [[Tabriz]] was their usual capital.  There remains a relatively small population identifying as Turkmen in modern [[Iran]].

===Turkmen in Afghanistan===
[[File:Afghanistan ethnic groups 2005.jpg|thumb|left|200px|CIA map showing the territory of the settlement of [[ethnic groups in Afghanistan|ethnic groups and subgroups in Afghanistan]] (2005)]]
Turkmen are another Sunni Turkic-speaking group whose language has close affinities with modern Turkish. They are of aquiline Mongoloid stock. The Afghan Turkmen population in the 1990s was estimated at around 200,000. Turkmen also reside north of the Amu Darya in Turkmenistan.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0041) US Library of Congress Country Studies-Afghanistan: Turkmen]</ref> The original Turkmen groups came from east of the Caspian Sea into northwestern Afghanistan at various periods, particularly after the end of the nineteenth century when the Russians moved into their territory. They established settlements from Balkh Province to Herat Province, where they are now concentrated; smaller groups settled in Kunduz Province. Others came in considerable numbers as a result of the failure of the Basmachi revolts against the Bolsheviks in the 1920s.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Turkmen tribes, of which there are twelve major groups in Afghanistan, base their structure on genealogies traced through the male line. Senior members wield considerable authority. Formerly a nomadic and warlike people feared for their lightning raids on caravans, Turkmen in Afghanistan are farmer-herdsmen and important contributors to the economy. They brought karakul sheep to Afghanistan and are also renowned makers of carpets, which, with karakul pelts, are major hard currency export commodities. Turkmen jewelry is also highly prized.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>

===Turkmen of Stavropol Region of Russia===

In the [[Stavropol Krai|Stavropol Region]] of southern [[Russian Federation|Russia]], there is a long established colony of Turkmen. They are often referred to as '''Trukhmen''' by the local ethnic [[Russian people|Russian]] population, and sometimes use the self-designation '''Turkpen'''.<ref name="eki.ee">[http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/trukhmens.shtml The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire]. Eki.ee. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> According to the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census of Russia]], they numbered 15,048, and accounted for 0.5% of the total population of Stavropol Region.

The Turkmens are said to have migrated into the [[Caucasus]] in the 17th century, in particular in the [[Mangyshlak]] region. These migrants belonged mainly to the Chaudorov (Chavodur), Sonchadj and Ikdir tribes. The early settlers were nomadic but over time a process of sedentarization took place. In their cultural life the Trukhmens of today differ very little from their neighbours and are now settled farmers and stockbreeders.<ref name="eki.ee"/>

Although the Turkmen language belongs to the Oguz group of Turkic languages, in Stavropol  it has been strongly influenced by the [[Nogai language]], which belongs to the [[Kipchak language|Kipchak]] group. The phonetic system, grammatical structure and to some extent also the vocabulary, have been somewhat influenced.<ref>http://www2.lingfil.uu.se/afro/turkiskasprak/IP2007/Johanson2006Cauc.pdf</ref>

==Demographics and population distribution==
[[File:Turkmengirlandbaby.jpg|right|150px|thumb|A Turkmen girl and baby from Afghanistan]]
[[File:Senior Citizen in Ashgabat.jpg|thumb|150px|A Turkmen man from Turkmenistan]]
The Turkmen people of Central Asia live in:
*'''[[Turkmenistan]]''', where some 85% of the population of 5,042,920 people (July 2006 est.), are ethnic Turkmen. In addition, an estimated 1,200 Turkmen [[Afghan refugees|refugees]] from northern Afghanistan currently reside in Turkmenistan due to the ravages of the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] and factional fighting in Afghanistan which saw the rise and fall of the [[Taliban]].<ref>[http://www.newscentralasia.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=952 UNHCR Begins Compiling Database of Refugees in Turkmenistan]</ref>
*'''[[Afghanistan]]''', where as of 2006, 2,400,000 are ethnic Turkmen and are largely concentrated primarily along the Turkmen-Afghan border in the provinces of [[Faryab Province|Faryab]], [[Jowzjan Province|Jowzjan]], Samangan and [[Baghlan Province|Baghlan]]. There are also other communities in [[Balkh Province|Balkh]] and [[Kunduz Province]]s.
*'''[[Iran]]''', where about 1,328,585 Turkmen are primarily concentrated in the [[Provinces of Iran|provinces]] of [[Golestān Province|Golestān]] and [[North Khorasan Province|North Khorasan]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
{{Main|Turkmen in Pakistan}}
*'''[[Pakistan]]''', where as of 2005, as per the official Pakistani census and UN estimates, there remain approximately 110,000 Turkmen refugees in [[Pakistan]], largely in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and in the country's urban centres of [[Lahore]], [[Islamabad]] and [[Karachi]]. The actual numbers could be up to 250,000 as many have avoided being counted for fear of being deported and have intermixed into Pakistan's cosmopolitan social dynamic. A few hundred Turkmen and Kyrgyz refugee families living in Pakistan were given asylum in Turkey in the 1980s. Apart from these, [[Karlugh Turks]] also reside in Pakistan who came with Timur in 1472 AD and formed a Turki Shahi dynasty that ruled the state of Hazara (NWFP) as Pakhli Sarkar for more than 200 years (1472–1703); currently these Karlugh Turks reside mainly in three districts of Hazara, Mansehra (Jabori, Pakhli), Abbottabad (Banda Phagwarian), Haripur (Mankeria, Pharhari, Nartopa). These Karlugh Turks are mingled with locals and are Pakistani nationals, however they maintained their identity as Turk Rajputs. Raja Amanullah Khan Turk (deceased) of Haripur Mankerai was speaker of the NWFP assembly from March 1985 to 1988.
*'''[[Turkey]]''', where most Turkmens have integrated into sedentary life over the centuries through [[Seljuk]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] periods. A considerable nomadic Turkmen group called [[Yörük]] still maintain their lifestyle in [[Anatolia]] and parts of the [[Balkans]].

==Y-DNA haplogroups of Turkmens==
Recent studies on the Turkmens of Iran and Afghanistan suggest that haplogroup Q is the dominant Y-DNA in Turkmens. So far, there have been two detailed studies on the Y-DNA of Turkmens.

* One research(Cristofaro et al.,2013) found that the Turkmens in Afghanistan have 31.1% Q-M25(currently Q1alb) and 2.7% Q1a3-M346(currently Q1a2)(Q total 25/74=33.8%), followed by R1a1a-M198(16.2%, also R1b 2.74%, R2 1.4%), J1c3-Page8(8.1%, also other various J 9.5%), N1b-P43(6.8%), G2a-P303(4.1%), L1a-M76(4.1%), and various subgroups of E1b1b 5.4%, O3(KL2, M134) 2.7%, C(M401) 1.4%, H(M69*) 1.4%.<ref name="Cristofaro2013">J D Cristofaro et al., 2013, "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge", http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0076748</ref>
* Another study(Grugni et al.,2012) found that 42.6%(29/68) of Iranian Turkmens(in Golestan) have haplogroup Q-M25(currently Q1a1b), followed by R1a1a-M198(14.5%, also R1b 4.3%, R2 1.4%), J1c3-Page8(5.8%, also other various J 8.8%), G2a(5.8%), L3-M357(5.8%), E1b1b(4.3%), NO*(2.9%, xN, xO), H(1.4%), T(1.4%).<ref>Viola Grugni et al.,2012, "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians", http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. It seems that more correctly rounded frequency-figures might be 14.7%(instead of 14.5%), 5.9%(instead of 5.8%), 4.4%(instead of 4.3%), 1.5%(instead of 1.4%).</ref>
* In 2015, Mongolian noble burials of the [[Yuan Dynasty]] were excavated in Shuzhuanglou Site(northernmost [[Hebei]] [[China]], 700YBP), all 3 noble men buried being turned out to be haplogroup Q(subclade not analyzed). The principal occupant was turned out to be Gaodang-King Korguz(高唐王=趙王 阔里吉思). His mt-DNA is D4m2, two others' mt-DNA is A.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Qui | first1 = Y | display-authors=etal | year = 2015 | title = Identification of kinship and occupant status in Mongolian noble burials of the Yuan Dynasty through a multidisciplinary approach | url = | journal = Phil. Trans. R. Soc. | volume = B370 | issue = | page = 20130378 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2013.0378 }}</ref> Korguz(阔里吉思), a son of a princess of [[Kublai Khan]](元世祖, son of [[Genghis Khan]]), was the King of [[Ongud]] tribe(汪古部). He died in 1298 and was reburied in Shuzhuanglou in 1311 by his son. (Not to be confused with Uyghur King Korguz who died in 1242.) Ongud tribe was a descendant of [[Shatuo]] tribe(沙陀族) which was a tribe of [[Gok-Turk]]([[Western Turkic Khaganate]]) and was prominent in the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] of China, building 3 Dynasties. Korguz's two queens were all princesses of Yuan Dynasty(Kublai Khan's granddaughters). It was very important for Yuan Dynasty to maintain marriage alliance with Ongud tribe which had been a very principal assistant since Genghis Khan's period. About 16 princesses of Yuan Dynasty were married to kings of Ongud tribe.
* Judging from these papers mentioned above and other history books, there is a high possibility that the ruling class of Gok-Turk was Y haplogroup Q, and the ruling clans of Oghuz Turks were Q1a1b-M25. Also, the royal family of Ashina(阿史那) clan that ruled Gok-Turk and Khazaria kingdom is maintained to be haplogroup Q1b.<ref>https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/ashina-royal-dynasty/about</ref> It is also plausible because Turk is a descendant of [[Xiongnu]] that was ruled by haplogroup Q. For example, in the ancient cemetery in Heigouliang(Xinjiang), which is known as the summer palace of Xiongnu king, 12 men were excavated, and all belong to Y haplogroup Q. Especially, all 4 Q1b men among them represent hosts of tombs.<ref>Y-Chromosome Genetic Diversity of the Ancient North Chinese populations, Li Hongjie, Jilin University-China, 2012</ref>(Xiongnu nobles/conquerors found in another ancient site are turned out to be Q-M3)<ref>Y chromosomes of ancient Hunnu people and its implication on the phylogeny of East Asian linguistic families. LL. Kang et al., 2013</ref>

==See also==
* [[Turkmen language]]
* [[Oghuz Turks]]
* [[Iranian Turkmen]]
* [[Turkmen Sahra]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*Bacon, Elizabeth E.  ''Central Asians Under Russian Rule: A Study in Culture Change'',  Cornell University Press (1980). ISBN 0-8014-9211-4.
*[http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/28be5/7e7/ Turkmenistan Pages by Ekahau]
*[http://www.turkotek.com/salon_00089/s89t5.htm Did the ''engsi'' hang inside or outside the yurt?]

==External links==
{{commons category|Turkmen}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Turkoman |volume=27|page=468|short=x}}

{{Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan}}
{{Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
{{Ethnic groups in Iran}}
{{Turkic peoples}}
{{Peoples of the Caucasus}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkmen}}
[[Category:Ethnic Turkmen people| ]]
[[Category:Oghuz Turks]]
[[Category:Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Russia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Turkic tribes]]
[[Category:Peoples of the Caucasus]]