Tughril sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

{{redirect|Tuğrul|the mythological bird|Turul|the Kerait ruler Toghrul, protector of Genghis Khan|Toghrul|the village in Turkey|Tuğrul, Mut}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name       =Tughril
|title      =
|image      =TughrilCoin.jpg
|caption    =Coin of Tughril
|succession = [[List of sultans of the Seljuq Empire|Sultan of the Seljuq Empire]]
|reign      =1037 – 4 September 1063
|coronation =
|predecessor=''empire established''
|successor  =[[Alp Arslan]]
|birth_date =990
|birth_place=
|death_date =4 September 1063 (aged 73)
|death_place=
|spouse     = Aka, daughter of Yusuf Qadir-Khan<br />[[Altun Jan Khatun]]<br />Seyyedeh Fatima
|issue      =None
|full name  ='''[[Laqab]]''': Rukn ad-Din (shortly)<br />'''[[Kunya (Arabic)|Kunya]]''': Abu Talib<br />'''[[Given name]]''': Muhammad
|house      =[[Seljuq dynasty|House of Seljuq]]
|father     =Mikail ibn Seljuq
|mother=
|religion   =[[Sunni Islam]]
|place of burial=
|othertitles=
}}
'''Tughril''' ({{Lang-fa|السلطان رکن‌الدین ابوطالب طغرلبک محمد بن میکائیل بن سلجوق یمین امیرالمومنین}};<ref>{{cite book |last=Rāvandī |first=Muḥammad  |date= |title= Rāḥat al-ṣudūr va āyat al-surūr dar tārīkh-i āl-i saljūq |url= |location=Tehran |publisher= Intishārāt-i Asāṭīr|page=85 |isbn=9643313662}}</ref> [[full name]]: Rukn al-Dunya wa al-Din Abu Talib Muhammad Toghrul-Beg ibn Mikail) also spelled Toghrul I, Tugril, Toghril, Tugrul or Toghrïl Beg;<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/598045/Toghril-Beg Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> (990 &ndash; September 4, 1063) was the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] founder of the [[Seljuk Empire]], ruling from 1037 to 1063. Tughril united the [[Turkic people|Turkic]] warriors of the Great Eurasian Steppes into a confederacy of tribes, who traced their ancestry to a single ancestor named [[Seljuq]], and led them in conquest of eastern Iran. He would later establish the Seljuq Sultanate after conquering [[Iran|Persia]] and retaking the Abbasid capital of [[Baghdad]] from the [[Buyid dynasty]] in 1055.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gross |first=Daniel |date=September 13, 2016 |title=The Encyclopedia Reader |url=http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-encyclopedia-reader |dead-url= |newspaper=New Yorker |location=New York |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=September 13, 2016 }}</ref> Tughril relegated the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphs]] to state figureheads and took command of the caliphate's armies in military offensives against the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] in an effort to expand his empire's borders and unite the Islamic world.

==Early life==
[[File:Transoxiana 8th century.svg|thumb|left|300px|Map of [[Khurasan]], [[Transoxiana]] and [[Tokharistan]]]]
Tughril was the son of [[Mikail ibn Seljuq]]; on the death of his father, Tughril and his brother [[Chaghri]] were raised by their grandfather [[Seljuq|Seljuk]], who had other sons named [[Musa Yabghu]] and [[Arslan Isra'il]], whom Tughril would later accompany into the [[Iranian plateau]] during his later life. Tughril ascended to power ca. 1016.

In the 1020s, Tughril and his other relatives were serving the 
[[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Kara-Khanids]] of [[Bukhara]]. In 1026, the Kara-Khanids were driven out of Bukhara by the [[Ghaznavid]] [[Sultan]] [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. This defeat made Arslan Isra'il flee to a place near [[Sarakhs]], where he asked Mahmud for permission to settle in the area in return for military aid. Mahmud, however, had Arslan Isra'il imprisoned, where the latter soon died. Meanwhile, Tughril and Chaghri remained loyal to their Kara-Khanid overlords. Although they in 1029 had some disputes with the Kara-Khanids, they continued to support them, and still continued to participate in the Kara-Khanid wars against the Ghaznavids; in 1032, they were present at the [[Battle of Dabusiyya]].

After the Kara-Khanid ruler [[Ali-Tegin]]'s death, however, the Seljuqs changed their allegiance to the ruler of [[Khwarazm]], [[Harun, Ghaznavid Governor of Khwarezm|Harun]],{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=19}} but were in 1035 repelled by the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] ruler [[Shah Malik]]. The Seljuqs then went to the same place which Arslan Isra'il had gone to, and asked the son of Mahmud, [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud I]], for asylum. Mas'ud, however, considered the nomadic Turks a dangerous threat and sent an army under commander-in-chief [[Begtoghdi]]. The army was shortly defeated by the Seljuqs, who forced Mas'ud to cede Nasa, Farava and [[Dahae|Dihistan]] in return for Seljuq recognition of Ghaznavid authority and protection of the region from other Turkic tribes.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=192}}

In 1037, the Seljuqs managed to force the Ghaznavids to cede them Sarakhs, Abivard and [[Merv|Marw]]. The Seljuqs then slowly began subdue the cities of Khorasan, and when they captured [[Nishapur]], Tughril proclaimed himself as the [[Sultan]] of Khorasan.

== Reign ==
Mas'ud, after having returned to Khorasan, expelled the Seljuqs from [[Herat]] and Nishapur. He soon marched towards [[Merv]] to completely remove the Seljuq threat from Khorasan. His army included 50,000 men and 12 to 60 [[war elephants]].

A battle shortly took place near Merv, known as the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]], where the army of Mas'ud was defeated by a much smaller army under Tughril, his brother [[Chaghri Beg]], and the Kakuyid prince [[Faramurz]]. Mas'ud thus permanently lost control of all of western Khorasan. This victory marked the foundation of the [[Seljuk Empire]], which was now rapidly expanding towards West.

Tughril then installed Chagri as the governor of Khorasan and prevent a Ghaznavid reconquest, then moved on to the conquest of the Iranian plateau in 1040-1044; In 1041/2, Tughril conquered [[Tabaristan]] and [[Gurgan]], and appointed a certain Mardavij ibn Bishui as the governor of the region. In 1042/3, he conquered [[Ray, Iran|Ray]] and [[Qazvin]], and was at the same his suzerainty was acknowledged by the [[Justanids|Justanid]] ruler of [[Dailam]].{{sfn|Madelung|1975|p=224}} The [[Sallarid]] ruler of Shamiran also shortly acknowledged the suzerianty of Tughril.{{sfn|Madelung|1975|p=225}}

By 1054 his forces were contending in [[Anatolia]] with the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] and in 1055 he was commissioned by the Abbasid Caliph [[Al-Qa'im (caliph)|Al-Qa'im]] to recapture [[Baghdad]] from the [[Buyids]]. A revolt by Turcoman forces under his foster brother [[İbrahim Yinal]], Buyid forces and an uprising against the Seljuqs led to the loss of the city to the Fatimids Caliph in 1058. Two years later Tughril crushed the rebellion, personally strangling İbrahim with his bowstring and entered Baghdad. He then married the daughter of the Abbasid Caliph near the city of Tabriz.{{sfn|Minorsky|2000|p=42}}

==Succession==
He died childless in the city of [[Rey, Iran|Rey]] in modern [[Iran]] and was succeeded by his nephew Suleiman which was contested by [[Alp Arslan]], both of them sons of his brother [[Chaghri]]. His cousin [[Kutalmish]] who had both been a vital part of his campaigns and later a supporter of [[Yinal]]'s rebellion also put forth a claim. Alp Arslan defeated Kutalmish for the throne and succeeded on April 27, 1064.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4:  From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | authorlink = C. E. Bosworth | chapter =  The early Ghaznavids | pages = 162–198 | isbn = 0-521-20093-8 | chapterurl = https://books.google.dk/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods | year = 1968 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | authorlink = C. E. Bosworth | chapter = The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217) | pages = 1–202 | isbn = 0-521-06936-X | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4:  From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | authorlink = C. E. Bosworth | chapter = Iran under the Buyids | pages = 250–305 | isbn = 0-521-20093-8 | chapterurl = https://books.google.dk/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Madelung | first = W. | authorlink = Wilferd Madelung | chapter = The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran | pages = 198–249 | isbn = 978-0-521-20093-6 | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA198#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |last=Minorsky |first=V.| chapter=Tabriz |publisher=Brill |year=2000 |ref=harv}}

==External links==
*[http://www.allempires.com/empires/seljuk/toghrulbeg_m.jpg Tuğrul Beg]
*[http://www.ruhnama.info/ruhnama-en/htm/cagry-togrul.htm More info]

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{{s-hou|[[Seljuq Dynasty|House of Seljuq]]||990||4 September 1063}}
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{{s-new|reason=[[Seljuq Dynasty|Dynasty founded]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of sultans of the Seljuq Empire|Sultan of the Seljuq Empire]]|years=1037 – 4 September 1063}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alp Arslan]]}}
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{{Seljuk dynasty}}

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[[Category:990 births]]
[[Category:1063 deaths]]
[[Category:Seljuk rulers]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Persia]]
[[Category:11th-century Turkic people]]