Sultan sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

{{About|sultans in general|the Turkish Sultans|List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|other uses|Sultan (disambiguation)}}
{{more footnotes|date=March 2014}}
{{Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, and Southern Asia}}
[[File:Sarayi Album 10a.jpg|thumb|150px|Sultan [[Mehmed II]] is considered one of the most famous [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Ottoman Sultans|sultans]].]]
'''Sultan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ʌ|l|t|ən}}; {{lang-ar|سلطان}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|sulṭān}}'', {{IPA-ar|sʊlˈtˤɑːn, solˈtˤɑːn|pron}}) is a [[Royal and noble ranks|noble title]] with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic [[abstract noun]] meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the [[verbal noun]] {{lang|ar|سلطة}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|sulṭah}}'', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e., the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), albeit without claiming the overall [[caliphate]], or to refer to a powerful [[governor]] of a province within the caliphate.

The [[dynasty]] and lands ruled by a sultan are referred to as a '''sultanate''' ({{lang|ar|سلطنة}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|salṭanah}}''<span style="margin-left:2px">)</span>.

A feminine form of ''sultan'', used by Westerners, is '''[[Sultana (title)|Sultana]]''' or '''Sultanah''' and this title used legally used for some (not all) Muslim women monarchs and sultan's mothers and chief consorts. But [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] also uses sultan for imperial lady, because Turkish grammar uses the same words for women and men. However, this styling misconstrues the roles of wives of sultans. In a similar usage, the wife of a German [[field marshal]] might be styled ''Frau Feldmarschall'' (in French, similar constructions of the type ''madame la maréchale'' are quite common). The female leaders in [[Muslim history]] are correctly known as "sultanas". However, the wife of the sultan in the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] is styled as the "panguian" and sultan's chief wife in many sultanate in [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]] is known as "permaisuri" or "Tunku Ampuan", "Raja Perempuan" or "Tengku Ampuan". Special case in [[Brunei]], the [[Queen Consort]] is known as ''Raja Isteri'' with suffix ''Pengiran Anak'' if the queen consort is a royal princess. 

Among those modern hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the [[rule of law]], the term is gradually being replaced by [[king]] (i.e. ''[[malik]]'' in Arabic) and ''[[Datu]]'' in [[Maranao language|Maranao]].

==Compound ruler titles==
[[File:Ralamb-2.jpg|thumb|150px|Ottoman Sultan [[Mehmed IV]] attended by a eunuch and two pages.]]
These are generally secondary titles, either lofty 'poetry' or with a message, e.g.:
*''Mani Sultan'' = ''Manney Sultan'' (meaning the "Pearl of Rulers" or "Honoured Monarch") - a subsidiary title, part of the full style of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Travancore]]
* ''[[Sultan of Sultans]]'' - the sultanic equivalent of the style [[King of Kings]]
* Certain secondary titles have a devout Islamic connotation; e.g., [[Sultan ul-Mujahidin]] as champion of [[jihad]] (to strive and to struggle in the name of Allah).
* ''Sultanic Highness'' - a rare, hybrid western-Islamic honorific style exclusively used by the son, daughter-in-law and daughters of Sultan [[Hussein Kamel of Egypt|Hussein Kamel]] of [[Egypt]] (a British [[protectorate]] since 1914), who bore it with their primary titles of [[Prince]] (''{{transl|ar|[[Amir]]}}''; {{Lang-tr|[[Prens]]}}) or [[Princess]], after 11 October 1917. They enjoyed these titles for life, even after the Royal Rescript regulating the styles and titles of the Royal House following Egypt's [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence|independence in 1922]], when the sons and daughters of the newly styled king (''{{transl|ar|[[malik]] Misr}}'', considered a promotion) were granted the title ''Sahib(at) us-Sumuw al-Malaki'', or [[Royal Highness]].

==Former sultans and sultanates==

===Anatolia and Central Asia===
*[[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Sultanate]]
*[[Seljuk Empire|Sultans of Great Seljuk]]
*[[Sultanate of Rum|Seljuk Sultanate of Rum]]
*[[Ottoman Dynasty|Sultans]] (becoming [[padishah]]s) of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[House of Osman|Osmanli]]

===Caucasus===
*[[Elisu Sultanate]] and a few others. A Sultan ranked below a Khan.

===Levant and Arabian peninsula===
[[File:Qabus bin Said.jpg|thumb|150px|H.M. Sultan [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]], the current Sultan of [[Oman]] from the [[Al Said]] dynasty.]]
*in [[Syria]]:
**[[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid Sultans]]
**[[Mameluks|Mamluk Sultans]]
*in present-day [[Yemen]], various small sultanates of the former British [[Aden Protectorate]] and [[Federation of South Arabia|South Arabia]]:
::[[Audhali]], [[Fadhli Sultanate|Fadhli]], [[Haushabi]], [[Kathiri]], [[Sultanate of Lahej|Lahej]], [[Lower Aulaqi]], [[Lower Yafa]], [[Mahra Sultanate|Mahra]], [[Qu'aiti]], [[Subeihi]], [[Upper Aulaqi Sultanate|Upper Aulaqi]], [[Upper Yafa]] and the [[Wahidi (disambiguation)|Wahidi]] sultanates
*in present-day [[Saudi Arabia]] :
**[[Nejd|Sultans of Nejd]]
**[[Hejaz|Sultans of the Hejaz]]
*[[Oman]] – [[Sultan of Oman]] (authentically referred to as ''Hami''), on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula, still an independent sultanate, since 1744 (assumed the formal title of Sultan in 1861)

===North Africa===
[[File:Abdelhafid.jpg|thumb|150px|Sultan [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco]].]]
*in [[Algeria]]: sultanate of [[Tuggurt]]
*in [[Egypt]]:
**[[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid Sultans]]
**[[Mameluks|Mamluk Sultans]]
*in [[Morocco]], until [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]] changed the style to [[Malik]] (king) on 14 August 1957, maintaining the subsidiary style [[Amir al-Mu´minin]] (Commander of the Faithful)
*in [[Sudan]]:
**[[Darfur]]
**Dar al-Masalit
**Dar Qimr
**[[Funj Sultanate]] of [[Sinnar]] (Sennar)
**[[Kordofan]]
*in [[Chad]]:
**[[Baguirmi Kingdom|Bag(u)irmi]] (main native title: [[List of rulers of Baguirmi|Mbang]])
**[[Ouaddai Kingdom|Wada'i]] (main native title: [[Kolak]]), successor state to Birgu
**[[Dar Sila]] (actually a wandering group of tribes)

===Horn of Africa===
{{main article|Somali aristocratic and court titles|Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles}}
[[File:Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire 2.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Mohamoud Ali Shire]], the 26th Sultan of the [[Somali people|Somali]] [[Warsangali Sultanate]]]]
*[[Adal Sultanate]], in northwestern [[Somalia]], southern [[Djibouti]], and the [[Somali Region|Somali]], [[Oromia Region|Oromia]], [[Harari Region|Harari]], and [[Afar Region|Afar]] regions of [[Ethiopia]]
*[[Ajuran Sultanate]], in southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia
*[[Majeerteen Sultanate]] (Migiurtinia), in northern Somalia
*[[Marehan#Marehan Sultanate|Marehan Sultanate]], in northern Somalia
*[[Sultanate of the Geledi]], in southern Somalia
*[[Sultanate of Aussa]], in northeastern Ethiopia
*[[Sultanate of Harar]], in eastern Ethiopia
*[[Sultanate of Hobyo]], in Somalia
*[[Sultanate of Ifat]], in eastern Ethiopia
*[[Sultanate of Mogadishu]], in south-central Somalia
*[[Sultanate of Showa]], in central Ethiopia
*[[Warsangali Sultanate]], in northern Somalia
*[[Bimal Sultanate of Merca ]] south eastrern Somalia

===Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean===
*[[Angoche Sultanate]], on the [[Mozambique|Mozambiquan]] coast (also several neighbouring sheikdoms)
*various [[sultans on the Comoros]]; however on the [[Comoros]], the normally used styles were alternative native titles, including [[Mfalme]], [[Phany]] or ''Jambé'' and the 'hegemonic' title [[Sultani tibe]]
*the Maore (or Mawuti) sultanate on [[Mayotte]] (separated from the Comoros)

====''Maliki''====
This was the alternative native style (apparently derived from ''[[malik]]'', the [[Arabic]] word for "king") of the sultans of the [[Kilwa Sultanate]], in [[Tanganyika]] (presently the continental part of Tanzania).

====Swahili Coast====
*[[Sultan of Zanzibar|Sultanate of Zanzibar]]: two incumbents (from the Omani dynasty) since the de facto separation from Oman in 1806, the last assumed the title Sultan in 1861 at the formal separation under British auspices; since 1964 union with Tanganyika (part of [[Tanzania]])
''Mfalume'' is the (Ki)[[Swahili language|Swahili]] title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan:
*in [[Kenya]]:
**[[Rulers of Pate|Pate]] on part of [[Pate island]] (capital also named Pate), in the [[Lamu Archipelago]]
**[[Wituland]], came under German, then British [[protectorate]]
*in [[Tanganyika]] (presently part of [[Tanzania]]): of Hadimu, on the island of that name; also styled ''Jembe''

====''Sultani''====
This was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe a female sultan

===West and Central Africa===
*In [[Cameroon]]:
**[[Kingdom of Bamum|Bamoun]] (Bamun, 17th century, founded uniting 17 chieftaincies) 1918 becomes a sultanate, but in 1923 re-divided into the 17 original chieftaincies.
**[[Bibemi]], founded in 1770 - initially styled ''[[lamido]]''
**[[Mandar]]a Sultanate, since 1715 (replacing [[Wandala]] kingdom); 1902 Part of Cameroon
**[[Rey Bouba]] Sultanate founded 1804
*in the [[Central African Republic]]:
**[[Bangassou]] created c.1878; 14 June 1890 under  [[Congo Free State]] [[protectorate]], 1894 under French protectorate; 1917 Sultanate suppressed by the French.
**Dar al-Kuti - French protectorate since December 12, 1897
**[[Rafai]] c.1875 Sultanate, 8 April 1892 under Congo Free State protectorate, March 31, 1909 under French protectorate; 1939 Sultanate suppressed
**[[Zemio]] c.1872 established; December 11, 1894 under Congo Free State protectorate, April 12, 1909 under French protectorate; 1923 Sultanate suppressed
*in [[Niger]]: [[Arabic]] alternative title of the following autochthonous rulers:
** the [[Amenokal]] of the [[Aïr]] confederation of [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]]
** the Sarkin Damagaram since the 1731 founding of the [[Sultanate of Damagaram]] ([[Zinder]])
*in [[Nigeria]] most monarchies previously had native titles, but when most in the north converted to Islam, Muslim titles were adopted, such as ''[[emir]]'' and sometimes ''sultan''.
** in [[Sayfawa dynasty|Borno]] (alongside the native title ''Mai'')
** since 1817 in [[Sokoto]], the suzerain (also styled [[Amir al-Mu´minin]] and Sarkin Musulmi) of all [[Fulbe jihad state]]s and premier traditional Muslim leader in the [[Sahel]] (according to some once a caliph)

===Southern Asia===
[[File:Scan0001 (4).jpg|thumb|150px|Sultan Ali Khan Bahadur, grandson of Nawab H.H Noor ul Umrah and son of Nawab Shujaath Ali Khan]]

*[[Bahmani Sultanate]]
*the [[Deccan sultanates]]: [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]], [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]], [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]] and [[Ahmednagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]]
*[[Delhi Sultanate]]: several dynasties, the last (Mughal) became imperial ''Padshah-i Hind''
*[[Bengal Sultanate]] 
*[[Sultanate of Gujarat]]
*[[Sultanate of Jaunpur]]
*Sultanate of [[Kandesh]]
*Sultanate of [[Malwa]]
*[[Sultanate of Mysore]], [[Tipu Sultan]]
*Sultanate of Lakshadweep and Cannanore, [[Arakkal Kingdom]]
*[[Sultanate of Maldives]]

===Southeast and East Asia===
[[File:Hamengkubuwono x.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Hamengkubuwono X]], the incumbent Sultan of Yogyakarta]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Pakoe Boewono XII de Susuhunan van Solo in de kraton TMnr 60052129.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Pakubuwono XII]], last undisputed Susuhunan of Surakarta]]
[[File:Saifuddin of Tidore.JPG|thumb|150px|Sultan Saifuddin of [[Sultanate of Tidore|Tidore]]]]

In [[Indonesia]] (formerly in the [[Dutch East Indies]]):

*On [[Kalimantan]]
**[[Sultanate of Banjar]]
**[[Berau Regency|Sultanate of Berau]]
**[[Bulungan Regency|Sultanate of Bulungan]]
**Sultanate of Gunung Tabur
**Sultanate of Kubu
**[[Kutai Kartanegara Regency|Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara]]
**Sultanate of Mempawah
**Sultanate of Paser
**[[Pontianak, Indonesia|Sultanate of Pontianak]]
**Sultanate of Sambaliung
**[[Sultanate of Sambas]]
*On [[Sulawesi]]
**[[Buton|Sultanate of Buton]]
**[[Bone state|Sultanate of Bone]]
**[[Sultanate of Gowa]]
**[[Luwu|Sultanate of Luwu]]
**Sultanate of Soppeng
**[[Wajo Kingdom|Sultanate of Wajo]]
*On [[Java]]
**[[Sultanate of Banten]]
**[[Sultanate of Cirebon]] - the rulers in three of the four palaces (''kraton''), from which divided [[Cirebon]] was ruled: [[Kraton Kasepuhan]], [[Kraton Kanoman]] and Kraton Kacirebonan (only in Kraton Kaprabonan was the ruler's title [[Panembahan]])
**[[Sultanate of Demak]]
**[[Pajang|Sultanate of Pajang]]
**Sumedang Larang Kingdom
**[[Sultanate of Mataram]] (was divided into two kingdoms: the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and Sunanan Surakarta)
*** [[Sultanate of Yogyakarta]] (The Divine Sultanate of which its ruler Sri Sultan Hamengkubowono is considered a divine being, a half God) {{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}
*** [[Surakarta Sunanate|Sunanate of Surakarta]] (''[[susuhunan]]'', a high-ranked monarch, equivalent to emperor)
** Sultanate of Jayakarta (also known as [[Sunda Kelapa]]; modern-day [[Jakarta]])
*On [[Madura island]]: [[Pamekasan]]
*In the [[Maluku Islands]]
**[[Kingdom of Iha|Sultanate of Iha]] (Saparua)
**Sultanate of Honimoa/ Siri Sori (Saparua)
**Sultanate of Huamual (West Seram)
**Sultanate of Tanah Hitu (Ambon)
**[[Sultanate of Ternate]]
**[[Sultanate of Tidore]]
**[[Bacan|Sultanate of Bacan]]
**Sultanate of Jilolo
**Sultanate of Loloda, later occupied by Ternate
*In the [[Nusa Tenggara]]
**[[Bima|Sultanate of Bima]] on Sumbawa island
*In the [[Riau archipelago]]: sultanate of [[Lingga-Riau]] by secession in 1818 under the expelled sultan of [[Johore]] (on Malaya) Sultan Abdul Rahman Muadzam Syah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud
*In [[Sumatra]]
**[[Aceh Sultanate|Sultanate of Aceh]] (full style ''Sultan Berdaulat Zillullah fil-Alam''), which had many vassal states
**[[Sultanate of Asahan]]
** Awak Sungai, established 17th century at the split in four of [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], in 1816 extinguished by Netherlands East Indies colonial government
**[[Sultanate of Deli]] since 1814, earlier Aceh's vassal as Aru
**Sultanate of Indragiri
**[[Sultanate of Langkat]] since 1817 (previous style Raja)
**[[Palembang|Sultanate of Palembang]] (Darussalam), also holding the higher title of [[Susuhunan]]
**[[Pagaruyung Kingdom|Sultanate of Pagaruyung]]
**[[Pelalawan|Sultanate of Pelalawan]]
**[[Peureulak|Sultanate of Perlak]]
**[[Riau Islands|Sultanate of Riau-Lingga]]
**[[Pasai|Sultanate of Samudera Pasai]]
**[[Sultanate of Serdang]]
**[[Siak Regency|Sultanate of Siak Sri Inderapura]]

In [[Malaysia]]:
* In [[Peninsular Malaysia]], where all nine of the country's present sultanates are located:
** [[Sultanate of Malacca]]
** [[Sultanate of Johor]]
** [[Sultanate of Kedah]]
** [[Sultan of Kelantan|Sultanate of Kelantan]]
** [[Sultan of Pahang|Sultanate of Pahang]]
** [[Sultan of Perak|Sultanate of Perak]]
** [[Sultan of Selangor|Sultanate of Selangor]]
** [[Sultan of Terengganu|Sultanate of Terengganu]]
* Furthermore, the ruler of [[Luak Jelebu]], one of the constitutive states of the [[Negeri Sembilan]] confederation, had the style Sultan in addition to his principal title ''Undang Luak Jelebu''.

In [[Brunei]]:
* [[Sultan of Brunei]], Brunei (on Borneo island)

In [[China]]:
* [[Dali, Yunnan]], capital of the short-lived [[Panthay Rebellion]]
** Furthermore, the ''Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin'' (Leader of the Community of Muslims) of [[Pingnan Guo]] ("Pacified South State", a major Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province) is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan.

In the [[Philippines]]:
* [[Sultanate of Buayan]]
* [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]]
* [[Sultanate of Sulu]] (Sulu, Basilan, Palawan and Tawi-Tawi islands and part of eastern Sabah on North Borneo)
* [[Confederation of sultanates in Lanao|Sultanate of Ranaw (Sultan ko Pat a Pangampong a Ranao)]]

In [[Thailand]]:
* [[Pattani Kingdom|Sultanate of Patani]]
* [[Sultanate of Singgora]]

==Contemporary sovereign sultanates==
*[[Brunei]]
*[[Indonesia]] – Sultan of [[Yogyakarta Special Region]] is governor of that province
*[[Malaysia]]
**Sultan is the title of seven ([[Johor]], [[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Pahang]], [[Perak]], [[Selangor]] and [[Terengganu]]) of the nine [[Malay Ruler|rulers]] of the [[Malay states]]. The federal head of state the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]], is elected (de facto rotated) for five years by and among the hereditary state rulers, but is usually styled "king" in foreign countries; political power, however, lies with the [[prime minister]]. ''See also'': [[Malay titles]]
*[[Oman]], an Arabian nation, formerly sultanate of [[Muscat and Oman]]
In some parts of the Middle East and North Africa, there still exist regional sultans or people who are descendants of sultans and who are styled as such.

==Princely and aristocratic titles==
[[File:The Sultan Valide.jpg|thumb|150px|The [[Valide Sultan]] (Sultana mother) of the [[Ottoman Empire]] ]]
By the beginning of the 16th century, the title sultan was carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty and was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably ''khatun'' for women and ''bey'' for men). This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative.

Western tradition knows the Ottoman ruler as "sultan", but Ottomans themselves used "padişah" (emperor) or "hünkar" to refer to their ruler. The emperor's formal title consisted of "sultan" together with "khan" (for example, Sultan Suleiman Khan). In formal address, the sultan's children were also entitled "sultan", with imperial princes (Şehzade) carrying the title before their given name, with imperial princesses carrying it after. Example, [[Şehzade Mehmed|Şehzade Sultan Mehmed]] and [[Mihrimah Sultan]], son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Like imperial princesses, living mother and main consort of reigning sultan also carried the title after their given names, for example, [[Ayşe Hafsa Sultan]], Suleiman's mother and first [[valide sultan]], and [[Roxelana|Hürrem Sultan]], Suleiman's chief consort and first [[haseki sultan]]. The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women, especially between [[Sultanate of Women]], as the position of main consort eroded over the course of 17th century, the main consort lost the title "sultan", which replaced by "kadin", a title related to the earlier "khatun". Henceforth, the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non imperial blood to carry the title "sultan".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire |last=Peirce |first=Leslie P. |publicationplace=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-19-507673-7 |location= |pages=}}</ref>

In [[Kazakh Khanate]] a Sultan was a lord from the ruling dynasty (a direct descendants of [[Genghis Khan]])  elected by clans, i.e. a kind of princes{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}. The best of sultans was elected as [[khan (title)|khan]] by people at [[Kurultai]]{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}. See [[:ru:Казахские султаны]]

==Military rank==
In a number of post-caliphal states under [[Mongol]] or [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] rule, there was a [[Feudalism|feudal]] type of military hierarchy. These administrations were often decimal (mainly in larger empires), using originally princely titles such as [[Khan (title)|khan]], [[malik]], [[amir]] as mere rank denominations.

In the [[Persian empire]], the rank of sultan was roughly equivalent to that of a modern-day [[Captain (OF-2)|captain]] in the West; socially in the fifth-rank class, styled 'Ali Jah.

==See also==
;Other ruling titles
* [[Khan (title)]], [[Ilkhan]] and [[Khakhan]]
* [[Emir]] (Amir)
* [[Atabeg]]
* [[Bey]]
* [[Baig]]
* [[Mirza]]
* [[Caliph]]
* [[Datu]]
* [[Maharajah]]
* [[Malik]]
* [[Mir (title)]]
* [[Padishah]]
* [[Raja]]
* [[Shah]] and [[Shahanshah]]
* [[Zoltán]]

==References==

{{Commons category|Sultans}}
{{Reflist}}
* [http://royalark.net/Oman/oman.htm RoyalArk - see each nation, e.g. here Oman]
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/ WorldStatesmen - see each present nation]

{{List of titles and honours of the Countries Crown}}
{{Authoritarian types of rule}}

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[[Category:Sultans| ]]
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