Siberia sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

{{redirect|Siberian|the Federal district|Siberian Federal District|other uses|Siberia (disambiguation)|and|Siberian (disambiguation)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
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{{Geobox|Region
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| name = Siberia
| native_name =
| other_name =  [[Russian language|Russian]]: ''{{lang|ru|Сибирь}}'' (''Sibir'')
| category = [[Geography of Siberia|Geographical region]]
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| image = Siberia-FederalSubjects.svg
| image_caption = <span style="margin:0px; position:left; padding-bottom:1px; background-color:#CC0000;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;[[Siberian Federal District]]<br />
<span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px;"><span style="border:#CC0000; background-color:#CC0000; color:#CC0000;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</span><span style="border:#FF4000; background-color:#FF4000; color:#FF4000;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;Geographic Russian Siberia</span><br />
<span style="margin:0px; padding-bottom:1px;"><span style="border:#CC0000; background-color:#CC0000; color:#CC0000;">&#160;&#160;</span><span style="border:#FF4000; background-color:#FF4000; color:#FF4000;">&#160;&#160;</span><span style="border:#FF9933; background-color:#FF9933; color:#FF9933;">&#160;&#160;</span>&#160;[[North Asia]]
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| country = [[Russia]]
| state =
| region = [[North Asia]]
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| border = West: [[Ural Mountains]]<br>North: [[Arctic Ocean]]<br>East: [[Pacific Ocean]]<br>South: [[Kazakhstan]], [[Mongolia]], [[PRC]]
| part = [[West Siberian Plain]]<br>[[Central Siberian Plateau]]<br>[[Siberia#Geography|''others...'']]
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| highest = Klyuchevskaya Sopka
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| area = 13100000
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| population = 40,000,000 | population_date = 2010
| population_density = 3
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'''Siberia''' ({{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˈ|b|ɪər|i|ə}}; {{lang-rus|Сиби́рь|r=Sibir&#39;|p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ|a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg}}) is an extensive geographical [[region]], and by the broadest definition is also known as [[North Asia]]. Siberia has historically been a [[Russian conquest of Siberia|part of Russia]] since the 17th century.

The territory of Siberia extends eastwards from the [[Ural Mountains]] to the [[drainage divide|watershed]] between the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] [[drainage basin]]s. It stretches southwards from the [[Arctic Ocean]] to the hills of north-central [[Kazakhstan]] and to the national borders of [[Mongolia]] and [[China]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://encycl.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00070/76500.htm?text=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C |title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian) |publisher=Encycl.yandex.ru |date= |accessdate=15 May 2010}}</ref> With an area of {{Convert|13.1|e6km2|mi2}}, Siberia accounts for 77% of Russia's land area, but it is home to just 40 million people – 27% of the country's population. This is equivalent to an average population density of about {{Convert|3|PD/sqkm}} (approximately equal to that of [[Australia]]), making Siberia one of the most sparsely populated regions on Earth. If it were a country by itself, it would still be the largest country in area, but in population it would be the world's 35th largest and Asia's 14th largest.

==Etymology==
The origin of the name is unknown. Some sources say that "Siberia" originates from the [[Siberian Tatar]] word for "sleeping land" (Sib Ir).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/may/20/escape.adventure|title=Trans-Siberian for softies|author=Euan Ferguson|work=the Guardian|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> Another account sees the name as the ancient tribal ethnonym of the {{Interlanguage link multi|Sirtya|ru|3=Сиртя}} (also "Syopyr" (sʲɵpᵻr)), a folk, which spoke a language that later evolved into the [[Ugric languages]]. This ethnic group was later assimilated to the [[Siberian Tatar]] people.

The modern usage of the name was recorded in the Russian language after the Empire's conquest of the [[Siberian Khanate]]. A further variant claims that the region was named after the [[Xibe people]].<ref name=manchus213>{{cite book| last=Crossley| first=Pamela Kyle| title=The Manchus| series=Peoples of Asia| volume=14| year=2002| publisher=Wiley-Blackwell| isbn=0-631-23591-4| pages=213| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KHLEvqvET8C| edition=3rd| authorlink=Pamela Kyle Crossley| accessdate=28 December 2013}}</ref> The Polish historian Chycliczkowski has proposed that the name derives from the [[proto-Slavic]] word for "north" (север, ''sever''),<ref>{{cite book|last=Czaplicka|first=M.C.|title=Aboriginal Siberia|year=1915}}</ref> but Anatole Baikaloff has dismissed this explanation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baikaloff|first=Anatole|title=Notes on the origin of the name "Siberia"|journal= Slavonic and East European Review|date= Dec 1950|volume= 29|issue= 72|page= 288}}</ref> He said that the neighbouring Chinese, Arabs and Mongolians (who have similar names for the region) would not have known Russian. He suggests that the name is a combination of two words, ''"su"'' (water) and ''"bir"'' (wild land).

==Prehistory==
The region is of [[Paleontology|paleontological]] significance, as it contains bodies of [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] animals from the [[Pleistocene]] [[epoch (geology)|Epoch]], preserved in ice or [[permafrost]]. Specimens of [[Panthera leo spelaea#Specimens|Goldfuss cave lion cubs]], [[Yuka (mammoth)]] and another [[woolly mammoth]] from [[Oymyakon]], a [[woolly rhinoceros]] from the [[Kolyma River]], and [[bison]] and [[horse]]s from [[Yukagir]], were found here.<ref name=Thesiberiantimes2015>{{Cite web|title = Meet this extinct cave lion, at least 10,000 years old – world exclusive|url = http://siberiantimes.com/science/others/news/n0464-meet-this-extinct-cave-lion-at-least-10000-years-old/|website = siberiantimes.com|accessdate = 2016-01-30}}</ref>

The [[Siberian Traps]] were formed by one of the largest known volcanic events of the last 500 million years of [[Earth's geological history]]. They continued for a million years and are considered a possible cause of the "[[Permian–Triassic extinction event|Great Dying]]" about 250 million years ago,<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314025022/http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/others/others_07.html |date=14 March 2005 |title="Yellowstone's Super Sister" }}. Discovery Channel.</ref> which is estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time.<ref>{{cite book|title=When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2005|isbn=978-0-500-28573-2|author=Benton, M. J.}}</ref>

At least three species of human lived in Southern Siberia around 40,000 years ago: ''[[Homo sapiens|H. sapiens]]'', ''[[Neanderthal|H. neanderthalensis]]'', and the [[Denisovans]].<ref name="Woman X">"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8583254.stm DNA identifies new ancient human dubbed 'X-woman']," BBC News. 25 March 2010.</ref> The last was determined in 2010, by DNA evidence, to be a new species.

== History ==
{{Main article|History of Siberia|List of Russian explorers}}
[[File:Chukchi family old.jpg|thumb|[[Chukchi people|Chukchi]], one of many [[indigenous peoples of Siberia]].]]
Siberia was inhabited by different groups of [[nomad]]s such as the [[Enets people|Enets]], the [[Nenets people|Nenets]], the [[Huns]], the [[Scythians]] and the [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]]. The Khan of Sibir{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} in the vicinity of modern [[Tobolsk]] was known as a prominent figure who endorsed [[Kubrat]] as ''Khagan'' of [[Old Great Bulgaria]] in 630. The Mongols conquered a large part of this area early in the 13th century.

With the breakup of the [[Golden Horde]], the [[autonomous]] [[Khanate of Sibir]] was established in the late 15th century. Turkic-speaking [[Yakut]] migrated north from the [[Lake Baikal]] region under pressure from the Mongol tribes during the 13th to 15th century.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Pakendorf | first1 = B.
| last2 = Novgorodov | first2 = I. N.
| last3 = Osakovskij | first3 = V. L.
| last4 = Danilova | first4 = A. B. P.
| last5 = Protod'Jakonov | first5 = A. P.
| last6 = Stoneking | first6 = M.
| doi = 10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2
| title = Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: Genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts
| journal = Human Genetics
| volume = 120
| issue = 3
| pages = 334–353
| year = 2006
| pmid = 16845541
| pmc =
}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Siberia remained a sparsely populated area. Historian [[John F. Richards]] wrote: "... it is doubtful that the total early modern Siberian population exceeded 300,000 persons."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA538 Richards, 2003] p. 538.</ref>

The growing power of [[Russia]] in the West began to undermine the Siberian Khanate in the 16th century. First, groups of traders and [[Cossack]]s began to enter the area. The Russian Army was directed to establish forts farther and farther east to protect new settlers from European Russia. Towns such as [[Mangazeya]], [[Tara, Russia|Tara]], [[Yeniseysk]] and Tobolsk were developed, the last being declared the capital of Siberia. At this time, ''Sibir'' was the name of a fortress at Qashlik, near Tobolsk. [[Gerardus Mercator]], in a map published in 1595, marks ''Sibier'' both as the name of a settlement and of the surrounding territory along a left tributary of the Ob.<ref>''[[:File:CEM-15-Asia-Mercator-1595-Russia-2533.jpg|Asia ex magna Orbis terrae descriptione Gerardi Mercatoris desumpta, studio & industria G.M. Iunioris]]''</ref> Other sources contend that the [[Xibe people|Xibe]], an indigenous [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic people]], offered fierce resistance to Russian expansion beyond the Urals. Some suggest that the term "Siberia" is a Russification of their ethnonym.

By the mid-17th century, Russia had established areas of control that extended to the [[Pacific]]. Some 230,000 [[Russians]] had settled in Siberia by 1709.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sean C. Goodlett |url=http://falcon.fsc.edu/sgoodlett/courses/hist1100/lect08.html |title=Russia’s Expansionist Policies I. The Conquest of Siberia |publisher=Falcon.fsc.edu |date= |accessdate=15 May 2010}}</ref> Siberia was a destination for sending [[exile]]s.<ref>http://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21705305-prison-without-roof?fsrc=scn/tw/te/pe/ed/prisonwithoutaroof https://twitter.com/TheEconomist/status/768263225708257284</ref>

The first great modern change in Siberia was the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], constructed during 1891–1916. It linked Siberia more closely to the rapidly industrialising Russia of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]]. Around seven million people moved to Siberia from [[European Russia]] between 1801 and 1914.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/1848991|title=Review: The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref> From 1859 to 1917, more than half a million people migrated to the [[Russian Far East]].<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jce4rBWjG5wC&pg=PA62&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Russian Far East: A History]''. John J. Stephan (1996). [[Stanford University Press]]. p.62.
ISBN 0-8047-2701-5</ref> Siberia has extensive natural resources. During the 20th century, large-scale exploitation of these was developed, and industrial towns cropped up throughout the region.<ref>Fiona Hill, [http://www.theglobalist.com/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3727 Russia&nbsp;— Coming In From the Cold?], [[The Globalist]], 23 February 2004</ref>

[[File:Novosibirsk-Karimov.jpg|thumb|Siberian [[Cossack]] family in [[Novosibirsk]]]]
At 7:15&nbsp;a.m. on 30 June 1908, millions of trees were felled near the Podkamennaya Tunguska (Stony Tunguska) River in central Siberia in the [[Tunguska Event]]. Most scientists believe this resulted from the air burst of a meteor or a comet. Even though no crater has ever been found, the landscape in the (uninhabited) area still bears the scars of this event.

In the early decades of the [[Soviet Union]] (especially the 1930s and 1940s), the government established the [[GULAG]] state agency to administer a system of penal [[labour camp]]s, replacing the previous [[katorga]] system.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gG6cPY2RpzUC&pg=PA3&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements'']. Lynne Viola (2007). [[Oxford University Press US]]. p.3. ISBN 0-19-518769-5</ref> According to semi-official Soviet estimates, which were not made public until after the fall of the Soviet government, from 1929 to 1953 more than 14 million people passed through these camps and prisons, many of which were in Siberia. Another 7 to 8 million people were [[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|internally deported]] to remote areas of the Soviet Union (including entire nationalities or ethnicities in several cases).<ref>[[Robert Conquest]] in "Victims of Stalinism: A Comment," ''Europe-Asia Studies,'' Vol. 49, No. 7 (Nov. 1997), pp. 1317–1319 states: "We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added 4–5 million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labour settlements'. However taken, these are surely 'high' figures."</ref>

516,841 prisoners died in camps from 1941 to 1943<ref>Zemskov, "Gulag," ''Sociologičeskije issledovanija,'' 1991, No. 6, pp. 14–15.</ref> due to food shortages caused by [[World War II]]. At other periods, mortality was comparatively lower.<ref>Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA206 Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression]''. [[Harvard University Press]], 1999. p. 206. ISBN 0-674-07608-7</ref> The size, scope, and scale of the GULAG slave labour camps remains a subject of much research and debate. Many Gulag camps were positioned in extremely remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The best known clusters are ''[[Sevvostlag]]'' (''The North-East Camps'') along the [[Kolyma]] River and ''[[Norillag]]'' near [[Norilsk]], where 69,000 prisoners were kept in 1952.<ref>Courtois and Kramer (1999), [https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA239 ''Livre noir du Communisme,'' p.239. ]</ref> Major industrial cities of Northern Siberia, such as [[Norilsk]] and [[Magadan]], developed from camps built by prisoners and run by ex-prisoners.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.arlindo-correia.org/041003.html |title=Gulag: a History of the Soviet Camps |publisher=Arlindo-correia.org |date= |accessdate=6 January 2009}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{further2|[[Geography of Russia]]|[[North Asia#Geography|Geography of North Asia]]}}
{{Physical map of Siberia|width=150}}
[[File:Altai Kutscherla-See.jpg|thumb|Altai, Lake Kutsherla in the [[Altai Mountains]]]]
[[File:26 swiatoinos.jpg|thumb|The peninsula of Svyatoy Nos, [[Lake Baikal]]]]
[[File:Vasyugan.jpg|thumb|[[Vasyugan River]] in the southern [[West Siberian Plain]]]]
[[File:Siberian autumn in taiga..JPG|thumb|Siberian [[taiga]]]]
[[File:Koryaksky volcano Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky oct-2005.jpg|thumb|[[Koryaksky]] volcano towering over [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] on the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]]]]

With an area of {{Convert|13.1|e6km2|mi2}}, Siberia makes up roughly 77% of Russia's total territory and almost 10% of Earth's land surface ({{Convert|148,940,000|km2|abbr=on|disp=comma}}). While Siberia falls entirely within Asia, many authorities such as the [[UN geoscheme]] will not subdivide countries and will place all of Russia as part of Europe and/or [[Eastern Europe]]. Major geographical zones include the [[West Siberian Plain]] and the [[Central Siberian Plateau]].

Eastern and central [[Sakha]] comprises numerous north-south mountain ranges of various ages. These mountains extend up to almost {{convert|3000|m|ft}}, but above a few hundred metres they are almost completely devoid of vegetation. The [[Verkhoyansk Range]] was extensively glaciated in the Pleistocene, but the climate was too dry for glaciation to extend to low elevations. At these low elevations are numerous valleys, many of them deep and covered with [[larch]] forest, except in the extreme north where the [[tundra]] dominates. Soils are mainly turbels (a type of [[gelisols|gelisol]]). The active layer tends to be less than one metre deep, except near rivers.

The highest point in Siberia is the active [[volcano]] [[Klyuchevskaya Sopka]], on the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]]. Its peak is at {{convert|4750|m|sp=uk}}.

=== Mountain ranges ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

* [[Altai Mountains]]
* [[Anadyr Range]]
* [[Baikal Mountains]]
* [[Chamar-Daban]]
* [[Chersky Range]]
* [[Dzhugdzhur Mountains]]
* [[Gydan Mountains]]
* [[Koryak Mountains]]
* [[Sayan Mountains]]
* [[Tannu-Ola Mountains]]
* [[Ural Mountains]]
* [[Verkhoyansk Mountains]]
* [[Yablonoi Mountains]]

{{div col end}}

=== Lakes and rivers ===
{{Main article|Rivers in Russia}}

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

* [[Anabar River]]
* [[Angara River]]
* [[Indigirka River]]
* [[Irtysh River]]
* [[Kolyma River]]
* [[Lake Baikal]]
* [[Lena River]]
* [[Lower Tunguska River]]
* [[Novosibirsk Reservoir]]
* [[Ob River]]
* [[Popigay River]]
* [[Stony Tunguska River]]
* [[Upper Angara River]]
* [[Uvs Nuur]]
* [[Yana River]]
* [[Yenisei River]]

{{div col end}}

=== Grasslands ===

* [[Ukok Plateau]]&nbsp;— part of a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]<ref>{{cite web
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322160629/http://www.pacificenvironment.org/article.php?list=type&type=83 |archivedate=22 March 2007 | url=http://www.pacificenvironment.org/article.php?list=type&type=83
| title=Altai: Saving the Pearl of Siberia|publisher=|accessdate=30 November 2006}}</ref>

=== Geology ===

The West Siberian Plain consists mostly of [[Cenozoic]] alluvial deposits and is somewhat flat. Many deposits on this plain result from [[ice dam]]s which produced a large [[glacial lake]]. This mid- to late-[[Pleistocene]] lake blocked the northward flow of the [[Ob River|Ob]] and [[Yenisei River|Yenisei]] rivers, resulting in a redirection southwest into the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] and [[Aral Sea|Aral]] seas via the [[Turgai Valley]].<ref>[http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/lake.html Lioubimtseva E.U., Gorshkov S.P. & Adams J.M.; ''A Giant Siberian Lake During the Last Glacial: Evidence and Implications''; Oak Ridge National Laboratory]</ref> The area is very swampy, and soils are mostly peaty [[histosol]]s and, in the treeless northern part, [[histels]]. In the south of the plain, where [[permafrost]] is largely absent, rich grasslands that are an extension of the [[Kazakh Steppe]] formed the original vegetation, most of which is not visible anymore.{{why?|date=April 2015}}

The Central Siberian Plateau is an ancient [[craton]] (sometimes named ''Angaraland'') that formed an independent [[continent]] before the [[Permian]] (see the [[Siberia (continent)|Siberian continent]]). It is exceptionally rich in minerals, containing large deposits of [[gold]], [[diamond]]s, and ores of [[manganese]], [[lead]], [[zinc]], [[nickel]], [[cobalt]] and [[molybdenum]]. Much of the area includes the [[Siberian Traps]]—a [[large igneous province]]. This massive eruptive period was approximately coincident with the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]]. The volcanic event is said to be the largest known [[volcanic eruption]] in [[History of the Earth|Earth's history]]. Only the extreme northwest was [[glaciated]] during the [[Quaternary]], but almost all is under exceptionally deep permafrost, and the only [[tree]] that can thrive, despite the warm summers, is the deciduous [[Siberian Larch]] (''Larix sibirica'') with its very shallow roots. Outside the extreme northwest, the [[taiga]] is dominant, covering a significant fraction of the entirety of Siberia.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2011. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Taiga?topic=58071 ''Taiga''. eds. M.McGinley & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC]</ref> Soils here are mainly [[Gelisols|turbels]], giving way to [[spodosols]] where the active layer becomes thicker and the ice content lower.
[[File:Akkem Valley 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Belukha Mountain]]]]
[[File:Осенний лес в горах Восточных Саян, Бурятия, Россия.jpg|thumb|Осенний лес в горах Восточных Саян, Бурятия, Россия|Autumn forest in the eastern [[Sayan Mountains]], [[Buryatia]]]]

The ''Lena-Tunguska petroleum province'' includes the Central Siberian platform (some authors refer to it as the Eastern Siberian platform), bounded on the northeast and east by the [[Late Carboniferous]] through [[Jurassic]] Verkhoyansk [[foldbelt]], on the northwest by the [[Paleozoic]] Taymr foldbelt, and on the southeast, south and southwest by the Middle [[Silurian]] to [[Middle Devonian]] Baykalian foldbelt.<ref name=Meyerhof>Meyerhof, A. A., 1980, "Geology and Petroleum Fields in Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian Strata, Lena-Tunguska Petroleum Province, Eastern Siberia, USSR", in ''Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978'', AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M. T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813063</ref>{{rp|228}} A regional geologic reconnaissance study begun in 1932, followed by surface and subsurface mapping, revealed the Markova-Angara Arch ([[anticline]]). This led to the discovery of the Markovo Oil Field in 1962 with the Markovo&nbsp;1 well, which produced from the [[Early Cambrian]] Osa Horizon [[Shoal|bar]]-[[sandstone]] at a depth of {{convert|2156|m|ft}}.<ref name=Meyerhof/>{{rp|243}} The ''Sredne-Botuobin Gas Field'' was discovered in 1970, producing from the Osa and the [[Proterozoic]] Parfenovo Horizon.<ref name=Meyerhof/>{{rp|244}} The Yaraktin Oil Field was discovered in 1971, producing from the [[Vendian]] Yaraktin Horizon at depths of up to {{convert|1750|m|ft}}, which lies below [[Permian]] to [[Lower Jurassic]] [[Flood basalt|basalt traps]].<ref name=Meyerhof/>{{rp|244}}

=== Climate ===
{{main article|Climate of Russia}}

{| style="width: 800px;"
|-
| [[Image:Russia vegetation.png]]
|-
|
{{legend0|#c0c0c0|polar desert}}
{{legend0|#9fd6c9|tundra}}
{{legend0|#a7bddb|alpine tundra}}
{{legend0|#006d64|taiga}}
{{legend0|#3c9798|montane forest}}<br/>
{{legend0|#a4e05d|temperate broadleaf forest}}
{{legend0|#f7ec6f|temperate steppe}}
{{legend0|#9b8447|dry steppe}}
|-
|[[Biome|Vegetation]] in Siberia is mostly [[taiga]], with a [[tundra]] belt on the northern fringe, and a [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest|temperate forest]] zone in the south.
|}

The climate of Siberia varies dramatically, but all of it basically has short summers and long and extremely cold winters. On the north coast, north of the [[Arctic Circle]], there is a very short (about one-month-long) summer.

[[File:BaikalForest (pixinn.net).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Taiga]] near [[Lake Baikal]]]]

Almost all the population lives in the south, along the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]]. The climate in this southernmost part is [[Humid continental climate]] (Köppen ''Dfb'') with cold winters but fairly warm summers lasting at least four months. The annual average is about {{convert|0.5|C|F|1}}. January averages about {{convert|-20|C}} and July about {{convert|+19|C}} while daytime temperatures in summer typically are above {{Convert|20|C}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N55E082+1102+29634W |title=Novosibirsk climate |publisher=Worldclimate.com |date=4 February 2007 |accessdate=15 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N54E073+1202+0004115G2 |title=Omsk climate |publisher=Worldclimate.com |date=4 February 2007 |accessdate=15 May 2010}}</ref> With a reliable growing season, an abundance of sunshine and exceedingly fertile [[chernozem]] soils, southern Siberia is good enough for profitable [[agriculture]], as was proven in the early 20th century.

By far the most commonly occurring climate in Siberia is continental [[subarctic climate|subarctic]] (Koppen ''Dfc'' or ''Dwc''), with the annual average temperature about {{convert|-5|°C|°F}} and an average for January of {{convert|-25|C}} and an average for July of {{convert|+17|C}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N56E107+1102+30337W |title=Kazachengoye climate |publisher=Worldclimate.com |date=4 February 2007 |accessdate=15 May 2010}}</ref> although this varies considerably, with a July average about {{Convert|10|C}} in the taiga–tundra [[ecotone]]. The Business oriented website and blog ''Business Insider'' lists [[Verkhoyansk]] and [[Oymyakon]], in Siberia's [[Sakha Republic]], as being in competition for the title of the Northern Hemisphere's ''[[Pole of Cold]]''. [[Oymyakon]] is a village which recorded a temperature of {{convert|−67.7|°C|F}} on 6 February 1933. [[Verkhoyansk]], a town further north and further inland, recorded a temperature of {{convert|−69.8|°C|F}} for 3 consecutive nights: 5, 6 and 7 February 1933. Each town is alternately considered the Northern Hemisphere's Pole of Cold, meaning the coldest inhabited point in the Northern hemisphere. Each town also frequently reaches {{convert|86|F}} in the summer, giving them, and much of the rest of Russian Siberia, the world's greatest temperature variation between summer's highs and winter's lows, often being well over {{Convert|170|-|180|F-change|disp=preunit|6=+}} between the seasons.<ref>''Business Insider'', February 2014, http://www.businessinsider.com/verkhoyansk-russia-most-miserable-place-2014-2</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2016}}

Southwesterly winds bring warm air from Central Asia and the Middle East. The climate in West Siberia (Omsk, Novosibirsk) is several degrees warmer than in the East (Irkutsk, Chita) where in the north an extreme winter subarctic climate (Köppen ''Dfd'' or ''Dwd'') prevails. But summer temperatures in other regions can reach {{convert|+38|C}}. In general, [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]] is the coldest Siberian region, and the basin of the [[Yana River]] has the lowest temperatures of all, with permafrost reaching {{convert|1493|m|ft}}. Nevertheless, as far as Imperial Russian plans of settlement were concerned, cold was never viewed as an impediment. In the winter, southern Siberia sits near the center of the semi-permanent [[Siberian High]], so winds are usually light in the winter.

[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] in Siberia is generally low, exceeding {{convert|500|mm|sp=uk}} only in [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]] where moist winds flow from the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] onto high mountains&nbsp;– producing the region's only major [[glacier]]s, though volcanic eruptions and low summer temperatures allow limited forests to grow. Precipitation is high also in most of [[Primorsky Krai|Primorye]] in the extreme south where monsoonal influences can produce quite heavy summer rainfall.
{{Weather box
| location=[[Novosibirsk]], Siberia's largest city
| metric first=yes
| single line=yes
| Jan high C = -12.2
| Feb high C = -10.3
| Mar high C = -2.6
| Apr high C = 8.1
| May high C = 17.5
| Jun high C = 24.0
| Jul high C = 25.7
| Aug high C = 22.2
| Sep high C = 16.6
| Oct high C = 6.8
| Nov high C = -2.9
| Dec high C = -8.9
| year high C = 7.0
| Jan mean C = -16.2
| Feb mean C = -14.7
| Mar mean C = -7.2
| Apr mean C = 3.2
| May mean C = 11.6
| Jun mean C = 18.2
| Jul mean C = 20.2
| Aug mean C = 17.0
| Sep mean C = 11.5
| Oct mean C = 3.4
| Nov mean C = -6.0
| Dec mean C = -12.7
| year mean C = 2.4
| Jan low C = -20.1
| Feb low C = -19.1
| Mar low C = -11.8
| Apr low C = -1.7
| May low C = 5.6
| Jun low C = 12.3
| Jul low C = 14.7
| Aug low C = 11.7
| Sep low C = 6.4
| Oct low C = 0.0
| Nov low C = -9.1
| Dec low C = -16.4
| year low C = -2.3
| precipitation colour=green
| Jan precipitation mm = 19
| Feb precipitation mm = 14
| Mar precipitation mm = 15
| Apr precipitation mm = 24
| May precipitation mm = 36
| Jun precipitation mm = 58
| Jul precipitation mm = 72
| Aug precipitation mm = 66
| Sep precipitation mm = 44
| Oct precipitation mm = 38
| Nov precipitation mm = 32
| Dec precipitation mm = 24
| year precipitation mm = 442
| source 1 = <ref name="Гидрометцентр России">{{cite web |url=http://meteoinfo.ru/NovosibirskClimat|script-title=ru:Гидрометцентр России|accessdate=8 January 2009 |publisher= |language=Russian |archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20080627063054/http://meteoinfo.ru/NovosibirskClimat |archivedate = 27 June 2008}}</ref>
| date=August 2010
}}

Researchers, including Sergei Kirpotin at [[Tomsk State University]] and Judith Marquand at [[Oxford University]], warn that [[West Siberian Plain|Western Siberia]] has begun to thaw as a result of [[global warming]]. The frozen [[peat bog]]s in this region may hold billions of tons of [[methane gas]], which may be released into the atmosphere. Methane is a [[greenhouse gas]] [[Global warming potential|22 times more powerful]] than [[carbon dioxide]].<ref>Ian Sample, "[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2005/aug/11/science.climatechange1 Warming hits 'tipping point']". ''[[The Guardian]]'', 11 August 2005</ref> In 2008, a research expedition for the [[American Geophysical Union]] detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the atmosphere above the Siberian [[Arctic]], likely the result of [[methane clathrate]]s being released through holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed [[permafrost]], around the outfall of the [[Lena River]] and the area between the [[Laptev Sea]] and [[East Siberian Sea]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exclusive-the-methane-time-bomb-938932.html |title= Exclusive: The methane time bomb |last=Connor |first=Steve |date=23 September 2008 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |accessdate=3 October 2008}}</ref><ref>N. Shakhova, I. Semiletov, A. Salyuk, D. Kosmach, and N. Bel'cheva (2007), [http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/01071/EGU2007-J-01071.pdf?PHPSESSID=e Methane release on the Arctic East Siberian shelf], ''Geophysical Research Abstracts'', '''9''', 01071</ref>

==Fauna==
[[File:Panthera tigris altaica 13 - Buffalo Zoo.jpg|thumb|A [[Siberian tiger|Siberian tigress]] and cub.]]

===Order Artiodactyla===
* [[Manchurian wapiti]]<ref name=Geist>{{cite book|author=Valerius Geist|title=Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcWZX-IMEVkC&pg=PA211|date=January 1998|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-0496-0|pages=211|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[Siberian musk deer]]<ref name=iucn2008Nyambayar>{{IUCN2008|assessor=Nyambayar, B.|assessor2=Mix, H.|assessor3=Tsytsulina, K.|last-assessor-amp=yes|year=2008|id=13897|title=Moschus moschiferus|accessdate=30 January 2016}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of vulnerable.</ref>

===Order Carnivora===

====Family Felidae====
* [[Amur leopard]]<ref name=Uphyrkina2002>{{cite journal|author=Uphyrkina, O.|author2= Miquelle, D.|author3= Quigley, H.|author4= Driscoll, C.|author5= O’Brien, S. J. |title=Conservation Genetics of the Far Eastern Leopard (''Panthera pardus orientalis'')|url=http://dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru/pdf/sjop/MS458_Uphyrkina.pdf|doi=10.1093/jhered/93.5.303|year=2002|journal=Journal of Heredity|volume=93|issue=5|pages=303–11|pmid=12547918|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[Amur tiger]]<ref name=iucn2011Miquelle>{{IUCN |assessor=Miquelle, D. |assessor2=Darman, Y. |assessor3=Seryodkin, I. |year=2011 |id=15956 |taxon=Panthera tigris ssp. altaica |version=2014.2|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref>

====Family Ursidae====
* [[Asian black bear]]<ref name=iucn2008Garshelis>{{IUCN |assessor=Garshelis, D. L. |assessor2=Steinmetz, R. |assessor3=IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group |last-assessor-amp=yes|year=2008|id=22824|title=Ursus thibetanus|version= 2015.2|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[Brown bear]]<ref name=iucn2008McLellan>{{IUCN2008|assessor=McLellan, B.N.|assessor2=Servheen, C.|assessor3=Huber, D.|last-assessor-amp=yes|year=2008|id=41688|title=Ursus arctos|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[Polar bear]]

==Flora==
* [[Picea obovata]]<ref name=iucn2013>{{IUCN|id=42405|taxon=Pinus pumila|assessor=Farjon, A.|assessment_year=2013|version=2013.1|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[Pinus pumila]]<ref name=iucn2011Farjon>{{IUCN |assessor=A. Farjon |year=2011 |id=42331 |title=''Picea obovata'' |accessdate=10 December 2014 |version=2014.3}}</ref>

== Politics ==
{{main article|Siberian regionalism}}
[[File:Siberian flag.svg|thumb|140px|Siberian flag used by [[Siberian separatism|Siberian separatists]]]]

== Borders and administrative division ==

[[Image:Siberian Cities Map.svg|400px|thumb|[[Media:Siberian Cities Map.svg|Map of the most populated area of Siberia]] with clickable city names (SVG)]]
[[Image:Siberian Cities Graph.svg|thumb|400px|[[Media:Siberian Cities Graph.svg|Comparison of the nine biggest Siberian cities' growth in the 20th century]]]]
The term "Siberia" has a long history. Its meaning has gradually changed during ages. Historically, Siberia was defined as the whole part of Russia to the east of [[Ural Mountains]], including the [[Russian Far East]]. According to this definition, Siberia extended eastward from the [[Ural Mountains]] to the Pacific coast, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the border of Russian [[Central Asia]] and the national borders of both Mongolia and China.<ref>[http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/brokminor/article/36/36372.html?text=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C Малый энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона] (The [[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]], in Russian)</ref>

Soviet-era sources (''[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]'' and others)<ref>[http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00070/76500.htm?text=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C Сибирь—Большая советская энциклопедия] (The ''[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]'', in Russian)</ref> and modern Russian ones<ref>[http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/geography/article/geo/geo3/geo-4313.htm Сибирь- Словарь современных географических названий] (in Russian)</ref> usually define Siberia as a region extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the [[drainage divide|watershed]] between [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central [[Kazakhstan]] and the national borders of both [[Mongolia]] and [[China]]. By this definition, Siberia includes the [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] of the [[Siberian Federal District]], and some of the [[Ural Federal District]], as well as [[Sakha Republic|Sakha (Yakutia) Republic]], which is a part of the [[Far Eastern Federal District]]. Geographically, this definition includes subdivisions of several other subjects of Urals and Far Eastern federal districts, but they are not included administratively. This definition excludes [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]] and [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], both of which are included in some wider definitions of Siberia.

Other sources may use either a somewhat wider definition that states the Pacific coast, not the watershed, is the eastern boundary (thus including the whole Russian Far East)<ref>{{cite web|author=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067598/Siberia |title=Siberia-Britannica online encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=15 May 2010}}</ref> or a somewhat narrower one that limits Siberia to the Siberian Federal District (thus excluding all subjects of other districts).<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000824090623/http://www.bartleby.com/65/si/Siberia.html |date=24 August 2000 |title="Siberia" }}, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition</ref> In Russian, the word for Siberia is used as a substitute for the name of the federal district by those who live in the district itself and less commonly used to denote the federal district by people residing outside of it.

[[File:Октябрьский район (Улан-Удэ).jpg|thumb|[[Ulan-Ude]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Federal Subjects of Russia|Federal subjects]] of Siberia (GSE)
|-
! Subject
! Administrative center
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Ural Federal District]]'''
|-
| [[Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug]]
| [[Khanty-Mansiysk]]
|-
| [[Kurgan Oblast]]
| [[Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]]
|-
| [[Tyumen Oblast]]
| [[Tyumen]]
|-
| [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug]]
| [[Salekhard]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Siberian Federal District]]'''
|-
| [[Altai Krai]]
| [[Barnaul]]
|-
| [[Altai Republic]]
| [[Gorno-Altaysk]]
|-
| [[Republic of Buryatia|Buryat Republic]]
| [[Ulan-Ude]]
|-
| [[Irkutsk Oblast]]
| [[Irkutsk]]
|-
| [[Khakassia|Republic of Khakassia]]
| [[Abakan]]
|-
| [[Kemerovo Oblast]]
| [[Kemerovo]]
|-
| [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]
| [[Krasnoyarsk]]
|-
| [[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
| [[Novosibirsk]]
|-
| [[Omsk Oblast]]
| [[Omsk]]
|-
| [[Tomsk Oblast]]
| [[Tomsk]]
|-
| [[Tuva|Tuva Republic]]
| [[Kyzyl]]
|-
| [[Zabaykalsky Krai]]
| [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Far Eastern Federal District]]'''
|-
| [[Sakha Republic|Sakha (Yakutia) Republic]]
| [[Yakutsk]]
|}
[[File:Хабаровск, летом на набережной Амура.JPG|thumb|[[Amur river|Amur]] waterfront in [[Khabarovsk]]]]
[[File:VladivostokGoldenHorn.jpg|thumb|[[Vladivostok]], Primorsky Krai]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Federal subjects of Russia|Federal subjects]] of Siberia (in wide sense)
|-
! Subject
! Administrative center
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Far Eastern Federal District]]'''
|-
| [[Amur Oblast]]
| [[Blagoveshchensk]]
|-
| [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]]
| [[Anadyr (town)|Anadyr]]
|-
| [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]]
| [[Birobidzhan]]
|-
| [[Kamchatka Krai]]
| [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|-
| [[Khabarovsk Krai]]
| [[Khabarovsk]]
|-
| [[Magadan Oblast]]
| [[Magadan]]
|-
| [[Primorsky Krai]]
| [[Vladivostok]]
|-
| [[Sakhalin Oblast]]
| [[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Ural Federal District]]'''
|-
| [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
| [[Chelyabinsk]]
|-
| [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
| [[Yekaterinburg]]
|}

=== Major cities ===
The most populous city of Siberia, as well as the third most populous city of Russia, is the city of [[Novosibirsk]]. Other major cities include:

* [[Barnaul]]
* [[Irkutsk]]
* [[Kemerovo]]
* [[Krasnoyarsk]]
* [[Novokuznetsk]]
* [[Omsk]]
* [[Tomsk]]
* [[Tyumen]]

Wider definitions of Siberia also include:

* [[Chelyabinsk]]
* [[Khabarovsk]]
* [[Vladivostok]]
* [[Yekaterinburg]] - Some sources such as [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] include this city as it lies in the [[Ural Mountains]]. Inhabitants have distanced themselves though saying that there is a difference between Siberian and Urals culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/this-russian-city-says-dont-call-us-siberia/2017/01/05/85e9e352-bb2f-11e6-ae79-bec72d34f8c9_story.html?utm_term=.959f2da7ab4a|title=This Russian city says: ‘Don’t call us Siberia’|publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|author=David Filipov|date=January 5, 2017|accessdate=January 6, 2017}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:RF NG pipestoEU.gif|thumb|Russia is a key [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[Natural gas|gas]] supplier to much of Europe. ]]

Siberia is extraordinarily rich in [[mineral]]s, containing ores of almost all economically valuable [[metal]]s. It has some of the world's largest deposits of [[Norilsk#Norilsk-Talnakh nickel deposits|nickel]], [[gold]], [[lead]], [[coal]], [[molybdenum]], [[gypsum]], [[diamond]]s, [[diopside]], [[silver]] and [[zinc]], as well as extensive unexploited resources of [[oil]] and [[natural gas]].<ref>[http://www.statista.com/statistics/159771/yamal-peninsula-in-western-siberia-development-of-gas-fields/ Statistics on the Development of Gas Fields in Western Siberia], Daily Questions on Energy and Economy</ref> Around 70% of Russia's developed [[List of oil fields|oil fields]] are in the [[Khanty-Mansiysk]] region.<ref>{{cite web|first=Simone |last=Schlindwein |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-city-built-on-oil-eu-russia-summit-visits-siberia-s-boomtown-a-562248.html |title=The City Built on Oil: EU-Russia Summit Visits Siberia's Boomtown |publisher=Spiegel |date=August 26, 2008 |accessdate=8 August 2014}}</ref> Russia contains about 40% of the world's known resources of [[nickel]] at the [[Norilsk]] deposit in Siberia. [[Norilsk Nickel]] is the world's biggest nickel and [[palladium]] producer.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/29/norilsk-russia-output-idUSLDE60S0DU20100129 |title=Norilsk raises 2010 nickel output forecast |publisher=Reuters |date=29 January 2010 |accessdate=8 August 2014}}</ref>

[[Siberian agriculture]] is severely restricted by the short growing season of most of the region. However, in the southwest where soils are exceedingly fertile black earths and the climate is a little more moderate, there is extensive cropping of [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[rye]] and [[potato]]es, along with the grazing of large numbers of [[sheep]] and [[cattle]]. Elsewhere food production, owing to the poor fertility of the [[podzol]]ic soils and the extremely short growing seasons, is restricted to the herding of [[reindeer]] in the tundra—which has been practiced by natives for over 10,000 years. Siberia has the world's largest [[forest]]s. Timber remains an important source of revenue, even though many forests in the east have been logged much more rapidly than they are able to recover. The [[Sea of Okhotsk]] is one of the two or three richest fisheries in the world owing to its cold currents and very large [[tide|tidal ranges]], and thus Siberia produces over 10% of the world's annual fish catch, although fishing has declined somewhat since the collapse of the USSR.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_russiafed/en#tcN700AD|title=FAO &nbsp;National Aquaculture Sector Overview (NASO)|author=|date=16 January 2005|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref>

== Sport ==
[[File:Sibselmash Stadium 1.jpg|thumb|[[Bandy]] at [[Sibselmash Stadium]] in [[Novosibirsk]], Siberia's biggest city and the third biggest one in Russia]]
Professional football teams include [[FC Tom Tomsk]], [[FC Sibir Novosibirsk]] and [[FK Yenisey Krasnoyarsk]].

The [[BC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk|Yenisey Krasnoyarsk]] basketball team has played in the [[VTB United League]] since 2011–12.

Russia's third most popular sport, [[bandy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=sen&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fnews%2F7438&sandbox=1|title=Google Translate|publisher=|accessdate=14 April 2016}}</ref> is important in Siberia. In the [[2015–16 Russian Bandy Super League|2015–16 Russian Bandy Super League season]] [[Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club|Yenisey]] from [[Krasnoyarsk]] became champions for the third year in a row by beating [[Baykal-Energiya Irkutsk|Baykal-Energiya]] from [[Irkutsk]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/9039&prev=search|title=Google Translate|publisher=|accessdate=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>https://i.ytimg.com/vi/_Y0lhvnE7pU/hqdefault.jpg</ref> Two or three more teams (depending on the definition of Siberia) play in the Super League, the bronze medalists [[SKA-Neftyanik Khabarovsk|SKA-Neftyanik]] from [[Khabarovsk]], the quarter-finalists [[Kuzbass Kemerovo Bandy Club|Kuzbass]] from [[Kemerovo]] and the 11th placed [[Sibselmash Novosibirsk|Sibselmash]] from [[Novosibirsk]]. In 2007 Kemerovo got Russia's first indoor arena specifically built for bandy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/42/|title=Информация о стадионе "КЛМ стадиона «Химик", Кемерово – Реестр – Федерация хоккея с мячом России|work=rusbandy.ru|accessdate=14 April 2016}}</ref> Now Khabarovsk has the world's biggest indoor arena specifically built for bandy, [[Arena Yerofey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/96/|title=Информация о стадионе "Арена «Ерофей", Хабаровск – Реестр – Федерация хоккея с мячом России|work=rusbandy.ru|accessdate=14 April 2016}}</ref>

The [[2019 Winter Universiade]] will be hosted by Krasnoyarsk.

== Demographics ==
{{Main article|Demographics of Siberia}}
[[File:Street Scene in Tomsk - Russia.JPG|thumb|[[Tomsk]], one of the oldest Siberian cities, was founded in 1604.]]
According to the [[Russian Census (2010)|Russian Census of 2010]], the [[Siberian Federal District|Siberian]] and [[Far Eastern Federal District|Far Eastern]] Federal Districts, located entirely east of the [[Ural mountains]], together have a population of about 25.6 million. [[Tyumen Oblast|Tyumen]] and [[Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]] Oblasts, which are geographically in Siberia but administratively part of the [[Urals Federal District]], together have a population of about 4.3 million. Thus, the whole region of Asian Russia (or Siberia in the broadest usage of the term) is home to approximately 30 million people.<ref>"[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf Census 2010 official results (Russian)]"</ref> It has a population density of about three people per square kilometer.

Most Siberians are [[Russians]].<ref>"[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life]". ''The Ukrainian Weekly''. May 4, 2003.</ref> There are approximately 400,000 ethnic [[Volga Germans|Germans]] living in Siberia.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Siberian-Germans-Orientation.html |title=Siberian Germans |publisher=Everyculture.com |date= |accessdate=15 May 2010}}</ref> [[Mongol]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] groups such as [[Buryats]], [[Tuvinians]], [[Yakuts]], and [[Siberian Tatars]]<ref>According to the 2002 census there are 500,000 [[Siberian Tatars|Tatars in Siberia]], but 300,000 of them are [[Volga Tatars]] who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020227012304/http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm |date=27 February 2002 }}</ref> lived in Siberia originally, and descendants of these peoples still live there.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} The [[Buryats]], numbering approximately 500,000, are the largest indigenous group in Siberia, and are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the [[Buryatia|Buryat Republic]].<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,49709eae2,49749cc4c,0.html World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Russian Federation: Buryats].</ref> According to the [[Demographics of Russia#Ethnic groups|2002 census]] there were 443,852 [[Yakuts]].<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2eff2,49749cb441,0.html World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Russian Federation: Yakuts].</ref> Other [[ethnic group]]s include [[Ket people|Kets]], [[Evenks]], [[Chukchis]], [[Koryaks]], [[Yupik peoples|Yupiks]], and [[Yukaghirs]]. The Slavic Russians outnumber all of the native peoples in Siberia and its cities except in the Republic of [[Tuva]], with the Slavic Russians making up the majority in the Buryat, [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]], and [[Altai Republic]]s, outnumbering the [[Buryats]], [[Yakuts|Sakha]], and [[Altai people|Altai]] natives. The Buryat make up only 25% of their own republic, and the Sakha and Altai each are only one-third, and the Chukchi, [[Evenks|Evenk]], [[Khanty people|Khanti]], [[Mansi people|Mansi]], and [[Nenets people|Nenets]] are outnumbered by non-natives by 90% of the population.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WFjPAxhBEaEC&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false Batalden 1997], p. 37.</ref>

About seventy percent of Siberia's people live in cities, mainly in apartments. Many people also live in rural areas, in simple, spacious, log houses. [[Novosibirsk]] is the largest city in Siberia, with a population of about 1.5 million. [[Tobolsk]], [[Tomsk]], [[Tyumen]], [[Krasnoyarsk]], [[Irkutsk]] and [[Omsk]] are the older, historical centers.

== Religion ==
[[File:Хабаровск, собор.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Transfiguration Cathedral, Khabarovsk]]]]
{{See also|Shamanism in Siberia}}
There are a variety of beliefs throughout Siberia,<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000926005925/http://www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/religion.htm |date=26 September 2000 |title=Russian Embassy website&nbsp;— ''Religion in Russia'' }}</ref>{{qn|date=October 2015}} including [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]], other denominations of Christianity, [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and [[Islam]].<ref>
{{cite book
| last1                 = Arnold
| first1                = Thomas Walker
| author-link1          = Thomas Walker Arnold
| title                 = The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith
| url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=qxsVAAAAYAAJ
| location              = Westminster
| publisher             = Archibald Constable and Company
| publication-date      = 1896
| pages                 = 206–207
| accessdate            = 2015-10-11
| quote                 = Of the spread of Islam among the Tatars of Siberia, we have a few particulars. It was not until the latter half of the sixteenth century that it gained a footing in this country, but even before this period Muhammadan missionaries had from time to time made their way into Siberia with the hope of winning the heathen population over to the acceptance of their faith, but the majority of them met with a martyr's death. When Siberia came under Muhammadan rule, in the reign of [[Kuchum Khan]], the graves of seven of these missioanries were discovered [...]. [...] Kuchum Khan [...] made every effort for the conversion of his subjects, and sent to Bukhara asking for missionaries to assist him in this pious undertaking.
| year                = 1896
}}
</ref>
An estimated 70,000 [[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Jews]] live in Siberia,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=136974 |title= Planting Jewish roots in Siberia |publisher= Fjc.ru |date=24 May 2004 |accessdate= 15 May 2010}}</ref> some in the [[Jewish Autonomous Region]].<ref>"[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0607/Why-some-Jews-would-rather-live-in-Siberia-than-Israel Why some Jews would rather live in Siberia than Israel]", ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''. 7 June 2010</ref> The predominant religious group is the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].

Tradition regards Siberia the archetypal home of [[shamanism]], and [[polytheism]] is popular.<ref name=locclass>Hoppál 2005:13</ref> These native sacred practices are considered by the tribes to be very ancient. There are records of Siberian tribal healing practices dating back to the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newdawnmagazine.com/articles/secrets-of-siberian-shamanism|title=Secrets of Siberian Shamanism {{!}} New Dawn : The World's Most Unusual Magazine|website=www.newdawnmagazine.com|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref> The vast territory of Siberia has many different local traditions of gods. These include: [[Ak Ana]], [[Anapel]], [[Bugady Musun]], [[Kara-Khitan Khanate|Kara Khan]], [[Khaltesh-Anki]], [[Kini'je]], [[Ku'urkil]], [[Nga (god)|Nga]], [[Nu'tenut]], [[Numi-Torem]], [[Numi-Turum]], [[Yukaghir|Pon]], [[Pugu (deity)|Pugu]], [[Todote]], [[Toko'yoto]], [[Tomam]], [[Xaya Iccita]], [[Zonget]]. Places with sacred areas include [[Olkhon]], an island in [[Lake Baikal]].

== Transport ==
Many cities in northern Siberia, such as [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]], cannot be reached by road, as there are virtually none connecting from other major cities in Russia or Asia. The best way to tour Siberia is through the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]]. The Trans-Siberian Railway operates from Moscow in the west to [[Vladivostok]] in the east. Cities not near the railway are best reached by air or by the separate [[Baikal Amur Mainline|Baikal-Amur-Railway]] (BAM).

==Culture==

===Cuisine===
[[Stroganina]] is a raw fish dish of the [[indigenous people]] of northern Arctic Siberia made from raw, thin, long-sliced frozen fish.<ref>{{cite book | last=Rasputin | first=V. | last2=Winchell | first2=M. | last3=Mikkelson | first3=G. | title=Siberia, Siberia | publisher=[[Northwestern University Press]] | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-8101-1575-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fzchffZ3BFQC&pg=PT294 | pages=322–323}}</ref> It is a popular dish with native Siberians.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Motarjemi | first1=Yasmine |first2=Gerald |last2=Moy |first3=E. C. D. |last3=Todd |location=Amsterdam |title=Encyclopedia of Food Safety | publisher=[[Elsevier Science]], [[Academic Press]] | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-12-378613-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mX1XAQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA176 | page=176}}</ref>

==Notable residents==
*[[Dmitry Kroyter]] (born 1993), Israeli Olympic high jumper<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Sports/Kroyter-jumps-back-into-picture-as-high-flying-Israeli-phenom-410456|title=Kroyter jumps back into picture as high-flying Israeli phenom|work=jpost.com|accessdate=18 August 2016}}</ref>
*[[Lev Psakhis]] (born 1958), Israeli chess grandmaster<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66_uCwAAQBAJ|title=Soviet Chess 1917-1991|first=Andrew|last=Soltis|date=1 November 1999|publisher=McFarland|accessdate=18 August 2016|via=Google Books}}</ref>
*[[Tatyana Usova]] (born 1987), model<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/fashion/models/tusova/tatyanausova/|title=Tatyana Usova - Fashion Model - Profile on New York Magazine|work=nymag.com|accessdate=18 August 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Siberian regionalism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==

*{{cite book| title=The Newly Independent States of Eurasia: Handbook of Former Soviet Republics |first= Stephen K.| last=Batalden| others=Contributor Sandra L. Batalden| volume=| edition=revised| year=1997| publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| url=https://books.google.com/?id=WFjPAxhBEaEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn=0897749405| accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book| title=White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian |first= Jamie |last=Bisher| volume=| edition=| year=2006| publisher=Routledge| url=https://books.google.com/?id=Mg6RAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn=1135765952| accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book|title=White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian  |first= Jamie |last=Bisher| volume=| edition=| year=2006|publisher=Routledge| url=https://books.google.com/?id=28iPAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn=1135765960| accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book| title= War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450–2000 |first= Jeremy |last=Black| volume=| edition=| year=2008| publisher=Yale University Press| url=https://books.google.com/?id=xpI_YYtvlCAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn=0300147694| accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* Nicholas B. Breyfogle, Abby Schrader and Willard Sunderland (eds), ''Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian history'' (London, Routledge, 2007).
*{{cite book| title= Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience |first= Alexander| last=Etkind| volume=| edition=| year=2013| publisher=John Wiley & Sons| url=https://books.google.com/?id=lpz5q44VVk0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn=0745673546| accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book| title= A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990 |first= James| last=Forsyth| volume=| edition=illustrated, reprint, revised| year=1994| publisher=Cambridge University Press| url=https://books.google.com/?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn=0521477719| accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* James Forsyth, ''A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony, 1581–1990'' (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994).
*{{cite book| title= Inside the Ropes: Sportswriters Get Their Game On |editor-first= Zachary Michael |editor-last=Jack| volume=| edition=| year=2008| publisher=U of Nebraska Press| url=https://books.google.com/?id=ezDG4aTNIeoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn=0803219075| accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* Steven G. Marks, ''Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 1850–1917'' (London, I.B. Tauris, 1991).
*{{cite book| title= Siberia: Worlds Apart |series= Westview series on the post-Soviet republics| first= Victor L.| last=Mote | volume=| edition=illustrated| year=1998| publisher=Westview Press| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEAjAQAAIAAJ| isbn=0813312981| accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* Igor V. Naumov, ''The History of Siberia''. Edited by David Collins (London, Routledge, 2009) (Routledge Studies in the History of Russia and Eastern Europe).
*{{cite book| title= The Russian Far East: A History |first= John J. |last=Stephan| volume=| edition=illustrated, reprint| year=1996| publisher=Stanford University Press| url=https://books.google.com/?id=Jce4rBWjG5wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn=0804727015| accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book| title=Siberian frontier: the territory of fear |first= V. |last=Pesterev| volume=| edition=| year=2015| publisher=Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), London| url=https://www.academia.edu/14482632/Siberian_frontier_the_territory_of_fear| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book| title=Russia's Frozen Frontier: A History of Siberia and the Russian Far East 1581 – 1991 |first= Alan| last=Wood| volume=| edition=illustrated| year=2011| publisher=A&C Black| url=https://books.google.com/?id=VZZLAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn=034097124X| accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* Alan Wood (ed.), ''The History of Siberia: From Russian Conquest to Revolution'' (London, Routledge, 1991).
*{{cite book| title= Condé Nast's Traveler, Volume 36 | volume=| edition=| year=2001| publisher=Condé Nast Publications| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVosAQAAMAAJ| isbn=| accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
*{{cite book| title=Yearbook |others=Contributor International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs| volume=| edition=| year=1992| publisher=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beJAAQAAIAAJ| isbn=| accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}

== External links ==
* [http://daily-notes.com/2013/05/the_center_of_siberia/ Novosibirsk: the center of Siberia]

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[[Category:Siberia| ]]
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[[Category:Eurasian Steppe]]
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