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{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}}
The '''Shatuo''' ({{zh|c=沙陀|p=shātuó}} or {{zh|c=沙陀突厥|p= shātuó tūjué}}, also: '''Shato''', '''Sha-t'o''',  Sanskrit '''Sart''' <ref name="Zuev_127">Zuev Yu.A., ''"Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuyao" of 8-10th centuries)"'', Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, I960, p. 127 (In Russian)</ref>) were a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from the late ninth century through the tenth century. They are noted for founding three of the five dynasties and one of the kingdoms during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]].

==Origins==
The Shato tribes descended from the [[Chigils|Chigil]] <ref name="Zuev_127"/> tribes, belonging to a group of six Chu tribes collectively known as [[Yueban]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

The Yueban state survived to the end of 480s, until its independence was destroyed by the [[Teleuts]]. After the fall of the its state the Yuebans formed four tribes - Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban. These tribes became major players in the later [[Turkic Khaganate]] and thereafter<ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Hunnu in China"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9, http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm (In Russian)</ref>

===Altai Chumuhuns===
An 8th-century Tibetan geographer mentioned Chumuhuns in Altai and south of it as the ''Ibilkur'', and associated them with Külüg-Külchur. They were the only Chuy tribe that in the middle of the 8th century preserved their independence, in spite of being sandwiched between [[Karluks]] and Turgesh. Their possessions were on the west side of the [[Tarbagatai Mountains|Tarbagatai]] range.<ref>Bacot J. ''"Reconnaissance en Haute Asie Seplentrionale par cinq envoyes ouigours au VIII siecle"'' // JA, Vol. 254, No 2,. 1956, p.147, in Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.27 http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot27.htm (In Russian)</ref>

===Chuy Shato===
The branch of the Chuy tribes that remained in the [[Western Turkic Kaganate]] as part of [[Western Turkic Kaganate|On-Ok]] (Ten Tribes) union occupied territory east of the lake Barkul, called in Chinese ''Shato'' (''"sand masses", i.e. desert''), formed of three sub-tribes. Shato participated in suppressing many uprisings on behalf of China, and for that the Chinese emperors granted their leaders various titles and rewards. After a defeat of Chuy by Tibetians in 808, Chuy Shato branch asked for protection from China, and moved into Inner China. It is known that after suppression of Huang-Chao uprising in 875-883, and establishing three out of five dynasties during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] (907-960), their number in China fell down to between 50-100,000, which ruled a Chinese population of about 50 million people.

Some argue that early Chinese sources identify them as the [[Xueyantuo]]. Others even claim they emerged as part of the ''Üç-Oğuz'' confederation of [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] Turks.<ref>Biologie.De - Deutsche Zentrale fur Biologische Information [http://www.biologie.de/biowiki/Seyanto Seyanto]
</ref>

A detailed analysis of the term ''Shato'' (Sanskrit ''Sart'') is given by prof. Chjan Si-man.<ref>prof. Chjan Si-man: "New research about historical tribes of the Western Territory"</ref> Their social and economic life was studied by W. Eberhard.<ref>W. Eberhard: "Some Cultural Traits of the Shato-Türks. "Oriental Art", vol. 1 (1948), No 2, p. 50-55</ref> In "Tanghuyao" the Shato tamga is depicted as [[File:ShatoTamgaZuev.gif]] <ref>Zuev Yu.A., ''"Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuyao" of 8-10th centuries)"'', Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, I960, p. 127, 132 (In Russian)</ref>

The Shatuo Turks were gradually assimilated, and held onto their power base in [[Shanxi]] (central region of modern-day China). They gained in strength through the 910s until finally in 923, they were able to overcome the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]] with Khitan assistance to found The [[Later Tang]]

Shato nobles established the [[Later Tang]] dynasty of China (923-956).<ref>Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 8, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|9985-4-4152-9}}</ref> During the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] period the Shato fell under the [[Chagatai Khanate]], and after its demise remained in its remnant in [[Zhetysu]] and northern [[Tian Shan]].

The Shatuo received tribute from the Tata people from norther of the Ordos in 966, while they were vassals of the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] Emperor.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqRDAAAAYAAJ&q=966+the+tata+sent+tribute+ordous+to+sha-t%27o+emperor+vassal+of+kitan+emperor#v=snippet&q=966%20the%20tata%20sent%20tribute%20ordous%20to%20sha-t'o%20emperor%20vassal%20of%20kitan%20emperor&f=false|title=Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year ..., Volumes 30-31|author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch|year=1897|publisher=The Branch|edition=|location=SHANGHAI|page=23|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-06-28}}</ref>

In later history the Shato, together with the Tian Shan [[Kyrgyz people|Kirgyz]], fell under domination of the [[Mongols|Mongol]] [[Oirats]], later known as [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyks]]. With the expansion of the [[Khanate of Kokand]], the Tian Shan and Zhetysu Shato were in its protectorate.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

==Shato and the Tang Dynasty==

To the [[Tang Dynasty]], the Shato served a purpose. Some claim that they were a part of the Tang dynasty's foreign policy to control and manage other 'border' peoples identified as a threat. The Tang Chinese refer to such peoples as Western barbarians{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}. Some argue that a divide and conquer policy was applied against those identified as a threat, specifically the Tibetans and Turkic tribes in Central Asia. The Tang Chinese continued this long policy and in other epochs this became an institutionalised tradition{{Or|date=December 2010}}.

===Xueyantuo (Seyanto)===
{{Main|Xueyantuo}}
[[Xueyantuo|Seyanto]] were a member of the [[Tiele people|Tele]] union who, after being assaulted by the Western Türkic Chora-Kagan in 605 (Ch. Chulo), seceded from the Western Türkic Kaganate, established their own Kaganate under a leadership of Kibir tribe's Baga-Kagan Yagmurchyn, retaining the control and income from the Turfan segment of the Silk Road. A head of Seyanto tribe, Yshbara, was installed as a lesser Kagan Yetir (yeti er "seven tribes"). In the 610, when on the Western Türkic Kaganate throne was raised Yakui-Kagan (Ch. Egui, r. 610-617), both rulers renounced their Kagan ranks and rejoined the Western Türkic Kaganate. But when the next Western Türkic Tong-Yabgu-Kagan (r. 617-630) annexed all seven tribes of the Seyanto-headed Tele confederation, which also included Uigurs, Bayarku, Edizes, Tongra, Bokuts, and Baisi tribes, the Seyanto leader led in 627 his tribes into the territory of the Eastern Türkic Kaganate, defeated the main force of the Kaganate led by the son of the reigning Kagan El-Kagan, Yukuk-Shad (Ch. Yuigu-she), and settled in the valley of r. Tola in the Northern Mongolia. After the victory, Uigur leader Pusa assumed a title kat-elteber (Ch. go-selifa) and split from the confederation, and in 629 the Seyanto Ynan-erkin declared himself a Jenchu Bilge-Kagan of a new Seyanto Kaganate. The Kaganate was quickly recognized by the Tang Empire, as a counterweight against its enemy Eastern Türkic Kaganate.<ref>Zuev Yu.A., ''"Se-Yanto Kaganate And Kimeks (Türkic ethnogeography of the Central Asia in the middle of 7th century), Shygys, 2004, No 1, pp. 11-21, No 2, pp. 3-26, Oriental Studies Institute, Almaty, pp. 1-14, 1-15</ref> "Raising Ynan on Kagan throne was done under pressure from the Tang court interested in stripping El-kagan of the rights to the supreme power in the huge region, and also in final dismemberment of the Türkic state, a source of many conflicts on their northern borders." <ref>Zuev (2004), p. 1-19</ref> Seyanto provided military service by assisting the Tang Empire against the [[Tatars]] in the 630s. The [[Xueyantuo|Seyanto]] built a vast state spanning from the [[Altai Mountains]] to the [[Gobi desert]]. In a few years, mindful of a new powerful state on their northern border, the Tang empire switched their allegiance to independent Uigurs, who defeated Seyanto in 641, when under [[Zhenzhu Khan|Jenchu Bilge-Kagan]] they threatened to attack other Chinese-aligned tribes. Five years later the short-lived empire was all but destroyed by a Tang-[[Uyghur people|Uigur]] alliance. The remnants of the Seyanto fled west to [[Dzungaria]] and the [[Semirechye]] area.

===Emerging Shato===

At the beginning of the 8th century, the Shato were subject to the [[Tang Empire]]. They provided significant aid to [[Emperor Suzong of Tang]], alongside the Uyghurs, during the [[An Shi Rebellion]] in the 750s. Consequently, their chieftain Zhuye Guduozhi was conferred the title of ''tejin'' (governor) and ''xiaowei shang-jiangjun'' (colonel high general).

By the end of the eighth century, the Shato had fallen out with the Tang Empire. They joined with other Turkic tribes in Tibet to form an alliance with the [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] as they felt oppressed by the Uyghurs. Though the Shato fought alongside Tibetan armies for more than a decade against the Tang, the Tibetans were concerned about their loyalty. When, in 808, the Shato decided to leave, the Tibetans pursued them, fighting battles along the way. They made it to [[Lingwu|Lingzhou Prefecture]] in the [[Gansu]] corridor, where Tang general Fan Xichao granted them asylum. A source quotes them as committing mass suicide in 832 while fighting for an Uyghur ruler, but this seems to refer to a related tribe who had settled far west, into the [[Fergana valley]]. The Shato who had escaped Tibetan rage managed to maintain a power base in northern China around modern-day [[Shanxi]] from the late ninth century into the tenth century.

In the middle of the ninth century, it may be said that the Shato rewarded the generosity of the Tang by fighting alongside them against the invading Tibetans, playing a prominent role in numerous victories. They also helped quell the [[Pang Xun]] Rebellion and the [[Wang Xianzhi (rebel)|Wang Xianzhi]] Rebellion.

===Li Keyong===
{{Main|Li Keyong}}
The Shatuo [[Li Keyong]] was conferred the post of ''cishi'' for [[Dai County]]. He hired more than ten thousand Tatar nomads to bring back to Daizhou, but was denied admittance to the Shiling Pass. In 882, Su You and Helian Duo joined to prepare for an attack on Li. However, he launched a pre-emptive on Su’s stronghold at [[Weizhou Island]]. The Tang emperor would soon offer amnesty to assist against [[Huang Chao]], who led a fierce rebellion against the Tang. Li Keyong was named the Prince of Jin in 895 for his loyalty to the Tang.

===Five Dynasties===
{{Main|Five Dynasties}}
The Tang Dynasty fell in 907 and was replaced by the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]]. The Shato formed their own state, called [[Later Jin (Five Dynasties)|Jin]], in the area now known as [[Shanxi]]. They had tense relations with the Later Liang, and cultivated good relations with the emerging [[Khitan people|Khitan]] power to the north.

===Later Tang===
{{Main|Later Tang}}
The son of Li Keyong, [[Li Cunxu]], succeeded in destroying the Later Liang in 923, declaring himself the emperor of the “Restored Tang”, officially known as the [[Later Tang]]. In line with claims of restoring the Tang, Li moved the capital from [[Kaifeng]] back to [[Luoyang]], where it was during the Tang Dynasty. The Later Tang controlled more territory than the Later Liang, including the [[Beijing]] area, the surrounding [[Sixteen Prefectures]] and [[Shaanxi Province]].

This was the first of three short-lived Shato dynasties.

===Later Jin===
{{Main|Later Jin (Five Dynasties)}}
The Later Tang was brought to an end in 936 when Shi Jingtang (posthumously known as [[Gaozu of Later Jin]]), also a Shatuo, successfully rebelled against the Later Tang and established the [[Later Jin (Five Dynasties)|Later Jin]] Dynasty. Shi moved back the capital to [[Kaifeng]], then called Bian.  The Later Jin controlled essentially the same territory as the Later Tang except the strategic [[Sixteen Prefectures]] area, which had been ceded to the expanding [[Liao Dynasty|Liao Empire]] established by the Khitans.

Later historians would denigrate the Later Jin as a [[puppet regime]] of the powerful Liao to the north. When Shi’s successor did defy the Liao, a Khitan invasion resulted in the end of the dynasty in 946.

===Later Han and Northern Han Kingdom===
{{Main|Later Han (Five Dynasties)|Northern Han}}
The death of the Khitan emperor on his return from the raid on the Later Jin left a power vacuum that was filled by [[Gaozu of Later Han|Liu Zhiyuan]], another Shatuo who founded the [[Later Han (Five Dynasties)|Later Han]] in 947. The capital was at Bian (Kaifeng) and the state held the same territories as its predecessor. Liu died after a single year of reign and was succeeded by his teenage son, in turn unable to reign for more than two years, when this very short-lived dynasty was ended by the [[Later Zhou]]. The remnants of the Later Han returned to the traditional Shatuo Turk stronghold of Shanxi and established the [[Northern Han]] Kingdom. Under the protection of the Khitan [[Liao Dynasty]], the tiny kingdom survived until 979 when it was finally incorporated into the [[Song Dynasty]].

==Surnames of Shatuo==
*[[Li (李)|Li]] (李)
*Zhu-Ye (朱耶)
*[[Zhu (surname)|Zhu]] (朱)
*Sha-Jin (沙金)
*[[Sha (surname)|Sha]] (沙)*
*[[Liu (surname)|Liu]] (刘)*

==Surnames of Xueyantuo==
*[[Li (李)|Li]] (李)
*[[Liu (surname)|Liu]] (刘)
*[[Xie (surname 偰)|Xie]] (偰)
*[[Xue]] (薛)
*[[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]] (張)

==See also==
*[[History of China]]

==Sources==
* Chavannes, Édouard (1900), ''Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux.'' Paris, Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969.
* Findley, Carter Vaughn, ''The Turks in World History''. Oxford University Press, (2005). ISBN 0-19-516770-8; 0-19-517726-6 (pbk.)
* Mote, F.W.: Imperial China: 900–1800, Harvard University Press, 1999
* Zuev Yu.A., ''"Se-Yanto Kaganate And Kimeks (Türkic ethnogeography of the Central Asia in the middle of 7th century)"'', Shygys, 2004, No 1, pp.&nbsp;11–21, No 2, pp.&nbsp;3–26, Oriental Studies Institute, Almaty (''In Russian'')
* [[Chinaknowledge]]: [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Tang/wudai-event.html 5 DYNASTIES & 10 STATES]
* [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/shatuo.html Shatuo]

==Notes==
*{{PD-old-text|title=Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year ..., Volumes 30-31|year=1897|author=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch}}
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