Northern Yuan dynasty sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name={{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠦᠮᠠᠷᠳᠦ ᠥᠨ ᠥᠯᠥᠰ}}<br>Ikh Mongol Uls
|conventional_long_name = Northern Yuan dynasty
|common_name = Northern Yuan
|continent = Asia
|region = Central Asia
|era = [[Late middle ages]] 
|status = [[Nomadic empire]]
|government_type = Hereditary monarchy
|year_start = 1368
|year_end = 1635
|event_start = Expulsion of the [[Toghan Temur|Mongols]] from [[China proper]] to [[Mongolia]]
|date_start = September
|date_event1 = 1388
|event1 = The murder of [[Togus Temur]] marked the rise of the [[Oirats]].
|date_event2 = 1483–1510
|event2 = [[Dayan Khan]] reunited the entire Mongol nation.
|date_event3 = 1634
|event3 = The death of the last Emperor [[Ligdan Khan|Ligdan]].
|p1 = Yuan dynasty
|flag_p2 = 
|p2 = Mongol Empire
|s1 = Four Oirat
|flag_s1 = 
|s2 = Qing dynasty
|flag_s2 = China Qing Dynasty Flag 1889.svg
|s3 = Kara Del
|flag_s3 = 
|s4 = Tsardom of Russia
|flag_s4 = Flag of Russia.svg
|image_flag = 
|flag=
|flag_type = 
|image_coat = 
|image_map = Mongolia XVI.png
|image_map_caption = The Northern Yuan at its greatest extent
|capital = [[Shangdu]] (1368–69)<br />[[Yingchang]] (1369–70)<br />[[Karakorum]] (1371–88)
|national_motto =
|national_anthem =
|common_languages = [[Mongolian language]]
|religion = [[Shamanism]], later [[Buddhism]]
|currency =
|title_leader = [[Khagan]]
|leader1 = For the full list of Mongol khans, see [[List of Mongol rulers]].
|legislature = [[Yassa]]<br />Customary rules<ref>[[William Elliott Butler]]-The Mongolian legal system, p. 3.</ref>
|stat_area1  = 5000000
|stat_year1  = 1550<ref>Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 475–504.</ref>
|today = {{flag|Mongolia}}<br />{{flag|China}}<br>{{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />{{flag|Russia}}
}}
{{History of Mongolia}}

The '''Northern Yuan dynasty''', or simply the '''Northern Yuan''', was the [[Mongols|Mongol]] regime based in [[Mongolia]] homeland after the fall of the [[Yuan dynasty]] in [[China]] in 1368, until the emergence of the [[Qing dynasty]] founded by the [[Manchu people|Manchus]] in the 17th century. The Northern Yuan dynasty began with the end of Mongol rule in China and retreat of the Mongols to the Mongolian steppe, and this period was marked by factional struggles and the often only nominal role of the [[Great Khan]].

[[Dayan Khan]] and [[Mandukhai Khatun]] reunited the entire [[Mongol]] nation in the 15th century.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0307407152 Jack Weatherford-The Secret History of the Mongol Queens]</ref> However, the former's distribution of his empire among his sons and relatives as [[fief]]s caused the decentralization of the [[List of Mongol rulers#Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1635)|imperial rule]].<ref>René Grousset-The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, p. 508</ref> Despite this decentralization there was a remarkable concord within the Dayan Khanid aristocracy and [[Borjigin|intra-Chinggisid]] civil war remained unknown until the reign of [[Ligdan Khan]] (1604–34),<ref>C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, ''see: Batumöngke Dayan Qaghan''</ref> who saw much of his power weakened in his quarrels with the Mongol tribes and was defeated by the Manchus. The last sixty years of this period are marked by intensive penetration of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] into Mongolian society.

==Name==
The period is known by various names, including the '''Northern Yuan dynasty''',<ref>Jae-un Kang, Suzanne Lee, Sook Pyo Lee, "The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism"</ref> or simply the '''Northern Yuan''', although it sometimes refers to the period before 1388, when [[Toghus Temur]] was murdered near the [[Tuul River]].<ref>[[Luc Kwanten]], "Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500-1500"</ref> The term "Northern Yuan" is derived from the corresponding term (北元) in the [[Chinese language]]. The Mongols held the name "Great Yuan" in the early period of this dynasty as in the earlier [[Yuan dynasty]], but they stopped claiming the title Great Yuan since the 15th century except during the reigns of for example [[Dayan Khan]]. However, in the [[English language]] the term "Northern Yuan (dynasty)" is still used to cover the whole period for historiography reasons. Apart from the name "Great Yuan" in the early period, the Mongols called their nation ''Ikh Mongol Uls'', meaning the "Great Mongol State". It is also referred to as the '''Post-Imperial Mongolia''', '''Mongol Khaganate''', '''Mongolian Khaganate''', '''Mongol Khanate''' or '''Mongolian Khanate'''<ref>(Бага хаадын үеийн Монгол улс; Ж.Бор - Монгол хийгээд Евразийн дипломат шашстир, II боть)</ref> in some modern sources,<ref>Reuven Amitai-Preiss, [[Reuven Amitai]], David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p. 275</ref> although most of these English terms can also refer to the [[Mongol Empire]] or the [[Yuan dynasty]] in the 13th and the 14th centuries. In Mongolian chronicles this period is also known as ''The Forty and the Four'', meaning forty tumen eastern Mongols (Eastern Mongolia) and four tumen [[Western Mongols]].<ref>In the 17th century the memory of the Yuan had faded among the Mongols, although editors of chronicles described in the 18th century mentioned clearly that Kublai was the founder of the Yuan dynasty. For details, see [https://qir.kyushu-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2324/9498/1/scs14p065.pdf]</ref> Furthermore, Mongolian [[historiographers|historiography]] also use the term "Period of political disunion" and "Period of small [[khagan]]s" etc.

==History==

=== Retreating to Mongolia (1368–1388) ===
The [[Mongols]] under [[Kublai Khan]] (r. 1260–94) of the [[Mongol Empire]] (1206–1368), a grandson of [[Genghis Khan]] (r. 1206–27), had [[Conquest Dynasties|conquered]] all of [[China]] by eliminating the [[Southern Song dynasty]] in 1276 and destroyed the last Chinese resistance in 1279. The Mongol [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368) ruled all of China for about a century. However, the Mongols dominated [[North China]] for more than 140 years, starting from the time when the Jurchen [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] was annihilated. Nevertheless, when the [[Han Chinese]] people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the ensuing famines since the late 1340s, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of the support from people. In 1351, the [[Red Turban Rebellion]] started and grew into a nationwide turmoil. Eventually, [[Zhu Yuanzhang]], a [[China|Chinese]] peasant established the [[Ming dynasty]] in [[Northern and southern China|South China]], and sent an army toward the Yuan capital [[Khanbaliq]] or Dadu (present-day [[Beijing]]) in 1368. [[Toghon Temür]] (r. 1333–70), the last ruler of the Yuan, fled north to [[Shangdu]] (located in present-day [[Inner Mongolia]]) from Dadu in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the Míng dynasty (1368–1644). He had tried to regain Dadu, but eventually failed; he died in [[Yingchang]] (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death.

The Yuan remnants retreated to [[Mongolia]] after the fall of Yingchang to the [[Ming dynasty]] in 1370, where the name Great Yuan was formally carried on, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty or simply Northern Yuan. The Genghisid rulers of the Northern Yuan also buttressed their claim on China,<ref>John Man- The Great Wall: The Extraordinary Story of China's Wonder of the World, p. 183</ref><ref>The Cambridge History of China, Vol 7, pg 193, 1988</ref> and held tenaciously to the title of [[Emperor]] (or [[Great Khan]]) of the Great Yuan (Dai Yuwan Khaan, or 大元可汗)<ref>Carney T.Fisher, "Smallpox, Sales-men, and Sectarians: Ming-Mongol relations in the Jiang-jing reign (1552–67)", Ming studies 25</ref> to resist the Ming who had by this time become the real ruler of China. According to the traditional Chinese political orthodoxy, there could be only one legitimate dynasty whose rulers were blessed by Heaven to rule as [[Emperor of China]] (see [[Mandate of Heaven]]), so the Ming also denied the Yuan remnants' legitimacy as emperors of China, although the Ming did consider the previous Yuan which it had succeeded to be a legitimate dynasty.

The Ming army pursued the Mongol forces of the Northern Yuan into Mongolia in 1372, but were defeated by the latter under [[Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara|Ayushridar]] (r. 1370–78) and his general [[Köke Temür]] (d. 1375). In 1375, [[Naghachu]], a Mongol official of Biligtu Khan (Ayushridara) in [[Liaoyang]] province invaded [[Liaodong]] with aims of restoring the Mongols to power. Although he continued to hold southern [[Manchuria]], [[Ming military campaign against Naghachu|Naghachu finally surrendered to the Ming dynasty]] in 1387–88 after a successful diplomacy of the latter.<ref>Willard J. Peterson, John King Fairbank, Denis Twitchett- The Cambridge History of China, vol7, p. 158</ref> The Yuan loyalists under Kublaid prince [[Basalawarmi]] (the [[Prince of Liang]]) in [[Yunnan]] and [[Guizhou]] were also [[Ming conquest of Yunnan|destroyed]] by the Ming in 1381-82.<ref>Raoul Naroll, Vern L. Bullough, Frada Naroll-Military deterrence in history: a pilot cross-historical survey, p. 97</ref>

The Ming tried again towards the Northern Yuan in 1380, ultimately winning a [[Battle of Buyur Lake|decisive victory over Mongol forces around the Buir Lake]] region in 1388. About 70,000 Mongols were taken prisoner and the Mongol [[capital city|capital]] [[Karakorum]] was sacked and destroyed.<ref>Michael Prawdin, The Mongol Empire, its Rise and Legacy p. 389. Collier-MacMillan Ltd. Toronto</ref> It effectively destroyed the power of the Khaan's Mongols for a long time, and allowed the Western Mongols to become supreme.<ref>H.H.Howorth-History of the Mongols, part I. The Mongols proper and the Kalmuks</ref>

[[Field gun]]s and [[hand cannon]]s were used by the Northern Yuan army.

=== Rise of the Oirats (1388–1478) ===
{{See also|Four Oirat}}
[[File:Mongolia XVII.png|thumb|Location of the Oirats]]

In 1388, the Northern Yuan throne was taken over by [[Jorightu Khan Yesüder|Yesüder]], a descendant of [[Arik Böke]] ([[Tolui]]'s son), instead of the descendants of [[Kublai Khan]]. After the death of his master [[Togus Temur]] (r. 1378–88), Gunashiri, a descendant of [[Chagatai Khan]], founded his own small state called [[Kara Del]] in [[Hami City|Hami]].<ref>Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Reuven Amitai, David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p. 294</ref> The following century saw a succession of Chinggisid rulers, many of whom were mere figureheads put on the throne by those warlords who happened to be the most powerful. From the end of the 14th century there appear designations such as "period of small kings" (''Бага хаадын үе'') for this period in modern historiography.<ref>Bat-Ochir Bold - Mongolian nomadic society, p. 93</ref> On one side stood the [[Oirats]] (or Western Mongols) in the west against the [[Khorchin|Eastern Mongols]]. While the Oirats drew their side to the descendants of Arik Boke and other princes, [[Arugtai]] of the [[Asud]] supported the old Yuan khans. Another force was the [[House of Ogedei]] who briefly attempted to reunite the Mongols under their rule.

The Mongols split into three main groups: western Mongols, the Mongol groups under the [[Uriankhai]] in northeast, and the Eastern Mongols between the two. The Uriankhai and some Borjigin princes surrendered to the Ming dynasty in the 1390s. The Ming divided them into Three Guards: Doyin, Tai'nin and Fuyu.

Periods of conflict with the Ming dynasty intermingled with periods of peaceful relations with border trade. In 1402, [[Örüg Temür Khan]] (Guilichi) abolished the name Great Yuan;<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of China|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=69EbKf6JrxYC&lpg=PA427&ots=f7dzeIM75i&dq=In%201402%2C%20%C3%96r%C3%BCg%20Tem%C3%BCr%20Khan%20%20abolished%20the%20name%20Great%20Yuan&hl=de&pg=PA427#v=onepage&q=In%201402,%20%C3%96r%C3%BCg%20Tem%C3%BCr%20Khan%20%20abolished%20the%20name%20Great%20Yuan&f=false|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> he was however defeated by [[Öljei Temür Khan]] (Bunyashiri, r. 1403–12), the [[protege]] of [[Tamerlane]] (d. 1405) in 1403. Most of the Mongol noblemen under Arugtai [[Mongolian nobility|chingsang]] sided with Oljei Temur. Under [[Yongle Emperor|Yongle]] (r. 1402–24) the [[Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols|Ming dynasty intervened aggressively against any overly powerful leader]], exacerbating the Mongol-Oirat conflict. In 1409 Oljei Temur and Arugtai [[battle of Kherlen|crushed a Ming army]], so that Yongle personally attacked the two on the [[Kherlen River]]. After the death of Oljei Temur, the Oirats under their leader Bahamu ([[Mahmud]]) (d. 1417) enthroned an Arik-Bokid, [[Delbeg Khan]] in 1412. Although, the Ming encouraged the Oirats to fight against the Eastern Mongols, they withdrew their support when the Oirats became powerful. After 1417 Arugtai became dominant again, and Yongle campaigned against him in 1422 and 1423. Bahamu's successor Toghan pushed Arugtai east of the [[Greater Khingan]] range in 1433. The Oirats killed him in the west of [[Baotou]] the next year. Arugtai's ally [[Adai Khan]] (r. 1425–38) made a last stand in [[Ejene]] before he was murdered too.

Toghan died in the very year of his victory over Adai. His son [[Esen Tayishi|Esen]] (r. 1438–54) brought the Oirats to the height of their power. Under his Chinggisid puppet khans, he drove back the [[Moghulistan]] monarchs and crushed the Three Guards, Kara Del and the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]. In 1449 he [[Tumu Crisis|captured]] the Ming's [[Zhengtong Emperor]], bringing about a wholescale collapse of the Ming northern defence line.<ref>D.Morgan-The Mongols, p. 178</ref> Esen and his father ruled as taishis of Chinggisid khans but after executing the rebellious khan [[Tayisung Khan|Tayisung]] (r. 1433–53) and his brother [[Agbarjin]] in 1453, Esen took the title khan himself.<ref>Ph. de Heer-The care-taker emperor, p. 99</ref> He was, however, soon overthrown by his chingsang Alag. His death broke up the role of the Oirats until they revived in the early 17th century.

From Esen's death to 1481 different [[warlord]]s of the [[Kharchin]], the [[Belgutei]]ds and [[Ordos Mongols|Ordos]] fought over succession and had their Chinggisid Khans enthroned. The Mongolian chroniclers call some of them the [[Uyghurs]] and they might have some ties with the Hami oasis.<ref>C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p. 408</ref> During his reign, [[Manduulun Khan]] (1475–78) effectively won over most of the Mongol warlords before he died in 1478.

=== Restoration (1479–1600) ===

====Second reunion====

Manduul's (Manduulun) young [[khatun]] [[Mandukhai]] proclaimed as khan a boy named [[Dayan Khan|Batumongke]]. The new khan, as a descendant of [[Genghis Khan]], took the title ''Dayan'' meaning the "Great Yuan", with reference to the [[Yuan dynasty]].<ref>[http://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/recordID/9498 Memory of the Dai Yuan ulus (the Great Yuan dynasty)]</ref> Mandukhai and Dayan Khan overthrew Oirat [[:wikt:supremacy|supremacy]]. At first the new rulers operated with the taishi system. The taishis mostly ruled the [[Yellow River]] Mongols. However, one of them killed Dayan Khan's son and revolted when Dayan Khan appointed his son, Ulusbold, as [[jinong]] (crown prince) over them. Dayan Khan finally defeated the southwestern Mongols in 1510 with the assistance of his allies, Unebolad wang and the [[Four Oirats]].<ref>Ming shi, pp. 378</ref> Making another of his sons jinong, he abolished old-Yuan court titles of taishi, chingsang, pingchan and chiyuan.

The Ming dynasty closed border-trade and killed his envoys. Dayan invaded China and subjugated the Three Guards, tributaries of the Ming. The Oirats assisted his campaign in China. The high point of Mongol power came again in 1517, when Dayan Khan moved on Beijing itself. The Mongolian armies raided the Ming dynasty not only in the north, but also in the hitherto quiet west. The Ming's [[Zhengde Emperor]] lost his protectorate Hami to the Turpans at the same time. In 1542 Dayan Khan defeated Chinese troops just before his death.<ref>Gérard Chaliand-Nomadic empires: from Mongolia to the Danube, p.102</ref> The [[Tümed]] Mongols ruled in the [[Ordos Loop|Ordos]] region and they gradually extended their domain into northeastern [[Qinghai]].<ref>[http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/e-books/unpublished_manuscripts/survey_tibetan_history/chapter_4.html W.D.Shakabpa, Tibet: A Political History]</ref>

By that time, the Northern Yuan stretched from the [[Siberia]]n [[tundra]] and [[Lake Baikal]] in the north, across the [[Gobi]], to the edge of the [[Yellow River]] and south of it into the Ordos. The lands extended from the forests of [[Manchuria]] in the East past the [[Altai Mountains]] and out onto the steppes of [[Central Asia]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0307407152 Jack Weatherford-The Secret History of the Mongol Queens]</ref>

====Administrative divisions====
[[File:Mongolia 1500&nbsp;AD.jpg|thumb|300px|The Tumens of Mongolia Proper and relict states of the Mongol Empire by 1500]]

[[Dayan Khan]] reorganized the Eastern Mongols into six tümens (literally "ten thousand") as follows:

*''Left Wing'':
**[[Khalkha]] tumen: Northern 7 otog: ([[Jalaid]], Besud, [[Eljigin]], [[Gorlos Mongols|Gorlos]], Khökhüid (Khukhuid), Khataghin, and later added [[Uriankhai]]). Southern 5 otog: ([[Baarins|Baarin]], [[Jaruud]], [[Bayads|Bayagud]], Ujeed (Uchirad) and [[Hongirad]]) 
** [[Chahar (Mongols)|Chahar]] tumen: [[Abaga Mongols|Abaga]], [[Abaganar]], [[Aohans|Aokhan]], [[Daurs]], [[Durved]], [[Hishigten]], [[Muumyangan]], [[Naiman (Southern Mongols)|Naiman]], [[Onnigud]], [[Huuchid]], [[Sunud]], [[Uzemchin]], and [[Urad Mongols|Urad]]<ref>Bat-Ochir Bold-Mongolian nomadic society, p. 170</ref>
**[[Uriankhai]] tumen. This tumen was later dissolved.
*''Right Wing'':
**[[Ordos Mongols|Ordos]] tumen:
**[[Tümed]] tümen:
**Yünsheebüü (Yöngshiyebü) tümen: (including [[Asud]] and [[Kharchin]])
*''[[Four Oirat|Four tümen Oirats]]'':
**[[Choros]], [[Olots]], [[Durvud]], [[Khoid]], [[Baatud]], [[Torghut]], [[Khoshut]], Ur (Ör) Mongol, [[Barga Mongols]] and [[Buryats]]. The Barga and Buryats later became subject of Khalkha.

They functioned both as military units and as tribal administrative bodies who hoped to receive taijis, descended from Dayan Khan. Northern Khalkha people and Uriyankhan were attached to the South Khalkha of eastern Inner Mongolia and Doyin Uriyangkhan of the Three Guards, respectively. After the rebellion of the northern Uriankhai people, they were conquered in 1538 and mostly annexed by the northern Khalkha. However, his decision to divide the Six tumens to his sons, or taijis, and local tabunangs-sons in law of the taijis created a decentralized system of [[Borjigin]] rule that secured domestic peace and outward expansion for a century. Despite this decentralization there was a remarkable concord within the Dayan Khanid aristocracy.

====Last reunion====
[[File:ErdeneZuuKhiidTemple.jpg|thumb|Temple at Erdene Zuu monastery established by Abtai Khan in the Khalkha heartland in the 16th century.]]

By 1540 new regional circles of Chingisid taijis and local tabunangs (imperial sons-in law) of the taijis emerged in all the former Dayan Khanid domains. The Khagan and the jinong had titular authority over the three right wing tumens. [[Darayisung Gödeng Khan]]/Daraisun Guden khagan (r. 1547–57) had to grant titles of khans to his cousins [[Altan Khan|Altan]], ruling the Tumed, and Bayaskhul, ruling the Kharchin. The decentralized peace among the Mongols was based on religious and cultural unity created by Chinggisid [[cult]]s.

A series of smallpox epidemics and lack of trade forced the Mongols to repeatedly plunder the districts of China. In 1571 the Ming opened trade with the three Right Wing Tumens. The large-scale conversion to [[Buddhism]] in the Right Wing Tumens from 1575 on built on the amity of the Chinggisids. [[Tümen Jasagtu Khan]] appointed a [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan]] [[Buddhist]] chaplain of the Karma-pa order. In 1580 northern Khalkha proclaimed their leading Dayan Khanid prince, [[Abtai Sain Khan]], as khan. Representatives from all Mongols, including Oirats, constituted the court of Tümen Jasagtu Khan, who had conquered Koko Nur and codified a new law.<ref>Our great Qing: the Mongols, Buddhism and the state in late imperial China By Johan Elverskog, p. 68</ref>

By the end of the 16th century, the Three Guards lost their existence as a distinct group. Their Fuyu was absorbed by the Khorchin after they had moved to the [[Nonni River]]. Two other, Doyin and Tai'nin, were absorbed by the Five Khalkhas.<ref>Willard J. Peterson, John King Fairbank, Denis C. Twitchett-The Cambridge history of China: The Ch'ing empire to 1800, Volume 9, p. 16</ref>

===Fall (1600–1635)===
[[File:Tsogtiin tsagaan baishin.JPG|thumb|[[White House of Tsogt Taij]] (White Castle)" was built in 1601.]]

In the 17th century, the Mongols came under the influence of the [[Manchus]], who founded the [[Qing dynasty]]. The princes of [[Khorchin]], Jarud and southern Khalkha Mongols made a formal alliance with the Manchus from 1612 to 1624.<ref>Evelyn S. Rawski-The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions , p. 493</ref> Resenting this suborning of his subjects, [[Ligdan Khan]], the last Khagan<ref>John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, Robert A. F. Thurman-The Circle of Bliss, p. 48</ref> in Chahar, unsuccessfully attacked them in 1625. He appointed his officials over the tumens and formed an elite military band to coerce opposition. The massive rebellion broke out in 1628. The Chahar under Ligdan defeated their combined armies and the Manchu auxiliary at Zhaocheng but fled a large Manchu punitive expedition. Only [[Tsogt Taiji]] (1581–1637) supported the Great Khan whilst other nobles of Khalkha remained neutral and inactive. Ligdan died on his way to [[Tibet]] to punish the dGe-lugs-pa order in 1634. His son, [[Ejei Khan]], surrendered to the Manchus and was said to give the [[Imperial Seal of the Mongols|imperial seal of the Yuan rulers]] to Qing emperor [[Huang Taiji]] the next year (February 1635), ending the Northern Yuan.<ref>Ann Heirman, Stephan Peter Bumbacher- The spread of Buddhism, p. 395</ref>

After the death of [[Dayan Khan]] most of Mongolia came under the rule of descendents of his youngest son, Gersendze Huangtaizi (Gersenz huntaij). By the early 17th century these formed four Khanates, from west to east:
*The [[Altan Khan of Khalkha|Altan Khans of Khotogoid]]s in the far west, founded by Sholoi Ubashi,great grandson of Geresandza.
*The Dzasagtu Khans, khanate founded by Laikhor-khan, a cousin of the Altan Khan.
*The Tushetu Khans at [[Ulaanbaatar]] founded by Abatai, another grandson.  This was the senior branch.
*The Sechen Khans at the eastern end of modern Mongolia, founded by Sholoi, a great-grandson.

In the north, from 1583, Russian adventurers gained control of the forest tribes of Siberia but did not attempt to interfere with the numerous and warlike peoples south of the forests. They had some dealings with the Altan Khan who is said to have introduced them to [[Tea in Russia|Chinese tea]].

To the east, in 1582–1626, [[Nurhaci]] unified the tribes of Manchuria. His son, [[Huang Taiji]] (1626–1643) consolidated the new state and incorporated parts of Inner Mongolia. At his death [[Dorgon]] became regent for his 6-year-old son and was in charge when the Manchus took Beijing and founded the [[Qing dynasty]] (1644).

To the west in Dzungaria, about 1600–1620 the [[Oirats]] became united under [[Khara Khula]] and formed the [[Dzungar Khanate]].This unification was partly driven by their wars with the Altan Khans.

The Qing completely exterminated one branch (Ligdan Khan's descendants) of the Borjigids after an anti-Qing revolt in 1675 by Ejei's brother Abunai and Abunai's son Borni against the Qing.<ref name="LiCribb2014">{{cite book|author1=Narangoa Li|author2=Robert Cribb|title=Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590-2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&dq=burni+manchu&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8nHUVL3CJeK1sATpxILIBw&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=burni%20manchu&f=false|date=13 May 2014|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-53716-2|pages=51–}}</ref> The Qing Emperors then placed the Chahar Mongols under their direct rule.

===Aftermath===
{{See also|Dzungar–Qing War}}
In 1662 the Altan Khan attacked and put to death his eastern neighbor. This caused the senior Tushetu Khan to drive him out, but he was restored with Dzungar and Qing support. In 1682 he was captured by the next Dzashgtu Khan and his Khanate disappeared from history. The loss of the westernmost Khalkha Khanate opened the way for the Dzungars. In 1672 [[Galdan Boshugtu Khan|Galdan]] became Khan of the Dzungars. After conquering the northern [[Tarim Basin]] from [[Kashgar]] to [[Hami City|Hami]] he began to dream of uniting the Mongols although as an Oirat Khan he was of non-Chingisid lineage unlike the Khans of the Khalkha Mongols.

The [[Dzungar people|Dzungars]] in the [[Dzungar Khanate]] actively tried to resist the [[Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]]. The Oirat Dzungar leader [[Erdeni Batur]] and Buddhist monk [[Zaya Pandita]] tried to form an alliance of Oirats and Khalkhas against the Qing and [[Russian Empire]], drawing up a single legal code for all the Mongols, banning Shamanism, and declaring Tibetan Buddhism to be the sole religion of the Mongol peoples, by calling up a Kurultai (Congress) in 1640 which Dzungar Oirats, Khoshut Oirats from Qinghai (Kokonor), Torghut Oirats, Khalkha Mongols, and Tibetans attended.<ref>{{cite book|title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang|issue=|first=James A.|last=Millward|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA90&dq=pan+mongol+zunghar#v=onepage&q=pan%20mongol%20zunghar&f=false|page=90|isbn=0231139241|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde|issue=|first1=Ruth W.|last1=Dunnell|first2=Mark C.|last2=Elliott|first3=Philippe|last3=Foret|first4=James A|last4=¥Millward|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&pg=PA99&dq=pan+mongol+zunghar#v=onepage&q=pan%20mongol%20zunghar&f=false|page=99|isbn=1134362226|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing|issue=|first=Yingcong|last=Dai|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=illustrated|year=2009|publisher=University of Washington Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA44&dq=pan+mongol+zunghar|page=44|isbn=0295989521|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864|issue=|first=James A.|last=Millward|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=illustrated|year=1998|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA28&dq=pan+mongol+zunghar#v=onepage&q=pan%20mongol%20zunghar&f=false|page=28|isbn=0804729336|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000|issue=|first=Jeremy|last=Black|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=xpI_YYtvlCAC&pg=PT420&dq=1640+pan+mongol#v=onepage&q=1640%20pan%20mongol&f=false|page=|isbn=0300147694|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Travel and transcendence: Lamaist expansion in the Himalayan kingdoms|issue=|first=Lars Thomas|last=Rodseth|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=1993|publisher=University of Michigan.|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jYkeAQAAMAAJ&dq=pan+mongol+zunghar&q=pan+mongol+|page=106|isbn=|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Central Asia in World History|issue=|first=Peter B.|last=Golden|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lRZwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118&dq=1640+pan+mongol#v=onepage&q=1640%20pan%20mongol&f=false|page=118|isbn=019972203X|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Thinking Past: Questions and Problems in World History to 1750|issue=|first1=Adrian|last1=Cole|first2=Stephen|last2=Ortega|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3a1GBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA508&dq=1640+pan+mongol#v=onepage&q=1640%20pan%20mongol&f=false|page=508|isbn=0199794626|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600-1771|series=G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series|issue=|first=|last=|editor-first=Michael|editor-last=Khodarkovsky|edition=illustrated, revised|year=2006|publisher=Cornell University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wQ_EsrVElhIC&pg=PA38&dq=1640+pan+mongol#v=onepage&q=1640%20pan%20mongol&f=false|page=38|isbn=0801473403|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650-1831|issue=|author=Davis Center for Russian Studies Harvard University John P. LeDonne Senior Research Associate|first=|last=|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=oMpmAjRFh88C&pg=PA33&dq=1640+zunghar#v=onepage&q=1640%20zunghar&f=false|page=33|isbn=0195347692|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|issue=|first=Peter C|last=Perdue|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=107|isbn=0674042026|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia|volume=Volume 74 of Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East|issue=|first=Alan J. K.|last=Sanders|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=3, illustrated|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&pg=PA371#v=onepage&q&f=false|pages=371, 379|isbn=0810874520|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|issue=|first=|last=|editor-first=S. Frederick|editor-last=Starr|edition=|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA50&dq=1640+zunghar#v=onepage&q=1640%20zunghar&f=false|page=50|isbn=076563192X|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road, and the Rise of Modern China|issue=|first=Eric|last=Tamm|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=2013|publisher=Counterpoint|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kbpG8QEguXEC&pg=PT183&dq=1640+zunghar#v=onepage&q=1640%20zunghar&f=false|page=|isbn=1582438765|accessdate=1 February 2014| ref=harv }}</ref>

Galdan allied with the Zasagtu Khan against the Tushetu Khan, who in turn attacked the Dzashgtu Khan (who drowned while trying to escape) and then invaded Dzungar territory where he killed one of Galdan's brothers. Galdan responded (1688) by annihilating the Tushetu Khan's army near the [[Tarim River]] and plundering the tombs at [[Karakoram]]. The Tushetu Khan and the other Khalkha leaders fled to [[Hohhot]] at the northeast corner of the [[Ordos Loop]] and begged for Qing help. By 1690 Galdan controlled the whole Khalkha country as far as the edge of Manchuria and turned south toward Beijing. This direct threat to the Qing led the [[Kangxi Emperor]] (Enh-Amgalan khaan-in Mongolian) to block Galdan who withdrew to the northwest in late 1690. In May 1691 the Emperor held a [[Kurultai]] at [[Dolon Nor]] (Dolonnuur) where the Khalkha chiefs declared themselves vassals of the Qing Emperors. In 1695 Galdan moved east again. The Emperor sent a massive army and defeated him near [[Ulan Bator]] (at [[Battle of Jao Modo|Jao Modo]] or [[Zuunmod]] on June 12, 1696). Galdan fled with a few followers and later died.  Outer Mongolia was thus incorporated into the Qing Empire, and the Khalkha leaders returned to Outer Mongolia as Qing vassals. A Qing garrison was installed at Ulaanbaatar.  The Qing forces occupied [[Hami City|Hami]] but did not advance into Dzungaria. [[Oirats]] later expanded into Tibet and Kazakhstan and they tried to control all [[Mongols]].

== See also ==
 {{commons category|Northern Yuan dynasty}}
* [[List of khans of the Northern Yuan dynasty]]
* [[List of Mongol states]]
* [[Mongol Empire]]
* [[Yuan dynasty]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Northern Yuan dynasty}}
{{Yuan dynasty topics}}
{{Inner Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Northern Yuan dynasty}}
[[Category:Northern Yuan dynasty| ]]
[[Category:History of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Khaganates]]
[[Category:Mongol states]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1368]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1635]]
[[Category:1360s establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1630s disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Inner Asia]]