Mongol invasions and conquests sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mongol invasions and conquests
| image = [[File:Mongol Empire map.gif|280px|Animated map showing growth of the Mongol Empire]]
| caption = Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206–94
| date = 1206–1337
| place = [[Eurasia]]
| map_type= |map_size= |map_caption=
| territory =
| result = {{longitem|'''Mongols conquer most of Eurasia'''}}
* Establishment of the [[Mongol Empire]]
* Destruction of {{hlist|class=nowraplinks|style=padding-left:1.0em;line-height:1.35em; |[[Alania]] |[[Assassins]] |[[Cumania]] |[[Kingdom of Dali|Dali]] |[[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] |[[Qara Khitai]] |[[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmian Empire]] |[[Kievan Rus']] |[[Kimek Khanate]] |[[Song dynasty]] |[[Mongol invasions of Chechnya|Dzudzurketia {{smaller|(Chechnya)}}]] |[[Tatar confederation]] |[[Volga Bulgaria]] |[[Western Xia]]}}
* [[Vassal]]ization of {{hlist|class=nowraplinks|style=padding-left:1.0em;line-height:1.35em; |[[Principality of Antioch|Antioch]] |[[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenian Cilicia]] |[[County of Tripoli]] |[[Kingdom of Dali|Kings of Dali]] |[[Kingdom of Georgia]]|[[Goryeo]] |[[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]] |[[Pskov Republic|Pskov]] |[[Kingdom of Qocho|Qocho]] |[[Sultanate of Rum|Rum]] |[[Second Bulgarian Empire]] |[[Sukhothai Kingdom]] |[[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]]| [[Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)|Serbia]]|}}
* Devastation of {{hlist|class=nowraplinks|style=padding-left:1.0em;line-height:1.35em; |Eastern [[Fragmented Poland|Poland]] |[[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] | [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] |[[Great Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] |[[Byzantine Thrace|Thrace]]}}
* {{longitem|Incomplete conquest of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]}}
* {{longitem|Failure to subjugate [[Kamakura shogunate|Japan]] and the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]]}}
* Emergence of the ''[[Pax Mongolica]]''
}}
{{Campaignbox Mongol invasions}}

'''Mongol invasions and conquests''' took place throughout the 13th century, resulting in the vast [[Mongol Empire]], which by 1300 covered much of [[Asia]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. Historians{{which?|date=January 2017}} regard the [[destruction under the Mongol Empire]] as results of some of the [[List of wars and disasters by death toll|deadliest]] conflicts in human history. In addition, Mongol expeditions brought the [[bubonic plague]] along with them, spreading it across much of Asia and Europe and helping cause massive loss of life in the [[Black Death]] of the 14th century.<ref>Robert Tignor et al. ''Worlds Together, Worlds Apart A History of the World: From the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present'' (2nd ed. 2008) ch 11 pp 472-75 and map p 476-77</ref>{{qn|date=January 2017}}<ref>
Compare: {{cite journal
| last1                 = Barras
| first1                = Vincent
| last2                 = Greub
| first2                = Gilbert
| title                 = History of biological warfare and bioterrorism
| url                   = http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1198743X14641744/1-s2.0-S1198743X14641744-main.pdf?_tid=b308b1d0-d874-11e6-842a-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1484190821_11cc6eb3f2e18724b5706065c4f78ce6
| journal               = Clinical Microbiology and Infection
| publication-date      = June 2014
| volume                = 20
| issue                 = 6
| page                  = 498
| access-date           = 2017-01-12
| quote                 = In the Middle Ages, a famous although controversial example is offered by the siege of Caffa (now Feodossia in Ukraine/Crimea), a Genovese outpost on the Black Sea coast, by the Mongols. In 1346, the attacking army experienced an epidemic of bubonic plague. The Italian chronicler Gabriele de’ Mussi, in his ''Istoria de Morbo sive Mortalitate quae fuit Anno Domini 1348'', describes quite plausibly how the plague was transmitted by the Mongols by throwing diseased cadavers with catapults into the besieged city, and how ships transporting Genovese soldiers, fleas and rats fleeing from there brought it to the Mediterranean ports. Given the highly complex epidemiology of plague, this interpretation of the Black Death (which might have killed > 25 million people in the following years throughout Europe) as stemming from a specific and localized origin of the Black Death remains controversial. Similarly, it remains doubtful whether the effect of throwing infected cadavers could have been the sole cause of the outburst of an epidemic in the besieged city.
}}
</ref><ref>Andrew G. Robertson, and Laura J. Robertson. "From asps to allegations: biological warfare in history," ''Military medicine'' (1995) 160#8 pp: 369-373.</ref>{{qn|date=January 2017}}<ref>Rakibul Hasan, "Biological Weapons: covert threats to Global Health Security." ''Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies'' (2014) 2#9 p 38. [http://www.ajms.co.in/sites/ajms/index.php/ajms/article/viewFile/559/488 online]</ref>{{dead link|date=January 2017}}

The Mongol Empire developed in the course of the 13th century through a series of conquests and invasions throughout Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. In contrast with later empires such as the British, which can be defined as [[thalassocracy | "empires of the sea"]], the Mongol empire was an empire of the land, a tellurocracy,<ref>
{{cite book
| last1                 = Dugin
| first1                = Alexander
| author-link1          = Aleksandr Dugin
| origyear              = 2012
| translator1-last      = Bryant
| translator1-first     = John
| chapter               = 1: Toward a Geopolitics of Russia's Future
| title                 = Last War of the World-Island: The Geopolitics of Contemporary Russia
| location              = London
| publisher             = Arktos
| publication-date      = 2015
| page                  = 4
| isbn                  = 9781910524374
| accessdate            = 2017-01-11
| quote                 = Historically, Russians did not immediately realize the significance of their location and only accepted the baton of tellurocracy ''after the Mongolian conquests of Ghengis Khan'', whose empire was a model of tellurocracy. 
}}
</ref>
fuelled by the grass supporting Mongol cavalry and cattle.<ref name="newyorker">
[http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/04/25/invaders-3|Invaders|The New Yorker] "Of necessity, the Mongols did most of their conquering and plundering during the warmer seasons, when there was sufficient grass for their herds. [...] Fuelled by grass, the Mongol empire could be described as solar-powered; it was an empire of the land. Later empires, such as the British, moved by ship and were wind-powered, empires of the sea. The American empire, if it is an empire, runs on oil and is an empire of the air.
</ref>
Thus most Mongol conquering and plundering took place during the warmer seasons, when there was sufficient grass for the herds.<ref name="newyorker"/>

[[Tartary|Tartar]] and Mongol [[List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Russian states|raids against Russian states]] continued well beyond the [[Division of the Mongol Empire|start of the Mongol Empire's fragmentation]] around 1260. Elsewhere, the Mongols' territorial gains in China continued into the 14th century under the [[Yuan dynasty]], while those in Persia persisted into the 15th century under the [[Timurid Empire]]. In India, a Mongol state survived into the 19th century in the form of the [[Mughal Empire]].

== Central Asia ==
{{main article|Mongol invasion of Central Asia}}
[[File:Bataille de vâliyân (1221).jpeg|thumb|left|Battle of Vâliyân against the [[Khwarazmian dynasty]].]]

[[Genghis Khan]] forged the initial [[Mongol Empire]] in [[Central Asia]], starting with the unification of the Mongol and Turkic confederations such as [[Merkit]]s, Tartars, and Mongols. The [[Kingdom of Qocho|Uighur Buddhist Qocho Kingdom]] surrendered and joined the empire. He then continued expansion of the empire via [[Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai|conquest of the Qara Khitai]]<ref>Sinor, Denis. 1995. “Western Information on the Kitans and Some Related Questions”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 115 (2). American Oriental Society: 262–69. doi:10.2307/604669.</ref> and the [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|Khwarazmian dynasty]].

Large areas of [[Islam in Central Asia|Islamic Central Asia]] and northeastern Iran were seriously depopulated,<ref>[http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/asia/western/AD1250-1500 World Timelines - Western Asia - AD 1250-1500 Later Islamic]</ref> as every city or town that resisted the Mongols was subject to destruction. Each soldier was required to execute a certain number of persons, with the number varying according to circumstances. For example, after the conquest of [[Konye-Urgench|Urgench]], each Mongol warrior – in an army group that might have consisted of two [[Tumen (unit)|tumen]]s (units of 10,000) – was required to execute 24 people.<ref>"[https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm Central Asian world cities]", University of Washington.</ref>{{Better source|date=March 2016}}

Against the [[Alans]] and the [[Cumans]] (Kipchaks), the Mongols used divide and conquer tactics by first telling the Cumans to stop allying with the Alans and after the Cumans followed their suggestion the Mongols then attacked the Cumans<ref>SINOR, DENIS. 1999. “THE MONGOLS IN THE WEST”. Journal of Asian History 33 (1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 1–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41933117.</ref> after defeating the Alans.<ref>Halperin, Charles J.. 2000. “The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 63 (2). Cambridge University Press: 235. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1559539.</ref> Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former [[Kingdom of Qocho]] and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).<ref name="Rossabi1983">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&pg=PA255&dq=alan+guard+mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivmrKkwuHKAhWHuhoKHfEPCLYQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=alan%20guard%20mongols&f=false|year=1983|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04562-0|pages=255–}}</ref>

During the Mongol attack on the Mamluks in the Middle East, most of the Mamluks were made out of Kipchaks and the Golden Horde's supply of Kipchaks replenished the Mamluk armies and helped them fight off the Mongols.<ref>Halperin, Charles J.. 2000. “The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 63 (2). Cambridge University Press: 229–45. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1559539.</ref>

Hungary became a refuge after the Mongol invasions for fleeing Cumans.<ref>Howorth, H. H.. 1870. “On the Westerly Drifting of Nomades, from the Fifth to the Nineteenth Century. Part III. The Comans and Petchenegs”. The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1869-1870) 2 (1). [Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Wiley]: 83–95. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3014440.</ref>

The de-centralized stateless Kipchaks only converted to Islam after the Mongol conquest unlike the centralized Karakhanid entity made out of the Yaghma, Qarluqs, and the Oghuz who converted to world religions.<ref>Golden, Peter B.. 1998. “Religion Among the Q1pčaqs of Medieval Eurasia”. Central Asiatic Journal 42 (2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 180–237. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41928154.</ref>

The Mongol conquest of the Kipchaks led to a merged society with the Mongol ruling class over a Kipchak speaking population which came to be known as Tatar and which eventually absorbed other ethnicities on the Crimean peninsula like Armenians, Italians, Greeks, and Goths to form the modern day [[Crimean Tatar people]].<ref>Williams, Brian Glyn. 2001. “The Ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars. An Historical Reinterpretation”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11 (3). Cambridge University Press: 329–48. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188176.</ref>

== West Asia ==
<!--Linked from [[Mongol invasion of the Middle East]] and [[Citadel of Arbil]]-->
[[File:Bagdad1258.jpg|thumb|[[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Siege of Baghdad]] in 1258.]]
{{main article|Mongol invasions of the Levant|Mongol invasions of Anatolia|l2=Anatolia|Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran|Siege of Baghdad (1258)|l3=Persia}}

The Mongols conquered, either by force or voluntary submission, the areas today known as Iran, Iraq, Syria, [[Caucasus]] and parts of Turkey, with further Mongol raids reaching southwards as far as [[Gaza City|Gaza]] into the [[Palestine region]] in 1260 and 1300. The major battles were the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)]], when the Mongols sacked the city which for 500 years had been the center of Islamic power; and the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] in 1260, when the Muslim Kipchak [[Mamluk]]s were for the first time able to stop the Mongol advance at Ain Jalut in the southern part of the [[Galilee]]. One thousand northern Chinese engineer squads accompanied the Mongol Khan Hulagu during his conquest of the Middle East.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA510&dq=mongol+invasion+hungary+chinese+gunpowder&hl=en&ei=XGwzTuH4Ccb20gHbgtGQDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |author=Josef W. Meri|editor=Josef W. Meri|accessdate=2011-11-28 |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=2005 |month= |publisher=Psychology Press |location= |language= |isbn=0-415-96690-6 |page=510 |pages= |quote=This called for the employment of engineers to engaged in mining operations, to build siege engines and artillery, and to concoct and use incendiary and explosive devices. For instance, Hulagu, who led Mongol forces into the Middle East during the second wave of the invasions in 1250, had with him a thousand squads of engineers, evidently of north Chinese (or perhaps Khitan) provenance. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&pg=PA510&dq=mongol+invasion+hungary+chinese+gunpowder&hl=en&ei=XGwzTuH4Ccb20gHbgtGQDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=mongol%20invasion%20hungary%20chinese%20gunpowder&f=false|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index |author=Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach|editor=Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach|accessdate=2011-11-28 |edition=illustrated |series= |volume=Volume 2 of Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |date= |year=2006 |month= |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location= |language= |isbn=0-415-96692-2 |page=510 |pages= |quote=This called for the employment of engineers to engaged in mining operations, to build siege engines and artillery, and to concoct and use incendiary and explosive devices. For instance, Hulagu, who led Mongol forces into the Middle East during the second wave of the invasions in 1250, had with him a thousand squads of engineers, evidently of north Chinese (or perhaps Khitan) provenance. }}</ref>

== East Asia ==
{{main article|Mongol invasions of Korea|l1=Mongol invasions of Korea|Mongol invasion of China|l2=China|Mongol invasions of Japan|Mongol conquest of Tibet|l3=Japan}}
[[File:Bataille entre mongols & chinois (1211).jpeg|thumb|right|[[Battle of Yehuling]] against the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]].]]

Genghis Khan and his descendants launched numerous [[Mongol invasion of China|invasions of China]], subjugating the [[Western Xia]] in 1209 before destroying them in 1227, defeating the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] in 1234 and defeating the [[Song dynasty]] in 1279. They made the [[Kingdom of Dali]] into a vassal state in 1253 after the Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols and helped them conquer the rest of Yunnan, forced Korea to capitulate through [[Mongol invasions of Korea|invasions]], but failed in their attempts to [[Mongol invasions of Japan|invade Japan]].

[[File:Mongol warrior of Genghis Khan.jpg|thumb|left|Mongol warrior on horseback, preparing a mounted archery shot.]]

The Yuan dynasty created a "Han Army" (漢軍) out of defected Jin troops and army of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (新附軍).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8hOgAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA66&dq=han+tumen+khitan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ij8sVefWHaXIsATnqID4AQ&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=han%20tumen%20khitan&f=false Hucker 1985], p.66.</ref>

The Mongol force which invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/606298 Smith, Jr. 1998], p. 54.</ref>

The Mongols' greatest triumph was when [[Kublai Khan]] established the [[Yuan dynasty]] in China in 1271. The top-level government agency [[Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs]] was established to govern [[Tibet]], which was [[Mongol conquest of Tibet|conquered by the Mongols]] and [[Tibet under Yuan rule|put under Yuan rule]]. The Mongols also invaded [[Sakhalin]] between 1264 and 1308. Likewise, Korea ([[Goryeo]]) became a [[Korea under Yuan rule|semi-autonomous vassal state]] and compulsory ally of the Yuan dynasty for about 80 years. The Yuan dynasty was eventually overthrown during the [[Red Turban Rebellion]] in 1368 by the [[Han Chinese]] who gained independence and established the [[Ming dynasty]].

== Southeast Asia ==
{{main article|First Mongol invasion of Burma|l1=First|Second Mongol invasion of Burma|l2= Second Mongol invasion of Burma|Mongol invasions of Vietnam|l3=Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasion of Java|l4=Java}}
[[File:Battle of Bach Dang (1288).jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)|Battle of Bạch Đằng]] against Vietnam.]]

Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty [[First Mongol invasion of Burma|invaded Burma between 1277 and 1287]], resulting in the capitulation and disintegration of the [[Pagan Kingdom]]. However, [[Second Mongol invasion of Burma|the invasion in 1301]] was repulsed by the Burmese [[Myinsaing Kingdom]]. The [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam]] (then known as [[Đại Việt]]) and [[Mongol invasion of Java|Java]] resulted in defeat for the Mongols, although much of [[South Asia]] agreed to pay tribute in order to avoid further bloodshed.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6UHi9JXNokEC&pg=PA120&dq=tran+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XiPNVPrfH4WgNsWpgagC&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=tran%20fujian&f=false Taylor 2013], p. 120.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6UHi9JXNokEC&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false Taylor 2013], p. 103.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gyPjBevBHxcC&pg=PA159&dq=tran+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XiPNVPrfH4WgNsWpgagC&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=tran%20fujian&f=false ed. Hall 2008], [https://books.google.com/books?id=nZaaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159&dq=tran+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XiPNVPrfH4WgNsWpgagC&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=tran%20fujian&f=false p. 159].</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHD4Asj0FagC&pg=PT90&dq=Tran%20Chen%20Fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9AzMVM66BIfbsAShsIDgCQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Tran%20Chen%20Fujian&f=false|title=Sources of Vietnamese Tradition|first1=Jayne|last1=Werner|first2=John K.|last2=Whitmore|first3=George|last3=Dutton|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Gunn 2011">[https://books.google.com/books?id=E10tnvapZt0C&pg=PA112&dq=tran+fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XiPNVPrfH4WgNsWpgagC&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=tran%20fujian&f=false Gunn 2011], p. 112.</ref><ref name="Embree & Lewis 1988">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cNwpAQAAMAAJ&q=tran%20fujian&dq=tran%20fujian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1iPNVKSgKoS4ggTd6oDgCw&ved=0CCIQ6AEwATge|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history|first1=Ainslie Thomas|last1=Embree|first2=Robin Jeanne|last2=Lewis|date=1 January 1988|publisher=Scribner|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Woodside 1971">[https://books.google.com/books?id=0LgSI9UQNpwC&pg=PA8&dq=tran+fukien&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Fi_NVITUN6XjsASAvoKoDg&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=tran%20fukien&f=false Woodside 1971], p. 8.</ref>

== Europe ==
{{main article|Mongol invasion of Europe}}
[[File:Bitwa pod Legnicą.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Battle of Legnica]] took place during the [[first Mongol invasion of Poland]].]][[File:Spisska nova ves...castle.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Mongol invasion in the 13th century]] led to construction of mighty stone castles, such as [[Spiš Castle]] in [[Slovakia]].]]
The Mongols invaded and destroyed [[Volga Bulgaria]] and [[Kievan Rus']], before [[First Mongol invasion of Poland|invading Poland]], [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]], and others. Over the course of three years (1237–1240), the Mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of Russia with the exceptions of [[Novgorod]] and [[Pskov]].<ref name="parallelsixty.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.parallelsixty.com/history-russia.shtml|title=History of Russia from Early Slavs history and Kievan Rus to Romanovs dynasty|publisher=}}</ref>

[[Giovanni da Pian del Carpine]], the Pope's envoy to the Mongol Great Khan, traveled through [[Kiev]] in February 1246 and wrote:{{Quote|text=They [the Mongols] attacked Rus, where they made great havoc, destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men; and they laid siege to Kiev, the capital of Rus; after they had besieged the city for a long time, they took it and put the inhabitants to death. When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground. Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced almost to nothing, for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and the inhabitants are kept in complete slavery.<ref>[https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html The Destruction of Kiev]</ref>|sign=|source=}}

The Mongol invasions induced population displacement on a scale never seen before in central Asia as well as eastern Europe. Word that the Mongol hordes were coming would spread terror and panic.<ref name="Diana Lary 2012 49">{{cite book |author=Diana Lary |title=Chinese Migrations: The Movement of People, Goods, and Ideas over Four Millennia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_FDAXMsq1QC&pg=PT49 |year=2012 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=49}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
{{main article|Timeline of the Mongol Empire}}

*[[Mongol conquest of Western Xia|1205, 1207&ndash;1208, 1209–1210, 1225–1227 invasion of Western Xia]]
* [[History of Siberia#Mongol conquest|1207 conquest of Siberia]]
*[[Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty|1211&ndash;1234 conquest of Jin dynasty]]
*[[Mongol invasion of Central Asia|1216&ndash;1220 conquest of Central Asia and Eastern Persia]]
**[[Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai|1216&ndash;1218 conquest of the Qara Khitai]]
**[[Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran|1219-1220 conquest of Khwarazm]]
*[[Mongol invasions of Georgia and Armenia|1220-1223, 1235&ndash;1330 invasions of Georgia and the Caucasus]]
*[[Battle of the Kalka River|1220&ndash;1224 invasion of the Cumans]]
*[[Mongol invasions of India|1222&ndash;1327 Mongol invasions of India]]
*[[Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria|1223&ndash;1236 invasion of Volga Bulgaria]]
*[[Mongol invasions of Korea|1231&ndash;1259 invasion of Korea]]
* [[Mongol conquest of the Song Dynasty|1235-1279 conquest of Song dynasty]]
*[[Mongol invasion of Europe|1222, 1236&ndash;1242 Mongol invasion of Europe]]
**[[Mongol invasion of Rus|1236&ndash;1242 invasion of Rus]]
***[[Battle of the Sit River|1237-1238 invasion of eastern and northern Rus']]
***[[Siege of Kiev (1240)|1239-1240 invasion of southern and western Rus']]
**[[Mongol invasions of Chechnya|1238-1239 invasion of North Caucasus]]
**1238-1240 invasion of Cumania and Alania
**[[First Mongol invasion of Poland|1241 invasion of Poland and Bohemia;]]
***[[Battle of Legnica|1241 Battle of Legnica]]
**[[Battle of Mohi|1241 invasion of Hungary]]
***[[Battle of Mohi|1241 Battle of Mohi]]
**1241 invasion of Austria and Northeast Italy
**1241&ndash;1242 invasion of Croatia
**[[Mongol invasion of Bulgaria|1242 invasion of Serbia and Bulgaria]]
*[[Mongol invasion of Tibet|1240-1241 invasion of Tibet]]
*[[Battle of Köse Dag|1241&ndash;1244 invasion of Anatolia]]
* 1244-1265 invasion of [[Dali Kingdom]]
*[[Franco-Mongol alliance|1251&ndash;1259 invasion of Persia, Syria and Mesopotamia]]
* 1253-1256 invasion of Yunnan
*[[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|1257, 1284, 1287 invasions of Vietnam]]
*[[Battle of Baghdad (1258)|1258 invasion of Baghdad]]
* [[Second Mongol invasion of Poland|1258&ndash;1260 invasion of Galych-Volhynia, Lithuania and Poland]]
** [[Sacking of Sandomierz (1260)|Sack of Sandomierz]]
*[[Battle of Ain Jalut|1260 Battle of Ain Jalut]]
*[[Mongol invasions of Syria|1260 Mongol raid against Syria]]
*[[Mongol invasion of Thrace|1264&ndash;1265 raid against Bulgaria and Thrace]]
*[[Sakhalin|1264&ndash;1308 invasion of Sakhalin Island]]
*[[Mongol raids into Palestine#Mongol raids during Edward I.27s Crusade .281271.29|1271 raid against Syria]]
*[[Mongol Invasions of Japan|1274, 1281 invasions of Japan]]
*1274 raid against Bulgaria
*1275, 1277 raids against Lithuania
*[[Battle of Abulustayn|1277 battle of Abulustayn]]
*[[Battle of Ngasaunggyan|1277 invasion of Myanmar]]
*[[Second Battle of Homs|1281 invasion of Syria]]
*[[Second Mongol invasion of Hungary|1284&ndash;1285 invasion of Hungary]]
*1285 raid against Bulgaria
*[[Battle of Khmer Empire|1283 invasion of Khmer Empire]]
*[[Battle of Pagan|1287 invasion of Myanmar]]
*[[Third Mongol invasion of Poland|1287&ndash;1288 raids against Poland]]
*[[Mongol invasion of Java|1293 invasion of Java]]
*[[Mongol invasion of Syria (1299)|1299 invasion of Syria]]
*[[Mongol invasion of Myanmar (1300)|1300 Mongol invasion of Myanmar]]
*[[Mongol invasion of Syria (1299)#The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War: 1299-1303|1300 Mongol invasion of Syria]]
*[[Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)|1303 Invasion of Syria]]
*[[Gilan|1307 Mongol invasion of Gilan]]
*1312 Mongol invasion of Syria
*[[Uzbeg Khan|1324, 1337 Mongol raids against Thrace]]
*[[Uzbeg Khan|1337, 1340 Mongol raids against Poland]]

== See also ==
* [[Mongol Empire]]
* [[Timeline of the Mongol Empire]]
* [[Battle of Ain Jalut]]
* [[Battle of the Kalka River]]
* [[Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire]]
* [[Division of the Mongol Empire]]
* [[List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Russian states]]
* [[Mongol and Tatar states in Europe]]
* [[Mongol invasion of Europe]]
* [[Mongol military tactics and organization]]
* [[Tatar invasions]]
* [[Total war and the Mongol Empire]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Boyle, J.A.  ''The Mongol World Enterprise, 1206-1370'' (London 1977)
*Hildinger, Erik.  ''Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700 ''
* May, Timothy. ''The Mongol Conquests in World History'' (London: Reaktion Books, 2011) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=36345 online review]; [http://www.amazon.com/Mongol-Conquests-World-History-Reaktion/dp/1861898673/ excerpt and text search]
* Morgan, David. ''The Mongols'' (2nd ed. 2007)
* Rossabi, Morris. ''The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction'' (Oxford University Press, 2012)
* Saunders, J. J. ''The History of the Mongol Conquests'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Mongol-Conquests-J-Saunders/dp/0812217667/ excerpt and text search]
* {{cite journal |last=Smith, Jr. |first=John Masson |date=Jan–Mar 1998 |title=Review: Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=118 |number=1 |pages=54–62 |doi=10.2307/606298 |jstor=606298}}
* Turnbull, Stephen. ''Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests 1190-1400'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Genghis-Conquests-1190-1400-Essential-Histories/dp/0415968623/ excerpt and text search]

===Primary sources===
* Rossabi, Morris. ''The Mongols and Global History: A Norton Documents Reader'' (2011),

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Mongol conquests}}
* [http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm Worldwide death toll]
* [https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html The Destruction of Kiev]
* [http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Three.html Battuta's Travels: Part Three - Persia and Iraq]
* [https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm Central Asian world cities?]
* [http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/9.htm The Tran Dynasty and the Defeat of the Mongols]

{{Mongol Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mongol Invasions and Conquests}}
[[Category:13th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:14th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mongols]]
[[Category:Expeditionary warfare]]
[[Category:Invasions by the Mongol Empire| ]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mongols]]
[[Category:Human migrations]]