Kurultai sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

{{Refimprove|date=December 2010}}
A '''kurultai''' ([[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: Хуралдай, ''Khuraldai''; [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Kurultay'')<ref group=dn>[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]: Құрылтай, ''Qurıltay''; {{lang-tt|Qorıltay}}; {{lang-ba|Ҡоролтай, ''Qoroltay''}}; {{lang-az|Qurultay}}; {{lang-tk|Gurultaý}}; {{lang-hu|Kurultáj}}</ref> was a political and military council of ancient [[Turks|Turk]] chiefs and [[Khan (title)|khans]] which was later borrowed by [[Mongol peoples]]. The root of the word is "Kur/Khur" (assemble/discuss) and that helps form "Kurul/Khural" meaning political "meeting" or "assembly" in [[Turkic language|Turkic]] languages. Kurultay, ''Khuraldai,'' ''khuruldai'','' ''or ''khuraldaan'' means "a gathering", or more literally, "intergatheration". This root is the same in the Turkic word ''khurim/khurum'', which means "feast" and "wedding" and originally referred to large festive gatherings on the steppe, but is used mainly in the sense of wedding in modern times.

==Mongol Empire==
This term appeared for the first time in the last 282nd paragraph of the [[Secret History of the Mongols]] in form "Yeke Qurilta" ([[Mongolian language|Modern Mongolian]]: Ikh Khuraldai; literally: great khuraldai). Mongolian Families voted by showing up for the event; families that did not show up were considered a vote against the reason for holding the Kurultai. After the new khan has been elected, an elaborate enthronement procedure followed. [[Johann Schiltberger]], a 15th-century German traveler, described the installation of a new Golden Horde khan as follows (<ref name="Schiltberger">Commander J. Buchan Telfer, "The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger". (London, [[Hakluyt Society]], 1879)</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2011}} quoted in <ref name="Vernadsky">[[George Vernadsky]], "The Mongols and Russia". (Yale University Press, 1953)</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2011}}):
{{cquote|
When they choose a king, they take him and seat him on white [[felt]], and raise him in it three times. Then they lift him up and carry him round the tent, and seat him on a throne, and put a golden sword in his hand. Then he must be sworn as is the custom.}}

Russian princes and [[boyar]]s, who often had to wait in [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]] for the kurultai to elect a new khan, who would then re-issue their [[yarlyk]]s (patents), would no doubt often witness this ''khan kutermiak'' rituals, which became increasingly more frequent and futile during the mid-14th century time of troubles in the [[Golden Horde|Horde]], giving rise to the Russian word "кутерьма" (''kuter'ma''), meaning "running around pointlessly".<ref name="Vernadsky"/>{{Page needed|date=July 2015}}

Kurultai were imperial and tribal assemblies convened to determine, strategize and analyze military campaigns and assign individuals to leadership positions and titles. One such example is [[Genghis Khan]] who was declared [[Khan (title)|Khan]] in the 1206 kurultai. Most of the major military campaigns were first planned out at assemblies such as this and there were minor and less significant kurultais under the Mongol Empire under political subordinate leaders and generals.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}

The kurultai, however, required the presence of the senior members of the tribes participating, who were also in charge militarily. Thus, the deaths of [[Ögedei Khan|Ögedei]] and [[Möngke Khan|Möngke]] in 1241 and 1259, respectively, necessitated the withdrawal of Mongol leaders (and troops) from the outskirts of [[Vienna]] (in 1241) and from [[Syria]] (in 1259), hamstringing military operations against the Austrians and [[Mamluk]]s that might otherwise have continued.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}

==Modern usage==
{{Unreferenced|section|date=July 2015}}
Various modern [[Mongolian peoples|Mongolian]] and [[Turkic peoples]] use it in the political or administrative sense, as a synonym for [[parliament]], [[congress]], [[Meeting|conference]], [[Local Government|council]], [[Deliberative assembly|assembly]], [[Convention (meeting)|convention]], gathering. Examples are: [[The World Qoroltai of the Bashkirs|World Qoroltai of the Bashkirs]], [[World Uyghur Congress]], Fourth Qurultay of [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Supreme Council (Kyrgyzstan)|National Kurultai of Kyrgyzstan]], the [[State Great Khural|State Great Khural of Mongolia]], [[People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia|People's Khural of Buryatian]] and Kurultai held today in Hungary, there written [[Great Kurultáj|Kurultáj]].

In Mongolian, the following forms of the word are still in use today: khuraldai, khuraldaan and khural. "Ulsin Deed Shuukhiin Khuraldaan" means "session of the National Supreme Court".

Also spelled as: kurultay, qurultay, qurıltai, qorıltay, and qoroltay.

The word has several modern usages in the modern [[Turkish language]] as well: "Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu" (Higher Education Council), "genel kurul toplantısı" (general board meeting). "Kurultay" is also a highly used word in modern Turkish meaning general assembly, such as that of organisations, committees etc.

==See also==
* [[Legislature]]
* [[Loya Jirga]]
* [[State Great Khural]]
* [[Thing (assembly)]]
* [[Veche]]
* [[Witenagemot]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=dn}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.qurultay.org Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar people]
* [http://bashklip.ru/load/4-1-0-77 A video (in the Bashkir language) about the Second World Qoroltay of the Bashkirs]
{{Mongol Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}}

[[Category:Mongolian words and phrases]]
[[Category:History of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Historical legislatures]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Popular assemblies]]