Khagan sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

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{| class="wikitable"
|style="background: #0011B0; border-bottom: 1px solid #FFD0FB;" colspan=2 align="center"|<span style="color:white;"><big>'''''Kha Khan'''''</big></span>
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]]
|-
|  <small>[[Latin alphabet]]:</small>|| kaɣan
|-
|  <small>[[Old Turkic alphabet|Old Turkic]]:</small>|| {{OldTurkicUnicode|𐰴𐰍𐰣|kaɣan}}
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|-
|  <small>[[Latin alphabet]]:</small>|| kağan
|-
|  <small>[[Latin alphabet]]:</small>|| hakan
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
|-
|  <small>[[Cyrillic script]]:</small>|| қаған
|-
|  <small>[[Latin alphabet]]:</small>|| qağan
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Russian language|Russian]]
|-
|  <small>[[Cyrillic script]]:</small>|| каган
|-
|  <small>[[Latin alphabet]]:</small>|| kagan
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
|-
|  <small>[[Cyrillic script]]:</small>|| хаан
|-
|  <small>Transliteration:</small>|| khaan
|-
|  <small>[[Mongolian Script]]:</small>|| {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ}}
|-
|  <small>Transliteration:</small>|| qagan, khagan
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|-
|  <small>[[Latin alphabet]]:</small>|| kagán
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|-
|  <small>[[Simplified Chinese]]:</small>|| <big>可汗</big>
|-
|  <small>[[Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]] :</small>|| kèhán
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Persian language|Persian]]
|-
|  <small>[[Persian alphabet]]:</small>|| خاقان
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Korean language|Korean]]
|-
|  <small>[[Hangul/Hanja]]:</small>|| {{lang|ko|가한/可汗}}
|-
| <small>[[Revised romanization of Korean|Revised Romanization]]:</small> || gahan
|-
| <small>[[McCune-Reischauer]]:</small> || kahan
|}
</div>

'''Khagan''' or '''Qagan''' ({{lang-mn|хаан}}, ''Khaan'', [[Mongolian Script]]: {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ}}, ''Qaγan''; {{zh|c=可汗|p=Kèhán}}; {{lang-tr|Kağan}}; {{lang-fa|خاقان}}, ''Khāqān'', alternatively spelled '''Kagan''', '''Khaghan''', '''Kha-khan''', '''Xagahn''', '''Qaghan''', '''Chagan''', '''Қан''', or '''Kha'an''') is a title in the [[Mongolian language]] equal to the status of [[emperor]] and used to refer to someone who rules a '''khaganate''' or empire. The title was adopted by [[Ögedei Khan]] from the Turkic title ''kaɣan''.<ref>Fairbank 1978, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA367&dq=khan+turkic+title&lr=&hl=tr&sig=nn4X0pxXK9qe9ByEr-NmoDl1Yog p. 367]).</ref> The female equivalent is [[Khatun]].

It may also be translated as '''[[Khan]] of Khans''', equivalent to [[King of Kings]]. In modern Mongolian, the title became ''Khaan'' with the 'g' sound becoming almost silent or non-existent (i.e. a very light [[voiceless velar fricative]]); the ''ğ'' in modern Turkish ''Kağan'' is also silent. Since the [[division of the Mongol Empire]], emperors of the [[Yuan dynasty]] held the title of Khagan and their successors in Mongolia continued to have the title. ''Kağan'' and ''Kaan'' are common [[Turkish names]] in Turkey.

The common western rendering as '''Great Khan''' (or Grand Khan), notably in the case of the [[Mongol Empire]], is translation of ''Yekhe Khagan'' (Great Emperor or Их Хаан).

==Origin==

The title was first seen in a speech between 283 and 289, when the [[Xianbei]] chief [[Tuyuhun]] tried to escape from his younger stepbrother [[Murong Hui]], and began his route from the [[Liaodong Peninsula]] to the areas of [[Ordos Desert]]. In the speech one of the Murong's general named Yinalou addressed him as kehan ({{zh|c=可寒}}, later {{zh|c=可汗}}), some sources suggests that Tuyuhun might also have used the title after settling at [[Qinghai Lake]] in the 3rd century.<ref>Zhou 1985, p. 3-6</ref>

The [[Rouran Khaganate]] (330–555) was the first people to use the titles Khagan and Khan for their emperors, replacing the [[Chanyu]] of the [[Xiongnu]], whom{{Ambiguous|date=December 2016}} Grousset and others assume to be [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]].<ref>Grousset (1970), pp. 61, 585, n. 92.</ref> However, many scholars believe the Rouran were [[proto-Mongols]].<ref>Art, Iranian-Bulletin of the Asia Institute, volume 17, p. 122</ref><ref>Nihon Gakushiin-Proceedings of the Japan Academy, volume 2, p. 241</ref><ref>Teikoku Gakushiin (Japan)-Proceedings of the Imperial Academy, volume 2, p. 241</ref>

The [[Avar Khaganate]] (567–804), who may have included Rouran elements after the [[Göktürks]] crushed the Rouran ruling Mongolia, also used this title. The [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] invaded [[Europe]], and for over a century ruled the Carpathian region. Westerners Latinized the title "Khagan" into "Gaganus" (in [[Historia Francorum]]) or "Cagan" (in the [[Annales Fuldenses]]).

== Mongol Khagans ==
{{Main|List of Mongol rulers}}

[[File:Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg|350px|thumb|right|8 of 15 Khagans of the [[Mongol Empire]]]]

''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]'', written for that very dynasty, clearly distinguishes ''Khagan'' and ''Khan'': only [[Genghis Khan]] and his ruling descendants are called ''Khagan'', while other rulers are referred to as ''Khan''. Khagan or Khaan refers to Emperor or King in the Mongolian language, however, ''Yekhe Khagan'' means Great Khagan or Grand Emperor.

The Mongol Empire began to [[Division of the Mongol Empire|split politically]] with the [[Toluid Civil War]] during 1260–1264 and the death of Kublai Khan in 1294, but the term ''Ikh Khagan'' (Great Khan, or Emperor) was still used by the [[List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty|emperors of the Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368), who assumed the role of [[Emperor of China]], and after the fall of the Yuan in China (1368) it continued to be used during the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]] in Mongolia homeland.<ref>H. Howorth. ''History of The Mongols'', Volume 1; [[Rene Grousset]]. ''The Empire of Steppes''; D. Pokotilov. ''History of the Eastern Mongols during the Ming Dynasty from 1368 to 1631''</ref> Thus, the Yuan is sometimes referred to as the ''Empire of the Great Khan'', coexisting with the independent Mongol khanates in the west, including the [[Chagatai Khanate]] and [[Golden Horde]]. Only the [[Ilkhanate]] truly recognized the Yuan's overlordship as allies (though it was effectively autonomous). Because Kublai founded the Yuan, the members of the other branches of the [[Borjigin]] could take part in the election of a new Khagan as the supporters of one or other of the contestants, but they could not enter the contest as candidates themselves.<ref>Ed. Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank. ''The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907-1368'', p. 493.</ref> Later Yuan emperors{{efn|Beginning in the last years (1304) of [[Temür Khan]], grandson of Kublai; most medieval historians such as Rashid al-Din and Alugh Beg Mirza described him as Grand khaan. See: Universal history and The Shajrat ul Atrak}} made peace with the three western khanates of the Mongol Empire and were considered as their nominal suzerain.<ref>''The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy'', p. 14.</ref> The nominal supremacy, while based on nothing like the same foundations as that of the earlier Khagans (such as the continued border clashes among them), did last for a few decades, until the Yuan dynasty fell in China (1368).{{efn|During this period the Mongol Emperors of the Yuan held the (nominal) title of Great Khan of all Mongol Khanates (of the Mongol Empire), of which the three western Mongol khanates still showed their respect in several cases. For example, the Ilkhans' coins carried the Khagan's name up until the early 14th century. It was also once said that Khagan is “the blessing of the creator” at the court of the Golden Horde during the reign of [[Ozbek Khan]] (1313–41).}}

After the breakdown of Mongol Empire and the fall of the Yuan dynasty in the mid-14th century, the Mongols turned into a political turmoil. [[Dayan Khan]] (1464–1517/1543) once revived Emperor's authority and recovered its reputation in Mongolia, but with the distribution of his empire among his sons and relatives as fiefs it again caused decentralized rule. The last Khagan of the [[Chahars]], [[Ligdan Khan]], died in 1634 while fighting the [[Qing dynasty]] founded by the [[Manchu people]]. In contemporary [[Mongolian language]] the word "Khaan" and "Khan" have different meanings, while [[English language]] usually does not differentiate between them. The title is also used as a generic term for a king or emperor (as эзэн хаан, ''ezen khaan''), as in "Испанийн хаан Хуан Карлос" (''Ispaniin khaan Khuan Karlos'', "king/khaan of Spain Juan Carlos").

The early Khagans of the [[Mongol Empire]] were:
# [[Genghis Khan]] (1206–1227)
# [[Ögedei Khan]] (1229–1241)
# [[Güyük Khan]] (1246–1248)
# [[Möngke Khan]] (1251–1259)

==Among Turkic peoples==
The title became associated with the [[Ashina (clan)|Ashina]] ruling clan of the [[Göktürks]] and their dynastic successors among such peoples as the [[Khazars]] (cf. the compound military title [[Khagan Bek]]). Minor rulers were rather relegated to the lower title of khan.

Both Khagan as such and the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] form Hakan, with the specification in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''al-Barrayn wa al-Bahrayn'' (meaning literally "of both lands and both seas"), or rather fully in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] ''Hakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn'', were among the titles in the official full style of the Great Sultan (and later Caliph) of the [[Ottoman Empire]], reflecting the historical legitimation of the dynasty's rule as political successor to various conquered (often Islamised) states. (The title began: Sultan Hân N.N., [[Padishah]], ''Hünkar'', Sovereign of the House of Osman, [[Sultan of Sultans]], Khan of Khans, Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe; next followed a series of specifically 'regional' titles, starting with Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem.)

"Khagan" is the second title of Safavid and Qajar shahs (kings) of Iran. For example, Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar, Fath Ali Shah and other Qajar shahs used this title. The nickname of Shah Ismail and other Safavid shahs is ''Kagan-i Suleyman shan'' (Khagan with the glory of Solomon).

== Chinese Khagans ==
{{Main|Tian Kehan}}
{{See also|List of emperors of the Tang dynasty|List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty|List of emperors of the Qing dynasty}}

[[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] was crowned [[Tian Kehan]], or "heavenly Khagan" after defeating the [[Tujue]] ([[Göktürks]]).<ref>Liu, 81-83</ref><ref>{{cite book |accessdate=8 February 2012|title=The Chinese, their history and culture |volume=1-2 |author=Kenneth Scott Latourette |editor= |quote=territories within his empire. He took the title "Heavenly Khan," thus designating himself as their ruler. A little later the Western Turks, although then at the height of their power, were badly defeated, and the Uighurs, a Turkish tribe, were detached from them and became sturdy supporters of the T'ang in the Gobi. The Khitan, Mongols in Eastern Mongolia and Southern Manchuria, made their submission (630). In the Tarim basin|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=ubYwT_60HMSa0QGKz_jYBw&id=MkBwAAAAMAAJ&dq=He+took+the+title+%22Heavenly+Khan%2C%22+thus+designating+himself+as+their+ruler.+A+little+later+the+Western+Turks%2C+although+then+at+the+height+of+their+power%2C+were+badly+defeated%2C+and+the+Uighurs%2C+a+Turkish+tribe%2C+were+detached+from+them+and&q=heavenly+khan+ruler |edition=4, reprint |series= |year=1964 |location= |publisher=Macmillan|language=|isbn=|page=144|pages= }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qTm6Yka5GigC&pg=PA120#v=onepage&q&f=false Skaff  2012], pp. 120-121.</ref> A later letter sent by the Tang court to the [[Yenisei Kirghiz]] Qaghan explained that "the peoples of the northwest" had requested Tang Taizong to become the "Heavenly Qaghan".<ref>{{cite book |accessdate=8 February 2012 |title=Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history |author=Michael Robert Drompp |editor=|quote=the successes of Tang Taizong and to his taking the title of "Heavenly Qaghan" at the request of "the peoples of the northwest" in 630/631. The letter goes on to describe how Taizong's envoy was sent to pacify the Kirghiz in 632/633 and how in 647/648 a Kirghiz chieftain came to the Tang court where he was granted titles, including commander-in-chief of the Kirghiz (Jian-kun). All of this implied Kirghiz subordination to Tang authority, at least in Chinese eyes. According to the letter, Kirghiz tribute had come to the Tang court "uninterruptedly" until the end of the Tianbao reign period (742-756) when Kirghiz contact with the Tang state was cut off by the rise of Uighur power in Mongolia. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NB6DEdAxLOsC&pg=PA126&dq=li+ling+kirghiz&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hAAvT-3QOeSE0QHuktzJCg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=li%20ling%20kirghiz&f=false |edition=illustrated |volume=13|work=Brill's Inner Asian library|series=|year=2005|location= |publisher=BRILL |language= |isbn=90-04-14129-4 |page=126 |pages= }}</ref> The [[Tang Dynasty]] Chinese Emperors were recognized as Khagans of the Turks from 665-705; however, we have two appeal letters from the Turkic hybrid rulers, Ashina Qutluγ Ton Tardu in 727, the Yabgu of [[Tokharistan]], and Yina Tudun Qule in 741, the king of [[Tashkent]], addressing [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang]] as '''Tian Kehan''' during the [[Umayyad]] expansion.<ref>Bai, 230</ref><ref>Xue, 674-675</ref>

== Among the Norsemen and Slavs ==
{{Main|Rus' Khaganate}}

In the early 10th century, the [[Rus' people]] employed the title of ''kagan'' (or ''qaghan''), reported by the Persian geographer [[Ahmad ibn Rustah]], who wrote between 903 and 913.<!--see notes on FA review and talk page [[Talk:Rus' Khaganate]]-->

It is believed that the tradition endured in the eleventh century, as the [[metropolitan bishop]] of [[Kiev]] in the [[Kievan Rus']], [[Hilarion of Kiev]], calls both [[grand prince]] [[Vladimir I of Kiev]] (978–1015) and grand prince [[Yaroslav the Wise]] (1019–1054) by the title of ''kagan'', while a [[Graffito (archaeology)|graffito]] on the walls of [[Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kiev|Saint Sophia's Cathedral]] gives the same title to the son of Iaroslav, grand prince [[Sviatoslav II of Kiev]] (1073–1076).

== See also ==
*[[Hakan]] (for use as a given name), also spelled ''Khakhan'' or ''Khaqan''
*[[Mongolian nobility]]
*[[Khan (title)]]
*[[Beg Khan]]
*[[Khaganate]]
*[[Ibn Khaqan (disambiguation)]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* Fairbank, John King. ''The Cambridge History of China ''. [[Cambridge University Press]], 1978.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA367 ''web page'']
*Grousset, René. (1970). ''The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia''. Translated by Naomi Walford. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.Third Paperback printing, 1991. ISBN 0-8135-0627-1 (casebound); ISBN 0-8135-1304-9 (pbk).
* Whittow, Mark. ''The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025'', University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1996.
* Zhou, Weizhou [1985] (2006). ''A History of Tuyuhun''. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press. ISBN 7-5633-6044-1.

[[Category:Titles]]
[[Category:Ottoman titles]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
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[[Category:Lists of khans]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:Mongolian nobility]]