Kaidu–Kublai war sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Kaidu–Kublai war
|partof=the [[Division of the Mongol Empire]]
|image=
|caption=
|date=1268-1301
|place=[[China]], [[Mongolia]], [[Central Asia]], [[Western Asia]], [[Russia]]
|result=Inconclusive<br/>[[Division of the Mongol Empire|Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire]]<br/>Decline of the [[Ogedeids]]
|combatant1=[[File:Flag of Chagatai khanate.svg|23px]] [[Chagatai Khanate]]
*[[File:Kaidu's tamga.png|23px]] [[House of Ögedei]]
[[File:Golden Horde flag 1339.svg|23px]] [[Golden Horde]] (ally of Kaidu until 1284)
|combatant2=[[File:Belt plaque with dragon design.jpg|23px]] [[Yuan dynasty]]
[[File:Il-Khanate Flag.svg|23px]] [[Ilkhanate]] (ally of Kublai)
|combatant3=
|commander1=[[Kaidu]]<br/>[[Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq|Baraq]]<br/>[[Duwa]]<br/>[[Mengu-Timur]] 
|commander2=[[Kublai Khan]]<br/>[[Temür Khan]]<br/>[[Abagha]]
|commander3=
|strength1=  
|strength2=
|strength3=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|casualties3=
|notes=
}}
{{Division of the Mongol Empire}}

The '''Kaidu–Kublai war''' was a war between [[Kaidu]], the leader of the [[House of Ögedei]] and the ''de facto'' khan of the [[Chagatai Khanate]] in [[Central Asia]], and [[Kublai Khan]], the founder of the [[Yuan dynasty]] in [[China]] and his successor [[Temür Khan]] that lasted a few decades from 1268 to 1301. It followed the [[Toluid Civil War]] (1260–1264) and resulted in the permanent [[division of the Mongol Empire]]. By the time of Kublai's death in 1294, the [[Mongol Empire]] had fractured into four separate khanates or empires: the [[Golden Horde]] khanate in the northwest, the [[Chagatai Khanate]] in the middle, the [[Ilkhanate]] in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day [[Beijing]].<ref name="China p413">''The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States''. p. 413.</ref> Although Temür Khan later made peace with the three western khanates in 1304 after Kaidu's death, the four khanates continued their own separate development and fell at different times.

==History==
[[File:MongolEmpireDivisions1300.png|thumb|right|250px|The division of the [[Mongol Empire]], c. 1300, with [[Yuan dynasty]] in green, [[Golden Horde]] in yellow, [[Chagatai Khanate]] in gray, and [[Ilkhanate]] in purple.]]
After the [[Toluid Civil War]], Kublai Khan summoned Kaidu at his court, but Kaidu avoided appearing at his court, and his enmity was a constant obstacle to Kublai's ambitions to control the whole [[Mongol Empire]]. [[Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq|Baraq]] was dispatched to [[Central Asia]] to take the throne of [[Chagatai Khanate]] in 1266, and almost immediately, he repudiated the authority of Kublai as [[Great Khan]]. At first, the Golden Horde promised military assistance to the Yuan forces in Turkestan. Kaidu and Baraq fought for a while, and Kaidu gained control of the region around [[Bukhara]]. Kaidu convinced Baraq to attack the [[Persia]]-based [[Ilkhanate]], which was an ally of Kublai Khan's [[Yuan dynasty]] based in [[China]]. A peace treaty was made among [[Mengu-Timur]], khan of the [[Golden Horde]], Kaidu and Baraq against the Yuan dynasty and the Ilkhanate in around 1267. However, Baraq suffered a large defeat at [[Herat]] on July 22, 1270 against Ilkan [[Abagha]]. Baraq died en route to meet Kaidu who had been waiting for his weakness. The Chagatayid princes including [[Mubarak Shah]] submitted to Kaidu and proclaimed him as their overlord. Sons of Baraq rebelled against Kaidu but they were defeated. Many of the Chagatayid princes fled to the Ilkhanate. Kaidu's early attempt to rule the Chagatayids faced a serious resistance. The Mongol princes such as [[Negübei]], whom he appointed khan of the House of Chagatai revolted several times. Stable control came when [[Duwa]] was made khan who became his number two in 1282. The Golden Horde based in [[Russia]] also became an ally of Kaidu.

In 1275 Kaidu invaded [[Ürümqi]] and demanded its submission, but the Buddhist [[Kingdom of Qocho|Idiqut]] (then a vassal of Yuan) resisted. Kublai sent a relief force to expel him. Kublai's son Nomukhan and generals occupied [[Almaliq, Xinjiang|Almaliq]] from 1266–76, to prevent Kaidu's invasion. In 1277, a group of Genghisid princes under Möngke's son Shiregi rebelled, kidnapping Kublai's two sons and his general [[Antong]]. The rebels handed Antong to Kaidu and the princes to Mengu-Timur. The army sent by Kublai Khan drove Shiregi's forces west of the [[Altai Mountains]] and strengthened the Yuan garrisons in Mongolia and Xinjiang. However, Kaidu took control over Almaliq.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire|first=Christopher Pratt|last=Atwood|publisher=Facts on File|year=2004|page=459|article=Qubilai Khan}}</ref> Nevertheless, rulers of the Golden Horde withdrew their support from Kaidu after the death of Mengu-Timur; three leaders, Noqai, Todemongke and Konichi, of the Golden Horde made peace with Kublai in 1284.<ref>Thomas Allsen, 1985. The Princes of the Left Hand: an introduction to the history of the Ulus of Orda in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 5, 5–40.</ref> Both Noqai and Todemongke made peace with the Ilkhan Ahmad Teguder as well.<ref>Judith Pfeifer – “Aḥmad Tegüder’s Second Letter to Qalā’ūn (682/1283).’ In History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East, edited by Judith Pfeiffer & Sholeh A. Quinn, 167–202. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006.</ref> To attract military support from the Jochids, Kaidu sponsored his own candidate Kobek for the throne of the Left wing of the Golden Horde from early 1290s. Golden Horde's troops clashed with Kobek, supported by Kaidu's army, several times.

In 1293 Tutugh, a Kipchak commander of Kublai Khan occupied the Baarin tumen, who were allies of Kaidu, on the [[Ob River]]. Kublai Khan died in the next year and was succeeded by [[Temür Khan]] (Emperor Chengzong). From 1298 on Duwa increased his raids on the Yuan. He launched a surprise attack against the Yuan garrison under Temür's uncle Kokechu in [[Mongolia]] and captured Temür's son-in-law, [[Korguz]] of the [[Ongud]] when he and his commanders were drunk.<ref>''The Cambridge History of China'': "Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368", p.502</ref> However, Duwa was defeated by the Yuan army under Ananda in [[Gansu]] and his son-in law and several relations were captured. Although, Duwa and the Yuan generals agreed to exchange their prisoners, Duwa and Kaidu executed Korguz in revenge and cheated the Yuan officials. To reorganize the Yuan defence system in Mongolia, Temür appointed Darmabala's son [[Külüg Khan|Khayishan]] to replace Kokechu. The Yuan army defeated Kaidu south of the [[Altai Mountains]]. However, in 1300, Kaidu defeated Khayishan's force. Then Kaidu and Duwa mobilized a large army to attack [[Karakorum]] the next year. The Yuan army suffered heavy losses while both sides could not make any decisive victory in September. Duwa was wounded in the battle and Kaidu died soon thereafter.

Until this time Kaidu had waged almost continuous warfare for more than 30 years against Kublai and his successor Temür, though he eventually died in 1301 after the battle near Karakorum. The Kaidu–Kublai war had effectively deepened the [[Division of the Mongol Empire|fragmentation of the Mongol Empire]], although a peace later came in 1304 which established the nominal suzerainty of the Yuan Emperors (or Khagans) over the western khanates.

==See also==
* [[Toluid Civil War]]
* [[Division of the Mongol Empire]]
* [[Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war]]
* [[Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mongol Empire}}
{{Yuan dynasty topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaidu-Kublai war}}
[[Category:Wars involving the Mongols]]
[[Category:13th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1301]]
[[Category:1268 in Asia]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Yuan dynasty]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Ilkhanate]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Golden Horde]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Chagatai Khanate]]
[[Category:Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Kublai Khan]]