Jin dynasty (1115–1234) sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

{{lead too short|date=July 2016}}

{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name            = {{lang|zh|金朝}}<br />[[File:Amba-an Ancu-un.png|65px]]
|conventional_long_name = Jin dynasty
|common_name            = Jin dynasty, 1115–1234
|
|continent              = Asia
|region                 = [[East Asia]]
|country                = China
|era                    =
|status                 = Empire
|status_text            =
|empire                 =
|government_type        = Monarchy
|
|
|year_start             = 1115
|year_end               = 1234
|
|year_exile_start       =
|year_exile_end         =
|
|event_start            = Founded by [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Aguda]]
|date_start             = 28 January
|event_end              = Fall of [[Runan County|Caizhou]] to the [[Mongol Empire]]
|date_end               = 9 February
|
|event1                 = Destruction of the [[Liao dynasty]]
|date_event1            = 1125
|event2                 = Capture of [[Kaifeng|Bianliang]] from the [[Northern Song dynasty]]
|date_event2            = 9 January 1127
|event3                 = Mongol invasion
|date_event3            = 1211
|event4                 =
|date_event4            =
|
|event_pre              =
|date_pre               =
|event_post             = |date_post              =
|
|p1                     = Liao dynasty
|image_p1               = 
|p2                     = Song dynasty
|image_p2               = 
|s1                     = Mongol Empire
|image_s1               = 
|s2                     = Southern Song
|image_s2               =
|s3                     = Eastern Liao
|image_s3               =
|s4                     = Eastern Xia
|image_s4               =
|
|image_flag             =
|flag                   =
|flag_type              =
|
|image_coat             =
|symbol                 =
|symbol_type            =
|
|image_map              = Sung_Dynasty_1141.png
|image_map_caption      = Jin dynasty (blue) circa 1141
|
|capital                = [[Huining Prefecture]]<br /><small>(1122–1153)</small><br />[[Zhongdu]]<br><small>(1153–1214)</small><br />[[Kaifeng]]<br /><small>(1214–1233)</small><br>[[Runan County|Caizhou]]<br /><small>(1233–1234)</small>
|capital_exile          =
|latd = |latm = |latNS = |longd = |longm = |longEW =
|
|national_motto         =
|national_anthem        =
|common_languages       = [[Middle Chinese]], [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]], [[Khitan language|Khitan]]
|religion               = [[Buddhism]],<br />[[Daoism]],<br />[[Confucianism]],<br />[[Chinese folk religion]]
|currency               = [[Chinese coin]], [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash]]
|
|leader1                = [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Emperor Taizu]] <small>(first)</small>
|leader2                = [[Emperor Mo of Jin|Emperor Mo]] <small>(last)</small>
|year_leader1           = 1115–1123
|year_leader2           = 1234
|title_leader           = [[Jin dynasty, 1115–1234|Emperor]]
|stat_year1             = 1126 est.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turchin |first1 = Peter |last2 = Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D |title = East-West Orientation of Historical Empires | journal = Journal of world-systems research |date = December 2006 |volume = 12 |issue = 2 |pages = 219–229 |url = http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf |accessdate = 12 August 2010 |issn = 1076-156X}}</ref>
|stat_area1             = 2300000
|stat_pop1              =
|stat_year2             = 1142 est.
|stat_area2             = 3000000
|stat_pop2              =
|stat_year3             =
|stat_area3             =
|stat_pop3              =
|stat_year4             =
|stat_area4             =
|stat_pop4              =
|stat_year5             =
|stat_area5             =
|stat_pop5              =
|today                  = China, Russia, North Korea, Mongolia
|footnotes              =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|c = 金朝
|p = Jīn Cháo
|w = Chin<sup>1</sup> Ch'ao<sup>2</sup>
|mi = tɕín tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯
|y=Gam<sup>1</sup> Chiu<sup>4</sup>
|ci={{IPAc-yue|g|am|1|-|c|iu|4}}
|mnc_v = Aisin Gurun
|lang1 = Khitan
|lang1_content = Nik, Niku
|monr = Altan Ulus
|c2 = 大金
|p2 = Dà Jīn
|y2=Daai<sup>6</sup> Gam<sup>1</sup>
|ci2={{IPAc-yue|d|aai|6|-|g|am|1}}
|l2 = Great Jin
}}
{{History of China}}

The '''Jin dynasty''', officially known as the '''Great Jin''', lasted from 1115 to 1234 as one of the last [[dynasties in Chinese history]] to predate the [[Mongol invasion of China]]. Its name is sometimes written as '''Kin''' or '''Jinn''' in English to differentiate it from an earlier [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jìn dynasty]] of China whose name is identical when transcribed without tone marker diacritics in the [[Hanyu Pinyin]] system for [[Standard Chinese]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lipschutz |first1=Leonard |title=Century-By-Century: A Summary of World History|date=1 August 2000 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn = 9780595125784 |page=59 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TZ0ktEXVNvYC&pg=PA59&dq=%22kin+dynasty%22+1234&hl=en&sa=X&ei=A2yuU7a3FIvKkQWtooHwDQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22kin%20dynasty%22%201234&f=false|accessdate=28 June 2014}}</ref> It is also sometimes called the "Jurchen dynasty" or the "Jurchen Jin", because its founding [[Emperor Taizu of Jin]] (reign 1115–1123) was of [[Wanyan]] [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] descent.

The Jin emerged from Taizu's rebellion against the [[Liao dynasty]] (907–1125), which held sway over northern China until the nascent Jin drove the Liao to the [[Western Regions]], where they became known as the [[Western Liao]]. After vanquishing the Liao, the Jin launched an [[Jin–Song Wars|over hundred-year war]] against the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279), which was based in southern China. Over the course of their rule, the Jurchens of Jin quickly [[Sinicization|adapted to Chinese customs]], and even [[History of the Great Wall of China|fortified the Great Wall]] against the rising Mongols. Domestically, the Jin oversaw a number of cultural and technological advancements, such as the [[History of gunpowder|development of gunpowder]] and the revival of [[Confucianism]].

In 1234 Jin succumbed to [[Mongol conquest]].

== Name ==
{{Main article|Names of China}}

The Jin dynasty was officially known as the "Great Jin" at that time. Furthermore, the Jin emperors referred to their state as ''Zhongguo'' ({{lang|zh|中國}}) like some other non-Han dynasties.{{sfn|Zhao|2006|p=7}} Non-Han rulers expanded the definition of "China" to include non-Han peoples in addition to Han people whenever they ruled China.{{sfn|Zhao|2006|p=6}} Jin documents indicate that the usage of "China" by dynasties to refer to themselves began earlier than previously thought.{{sfn|Zhao|2006|p=24}}

== History ==
{{Main article|Jin–Song Wars}}

The Jin dynasty was created in modern [[Jilin]] and [[Heilongjiang]] by the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] tribal chieftain [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Aguda]] in 1115. According to tradition, Aguda was a descendant of [[Hanpu]]. Aguda adopted the term for "gold" as the name of his state, itself a translation of "Anchuhu" River, which meant "golden" in [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]].{{sfn|Franke|1994|p=221}} This river known as Alachuke in Chinese, was a tributary of the [[Songhua River]] east of [[Harbin]].<ref>Twitchett, Franke, & Fairbank (1994), p. 221</ref> The Jurchens' early rival was the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]-led [[Liao dynasty]], which had held sway over modern [[Northern and southern China|north]] and [[Northeast China|northeast]] China and [[Mongolia]], for several centuries. In 1121, the Jurchens entered into the [[Alliance Conducted at Sea]] with the [[Han Chinese]]-led [[Northern Song dynasty]] and agreed to jointly invade the Liao dynasty. While the Song armies faltered, the Jurchens succeeded in [[Qara Khitai|driving the Liao to Central Asia]]. In 1125, after the death of Aguda, the Jin dynasty broke its alliance with the Song dynasty and invaded north China. When the Song dynasty reclaimed the [[Sixteen Prefectures|southern part of the Liao where Han Chinese lived]], they were "fiercely resisted" by the Han Chinese population there who had previously been under Liao rule, while when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all and handed over the Southern Capital (present-day [[Beijing]], then known as Yanjing) to them.<ref name="TwitchettFranke1994">{{cite book|author1=Denis C. Twitchett|author2=Herbert Franke|author3=John King Fairbank|title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=25 November 1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24331-5|page=39}}</ref> The Jurchens were supported by the anti-Song, Beijing-based noble Han clans.<ref name="TillmanWest1995">{{cite book|author1=Hoyt Cleveland Tillman|author2=Stephen H. West|title=China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IdYGiGan4o8C&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false |year=1995|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2273-1|pages=28–}}</ref> The Han Chinese who worked for the Liao were viewed as hostile enemies by the Song dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elliott |first=Mark |editor1-last=Mullaney |editor1-first=Tomhas S.|editor2-last=Leibold|editor2-first=James|editor3-last=Gros|editor3-first=Stéphane |editor4-last=Bussche |editor4-first=Eric Vanden|date=2012 |title=Critical Han Studies The History, Representation, and Identity of China's Majority |chapter=8. Hushuo The Northern Other and the Naming of the Han Chinese |url = http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/elliott/files/critical_han_studies_ch8_elliott.pdf |location= |publisher=University of California Press |page=186 |isbn=}}</ref> Song Han Chinese also defected to the Jin.<ref name="Gernet1996">{{cite book |author=Jacques Gernet |title=A History of Chinese Civilization |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&pg=PA358#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=31 May 1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-49781-7|pages=358–}}</ref> On 9 January 1127, Jin forces [[Jingkang Incident|ransacked]] Bianjing (present-day [[Kaifeng]]), the capital of the Northern Song dynasty, capturing both [[Emperor Qinzong of Song|Emperor Qinzong]] and his father, [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Emperor Huizong]], who had abdicated in panic in the face of the Jin invasion. Following the fall of Bianjing, the succeeding [[Southern Song dynasty]] continued to fight the Jin dynasty for over a decade, eventually signing the [[Treaty of Shaoxing]] in 1141, which called for the cession of all Song territories north of the [[Huai River]] to the Jin dynasty and the execution of Song general [[Yue Fei]] in return for peace. The peace treaty was formally ratified on 11 October 1142 when a Jin envoy visited the Song court.<ref name="Hymes">{{cite book|author=Robert Hymes|editor=John Stewart Bowman|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|year=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11004-4|page=34}}</ref>

=== The migration south ===
After taking over [[Northern and southern China|Northern China]], the Jin dynasty became increasingly [[Sinicization|sinicised]]. About three million people, half of them Jurchens, migrated south into northern China over two decades, and this minority governed about 30 million people. The Jurchens were given land grants and organised into hereditary military units: 300 households formed a ''mouke'' (company) and 7-10 ''mouke''s formed a ''meng-an'' (battalion).<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark C. Elliot|title=The Manchu Way: The eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China|year=2001|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, California|page=60}}</ref> Many married Han Chinese, although the ban on Jurchen nobles marrying Han Chinese was not lifted until 1191. After [[Emperor Taizong of Jin|Emperor Taizong]] died in 1135, the next three Jin emperors were grandsons of [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Aguda]] by three different princes. [[Emperor Xizong of Jin|Emperor Xizong]] (r. 1135–1149) studied the classics and wrote Chinese poetry. He adopted Han Chinese cultural traditions, but the Jurchen nobles had the top positions.

Later in life, Emperor Xizong became an alcoholic and executed many officials for criticising him. He also had Jurchen leaders who opposed him murdered, even those in the Wanyan clan. In 1149 he was murdered by a cabal of relatives and nobles, who made his cousin [[Wanyan Liang]] the next Jin emperor. Because of the brutality of both his domestic and foreign policy, Wanyan Liang was posthumously demoted from the position of emperor. Consequently, historians have commonly referred to him by the [[posthumous name]] "Prince of Hailing".<ref name="multiref1">[http://www.san.beck.org/AB3-China.html#9 Ethics of China 7 BC To 1279 by Sanderson Beck<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

===Rebellions in the north===
Having usurped the throne, [[Wanyan Liang]] embarked on the program of legitimising his rule as an emperor of China. In 1153, he moved the empire's main capital from [[Huining Prefecture]] (south of present-day Harbin) to the former Liao capital, Yanjing (present-day [[Beijing]]).<ref name="multiref1"/><ref name=tao44>Tao (1976), p. 44</ref> Four years later, in 1157, to emphasise the permanence of the move, he razed the nobles' residences in Huining Prefecture.<ref name="multiref1"/><ref name=tao44/> Wanyan Liang also reconstructed the former Song capital, Bianjing (present-day [[Kaifeng]]), which had been sacked in 1127, making it the Jin's southern capital.<ref name="multiref1"/>

[[File:China 11b.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|China, 1142}}]]
[[File:Jade ornament grapes jin dynasty shanghai museum 2004 07 22.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jade]] ornament with flower design, Jin dynasty, [[Shanghai Museum]].]]

Wanyan Liang also tried to suppress dissent by killing Jurchen nobles, executing 155 princes.<ref name="multiref1"/> To fulfil his dream of becoming the ruler of all China, Wanyan Liang attacked the [[Southern Song dynasty]] in 1161. Meanwhile, two simultaneous rebellions erupted in [[Balin Zuo Qi|Shangjing]], at the Jurchens' former power base: led by Wanyan Liang's cousin, soon-to-be crowned [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Wanyan Yong]], and the other of Khitan tribesmen. Wanyan Liang had to withdraw Jin troops from southern China to quell the uprisings. The Jin forces were defeated by Song forces in the [[Battle of Caishi]] and [[Battle of Tangdao]]. With a depleted military force, Wanyan Liang failed to make headway in his attempted invasion of the Southern Song dynasty. Finally he was assassinated by his own generals in December 1161, due to his defeats. His son and heir was also assassinated in the capital.<ref name="multiref1" />

Although crowned in October, [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Wanyan Yong (Emperor Shizong)]] was not officially recognised as emperor until the murder of Wanyan Liang's heir.<ref name="multiref1" /> The Khitan uprising was not suppressed until 1164; their horses were confiscated so that the rebels had to take up farming. Other Khitan and [[Kumo Xi|Xi]] cavalry units had been incorporated into the Jin army. Because these internal uprisings had severely weakened the Jin's capacity to confront the Southern Song militarily, the Jin court under Emperor Shizong began negotiating for peace. The [[Treaty of Longxing]] (隆興和議) was signed in 1164 and ushered in more than 40 years of peace between the two empires.

In the early 1180s, Emperor Shizong instituted a restructuring of 200 ''meng'an'' units to remove tax abuses and help Jurchens. Communal farming was encouraged. The Jin Empire prospered and had a large surplus of grain in reserve. Although learned in [[Chinese classics]], Emperor Shizong was also known as a promoter of [[Jurchen language]] and culture; during his reign, a number of Chinese classics were translated into Jurchen, the Imperial Jurchen Academy was founded, and the [[imperial examination]]s started to be offered in the Jurchen language.<ref name=tao69>Tao (1976), Chapter 6. "The Jurchen Movement for Revival", Pages 69-83.</ref> Emperor Shizong's reign (1161–1189) was remembered by the posterity as the time of comparative peace and prosperity, and the emperor himself was compared to the mythological rulers [[Yao (ruler)|Yao]] and [[Shun (Chinese leader)|Shun]].<ref name="tao69" />

Emperor Shizong's grandson, [[Emperor Zhangzong of Jin|Emperor Zhangzong]] (r. 1189–1208), venerated Jurchen values, but he also immersed himself in Han Chinese culture and married an ethnic Han Chinese woman. The ''[[Taihe Code of law]]'' was promulgated in 1201 and was based mostly on the [[Tang Code]]. In 1207, the Southern Song dynasty attempted an invasion, but the Jin forces effectively repulsed them. In the peace agreement, the Song dynasty had to pay higher annual indemnities and behead [[Han Tuozhou]], the leader of the hawkish faction in the Song imperial court.<ref>[http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/song-event.html Chinese History - Song dynasty 宋 event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

=== Fall of Jin ===
{{Main article|Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty}}

Starting from the early 13th century, the Jin dynasty began to feel the pressure of Mongols from the north. [[Genghis Khan]] first led the Mongols into [[Western Xia]] territory in 1205 and ravaged it four years later. In 1211 about 50,000 Mongols horsemen invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen rebels. The Jin army had a half million men{{Citation needed|reason=historical consensus is that this figure is much exaggerated|date=December 2016}} with 150,000 cavalry but abandoned the "western capital" [[Datong]] (see also the [[Battle of Yehuling]]). The next year the Mongols went north and looted the Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they besieged the "central capital", [[Zhongdu]] (present-day [[Beijing]]). In 1214 the Jin made a humiliating treaty but retained the capital. That summer, [[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Emperor Xuanzong]] abandoned the central capital and moved the government to the "southern capital" [[Kaifeng]], making it the official seat of the Jin dynasty's power. In 1216, a hawkish faction in the Jin imperial court persuaded Emperor Xuanzong to attack the Song dynasty, but in 1219 they were defeated at the same place by the [[Yangtze River]] where [[Wanyan Liang]] had been defeated in 1161. The Jin dynasty now faced a two front war that they could not afford. Furthermore, [[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Emperor Aizong]] won a succession struggle against his brother and then quickly ended the war and went back to the capital. He made peace with the [[Tangut people|Tanguts]] of Western Xia, who had been allied with the Mongols.

Many [[Han Chinese]] and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders, [[Shi Tianze]] and [[Liu Heima]] ({{lang|zh|劉黑馬}}),<ref>{{cite book |title=Revue bibliographique de sinologie 2001 |author=Collectif |year=2002 |publisher=Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales|page=147}}</ref> and the Khitan [[Xiao Zhala]] (蕭札剌) defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Mechanics of Conquest and Governance: The Rise and Expansion of the Mongol Empire, 1185-1265 |last=May |first=Timothy Michael |year=2004 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison|page=50}}</ref> Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor, [[Ögedei Khan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Foundations and Limits of State Power in China |last=Schram|first=Stuart Reynolds|year=1987|publisher=European Science Foundation by School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|page=130}}</ref> Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rulers from the steppe: state formation on the Eurasian periphery |author1=Gary Seaman |author2=Daniel Marks |year=1991 |publisher=Ethnographics Press, Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California |page=175}}</ref> There were four Han tumens and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals [[Shimo Beidi'er]] (石抹孛迭兒), [[Tabuyir]] (塔不已兒), and [[Xiao Zhongxi]] ({{lang|zh|蕭重喜}}; Xiao Zhala's son) commanded the three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals [[Zhang Rou]] ({{lang|zh|張柔}}), [[Yan Shi]] ({{lang|zh|嚴實}}), Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ögedei Khan.<ref>http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/xbsdxb-shkxb200106008</ref><ref>http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=5638208</ref><ref>https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/新元史/卷146</ref><ref>http://www.klxsw.com/files/article/html/87/87953/23237374.html</ref>{{Better source|reason=these are websites of dubious quality - scholarly reference books should be used here to back up the statements|date=December 2016}}

Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived under Jin rule. Inter-ethnic marriage between Han Chinese and Jurchens became common at this time. His father was [[Shi Bingzhi]] (史秉直). Shi Bingzhi married a Jurchen woman (surname Nahe) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Zhang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother.<ref name="ed. de Rachewiltz 1993">{{cite book |title = In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300) |editor=Igor de Rachewiltz |year=1993 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |page=41}}</ref> Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives.<ref name="Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages">{{cite book |title=Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages |editor1=J. Ganim |editor2=S. Legassie |year=2013 |publisher=Springer |page=47}}</ref> His Jurchen wives' surnames were Monian and Nahe, his Korean wife's surname was Li, and his Han Chinese wife's surname was Shi.<ref name="ed. de Rachewiltz 1993" /> Shi Tianze defected to the Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son, Shi Gang, married a [[Keraites|Keraite]] woman; the Keraites were Mongolified Turkic people and considered as part of the "Mongol nation".<ref name="Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages" /><ref>{{cite book|title=The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty|last=Watt|first=James C. Y.|year=2010|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|page=14}}</ref> Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Recipe to Qubilai Qa'an on Governance: The Case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih|last=Chan|first=Hok-Lam|year=1997|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=257–83}}</ref>

The Mongols created a "Han Army" ({{lang|zh|漢軍}}) out of defected Jin troops, and another army out of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" ({{lang|zh|新附軍}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China|last=Hucker|first=Charles O.|year=1985|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=66}}</ref>

Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were attacking Western Xia. His successor, Ögedei Khan, invaded the Jin dynasty again in 1232 with assistance from the [[Southern Song dynasty]]. The Jurchens tried to resist; but when the [[Mongol siege of Kaifeng|Mongols besieged Kaifeng]] in 1233, Emperor Aizong fled south to the city of [[Runan County|Caizhou]]. A Song–Mongol allied army looted the capital, and the next year Emperor Aizong committed suicide to avoid being captured when the [[Siege of Caizhou|Mongols besieged Caizhou]], ending the Jin dynasty in 1234.<ref name="multiref1"/> The territory of the Jin dynasty was to be divided between the Mongols and the Song dynasty. However, due to lingering territorial disputes, the Song dynasty and the Mongols eventually went to war with one another over these territories.

In ''Empire of The Steppes'', [[René Grousset]] reports that the Mongols were always amazed at the valour of the Jurchen warriors, who held out until seven years after the death of Genghis Khan.

== Military ==
Contemporary Chinese writers ascribed Jurchen success in overwhelming the Liao and Northern Song dynasties mainly to their cavalry. Already during [[Wanyan Aguda|Aguda]]'s rebellion against the Liao dynasty, all Jurchen fighters were mounted. It was said that the Jurchen cavalry tactics were a carryover from their hunting skills.<ref name=tao21>Tao (1976), Chapter 2. "The Rise of the Chin dynasty", Pages 21-24.</ref> Jurchen horsemen were provided with heavy armor; on occasions, they would use a team of horses attached to each other with chains (''[[Guaizi Ma]]'').<ref name=tao21/>

[[File:Chenglingpagodazhengding.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Chengling Pagoda of [[Zhengding]], [[Hebei|Hebei Province]], built between 1161 and 1189.]]

As the Liao dynasty fell apart and the Song dynasty retreated beyond the [[Yangtze]], the army of the new Jin dynasty absorbed many soldiers who formerly fought for the Liao or Song dynasties.<ref name=tao21/> The new Jin empire adopted many of the Song military's weapons, including various machines for [[siege warfare]] and [[artillery]]. In fact, the Jin military's use of cannons, grenades, and even rockets to defend besieged [[Kaifeng]] against the Mongols in 1233 is considered the first ever battle in human history in which gunpowder was used effectively, even though it failed to prevent the eventual Jin defeat.<ref name="tao21" />

On the other hand, the Jin military was not particularly good at naval warfare. Both in 1129–30 and in 1161 Jin forces were defeated by the [[Southern Song dynasty|Southern Song]] navies when trying to cross the Yangzi River into the core [[Southern Song dynasty|Southern Song]] territory (see [[Battle of Tangdao]] and [[Battle of Caishi]]), even though for the latter campaign the Jin had equipped a large navy of their own, using Han Chinese shipbuilders and even Han Chinese captains who had defected from the Southern Song.<ref name="tao21" />

In 1130, the Jin army reached Hangzhou and [[Ningbo]] in southern China. But heavy Chinese resistance and the geography of the area halted the Jin advance, and they were forced to retreat and withdraw, and they had not been able to escape the Song navy when trying to return until they were directed by a Han Chinese defector who helped them escape in [[Zhenjiang]]. Southern China was then cleared of the Jurchen forces.<ref>{{cite book|quote=The emperor Kao-tsung had taken flight to Ningpo (then known as Mingchow) and later to the port of Wenchow, south of Chekiang. From Nanking the Kin general Wu-chu hastened in pursuit and captured Hangchow and Ningpo (end of 1129 and beginning of 1130. However, the Kin army, consisting entirely of cavalry, had ventured too far into this China of the south with its flooded lands, intersecting rivers, paddy fields and canals, and dense population which harassed and encircled it. We-chu, leader of the Kin troops, sought to return north but was halted by the Yangtze, now wide as a sea and patrolled by Chinese flotillas. At last a traitor showed him how he might cross the river near Chenkiang, east of Nanking (1130).|title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia|author=René Grousset|edition=reprint, illustrated|year=1970|location=|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=0-8135-1304-9|page=137}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote=Nanking and Hangchow were taken by assault in 1129 and in 1130 the Jürchen ventured as far as Ning-po, in the north-eastern tip of Chekiang.|title=A history of Chinese civilization|author=Jacques Gernet|editor=|edition=2, illustrated, revised|year=1996|location=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-49781-7|page=357}}</ref>

=== The Jin Great Wall ===
{{See also|History of the Great Wall of China#The northern walls of the Khitan, Jurchens, and Tanguts}}

In order to prevent incursion from the Mongols, a large construction program was launched. The records show that two important sections of the [[Great Wall of China|Great Wall]] were completed by the Jurchens.

The Great Wall as constructed by the Jurchens differed from the previous dynasties. Known as the Border Fortress or the Boundary Ditch of the Jin, it was formed by digging ditches within which lengths of wall were built. In some places subsidiary walls and ditches were added for extra strength. The construction was started in about 1123 and completed by about 1198. The two sections attributable to the Jin dynasty are known as the Old Mingchang Walls and New Great Walls, together stretching more than 2,000 kilometres in length.<ref>[http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/history/jin/]</ref>

== Government ==
The government of the Jin dynasty merged Jurchen customs with institutions adopted from the Liao and Song dynasties.{{sfn|Franke|1994|p=265}} The pre-dynastic Jurchen government was based on the quasi-egalitarian tribal council.{{sfn|Franke|1994|pp=265–266}} Jurchen society at the time did not have a strong political hierarchy. The ''Shuo Fu'' (說郛) records that the Jurchen tribes were not ruled by central authority and locally elected their chieftains.{{sfn|Franke|1994|p=265}} Tribal customs were retained after Aguda united the Jurchen tribes and formed the Jin dynasty, coexisting alongside more centralised institutions.{{sfn|Franke|1994|p=266}} The Jin dynasty had five capitals, a practice they adopted from the [[Balhae]] and the Liao.{{sfn|Franke|1994|p=270}} The Jin had to overcome the difficulties of controlling a multi-cultural empire composed of territories once ruled by the Liao and Northern Song. The solution of the early Jin government was to establish separate government structures for different ethnic groups.{{sfn|Franke|1994|p=267}}

== Culture ==
[[File:Kin Dynasty (1115-1234) fresco in Ch'ung-fu Temple, Shuo-chou 1.jpg|thumb|Jin dynasty [[fresco]] of a [[Bodhisattva]] from Chongfu Temple (崇福寺), [[Shuozhou]], [[Shanxi]].]]
Because the Jin had few contacts with its southern neighbor the Song, different cultural developments took place in both states. Within [[Confucianism]], the "[[Neo-Confucianism|Learning of the Way]]" that developed and became orthodox in Song did not take root in Jin. Jin scholars put more emphasis on the work of northern Song scholar and poet [[Su Shi]] (1037–1101) than on [[Zhu Xi]]'s (1130–1200) scholarship, which constituted the foundation of the Learning of the Way.{{sfn|Tillman|1995|pp=71–114}}

A significant branch of [[Taoism]] called the [[Quanzhen School]] was founded under the Jin by [[Wang Zhe]] (1113–1170), a [[Han Chinese]] man who founded formal congregations in 1167 and 1168. Wang took the nickname of [[Wang Chongyang]] (Wang "Double Yang") and the disciples he took were retrospectively known as the "seven patriarchs of Quanzhen". The flourishing of [[Ci (poetry)|''ci'' poetry]] that characterized Jin literature was tightly linked to Quanzhen, as two thirds of the ''ci'' poetry written in Jin times was composed by Quanzhen Taoists.

The Jin state sponsored an edition of the [[Taoist Canon]] that is known as the ''Precious Canon of the Mysterious Metropolis of the Great Jin'' (''Da Jin Xuandu baozang'' 大金玄都寶藏). Based on a smaller version of the Canon printed by [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Emperor Huizong]] (r. 1100–1125) of the [[Song dynasty]], it was completed in 1192 under the direction and support of [[Emperor Zhangzong]] (r. 1190–1208).{{sfn|Boltz|2008|p=291}} In 1188, Zhangzong's grandfather and predecessor [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shizong]] (r. 1161–1189) had ordered the woodblocks for the Song Canon transferred from Kaifeng (the former Northern Song capital that had now become the Jin "Southern Capital") to the Central Capital's "Abbey of Celestial Perpetuity" or Tianchang guan 天長觀, on the site of what is now the [[White Cloud Temple]] in [[Beijing]].{{sfn|Boltz|2008|p=291}} Other Daoist writings were also moved there from another abbey in the Central Capital.{{sfn|Boltz|2008|p=291}} Zhangzong instructed the abbey's superintendent Sun Mingdao 孫明道 and two civil officials to prepare a complete Canon for printing.{{sfn|Boltz|2008|p=291}} After sending people on a "nationwide search for scriptures" (which yielded 1,074 fascicles of text that was not included in the Huizong edition of the Canon) and securing donations for printing, in 1192 Sun Mingdao proceeded to cut the new woodblocks.{{sfn|Boltz|2008|pp=291–92}} The final print consisted of 6,455 fascicles.{{sfn|Boltz|2008|p=292}} Though the Jin emperors occasionally offered copies of the ''Canon'' as gifts, not a single fragment of it has survived.{{sfn|Boltz|2008|p=292}}

A [[Buddhist Canon]] or "Tripitaka" was also produced in Shanxi, the same place where an enhanced version of the Jin-sponsored Taoist Canon would be reprinted in 1244.{{sfnm|Yao|1995|1p=174|Goossaert|2008|2p=916 (both Buddhist Canon and Daoist Canon printed in Shanxi)}} The project was initiated in 1139 by a Buddhist nun named Cui Fazhen, who swore (and allegedly "broke her arm to seal the oath") that she would raise the necessary funds to make a new official edition of the Canon printed by the Northern Song.{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=174}} Completed in 1173, the Jin Tripitaka counted about 7,000 fascicles, "a major achievement in the history of Buddhist private printing."{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=174}} It was further expanded during the Yuan.{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=174}}

Buddhism thrived during the Jin, both in its relation with the imperial court and in society in general.{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=173}} Many sutras were also carved on stone tablets.{{sfn|Yao|1995|=175}} The donors who funded such [[inscription]]s included members of the Jin imperial family, high officials, common people, and Buddhist priests.{{sfn|Yao|1995|=175}} Some sutras have only survived from these carvings, which are thus highly valuable to the study of Chinese Buddhism.{{sfn|Yao|1995|=175}} At the same time, the Jin court sold monk certificates for revenue. This practice was initiated in 1162 by [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shizong]] to fund his wars, and stopped three years later when war was over.{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=161}} His successor Zhanzong used the same method to raise military funds in 1197 and one year later to raise money to fight famine in the Western Capital.{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=161}} The same practice was used again in 1207 (to fight the Song and more famine) as well as under the reigns of emperors [[Prince Shao of Wei|Weishao]] (r. 1209–1213) and [[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuanzong]] (r. 1213–1224) to fight the Mongols.{{sfn|Yao|1995|pp=161–62}}

== List of emperors == <!--linked from list of emperors of the Jin dynasty & Jurchen emperors-->
{{History of Manchuria}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Sovereigns of the Jin dynasty 1115–1234
|-
![[Temple name]]<br>廟號<br>miàohào
![[Posthumous name]]<br>諡號<br>shìhào
!Birth name<br>&nbsp;<br>姓名<br>xìngmíng
!Years of<br>reign
![[Chinese era name|Era name]](s)<br>年號<br>niánhào<br>and Years
|-
| colspan="5" | ''Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name''
|-
|[[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Tàizǔ]]<br>太祖
|(1)
|Āgǔdǎ<br>阿骨打<br>''or''<br>Wányán Min<br>完顏旻
|1115–1123
|Shōuguó (收國, 1115–1116)&nbsp;<br>Tiānfǔ (天輔, 1117–1123)
|-
|[[Emperor Taizong of Jin|Tàizōng]]<br>太宗
|(1)
|Wúqǐmǎi<br>吳乞買<br>''or''<br>Wányán Shèng<br>完顏晟
|1123–1135
|Tiānhuì (天會, 1123–1135)
|-
|[[Emperor Xizong of Jin|Xīzōng]]<br>熙宗
|(1)
|Hélá<br>合剌<br>''or''<br>Wányán Dǎn<br>完顏亶
|1135–1149
|Tiānhuì (天會, 1135–1138)&nbsp;<br>Tiānjuàn (天眷, 1138–1141)&nbsp;<br>Huángtǒng (皇統, 1141–1149)
|-
|(2)
|[[Wanyan Liang|Prince Yáng of Hǎilíng]]<br>海陵煬王
|Dígǔnǎi <br>迪古乃<br>''or''<br>Wányán Liàng<br>完顏亮
|1149–1161
|Tiāndé (天德, 1149–1153)&nbsp;<br>Zhènyuán (貞元, 1153–1156)&nbsp;<br>Zhènglóng (正隆, 1156–1161)
|-
|[[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shìzōng]]<br>世宗
|(1)
|Wūlù<br>烏祿<br>''or''<br>Wányán Yōng<br>完顏雍
|1161–1189
|Dàdìng (大定, 1161–1189)
|-
|[[Emperor Zhangzong of Jin|Zhāngzōng]]<br>章宗
|(1)
|Mádágě<br>麻達葛<br>''or''<br>Wányán Jǐng<br>完顏璟
|1189–1208
|Míngchāng (明昌, 1190–1196)&nbsp;<br>Chéng'ān (承安, 1196–1200)&nbsp;<br>Tàihé (泰和, 1200–1208)
|-
|(2)
|[[Wanyan Yongji|Prince Shào of Wèi]]<br>衛紹王
|Wányán Yǒngjì<br>完顏永濟
|1208–1213
|Dà'ān<br>大安 <br>1209–1212<br>&nbsp;<br>Chóngqìng<br>崇慶<br>1212–1213<br>&nbsp;<br>Zhìníng<br>至寧<br>1213
|-
|[[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuānzōng]]<br>宣宗
|(1)
|Wúdúbǔ<br>吾睹補<br>''or''<br>Wányán Xún<br>完顏珣
|1213–1224
|Zhēnyòu<br>貞祐<br>1213–1217<br>&nbsp;<br>Xīngdìng<br>興定<br>1217–1222<br>&nbsp;<br>Yuánguāng<br>元光<br>1222–1224
|-
|[[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Āizōng]]<br>哀宗
|(1)
|Níngjiǎsù<br>寧甲速<br>''or''<br>Wányán Shǒuxù<br>完顏守緒
|1224–1234
|Zhèngdà<br>正大<br>1224–1232<br>&nbsp;<br>Kāixīng<br>開興<br>1232<br>&nbsp;<br>Tiānxīng<br>天興<br>1232–1234
|-
|[[Emperor Mo of Jin|Zhāozōng]]<br>昭宗
|Emperor Mò<br>末帝
|Hūdūn<br>呼敦<br>''or''<br>Wányán Chénglín<br>完顏承麟
|1234
|(2)
|}
*(1) Too long. Normally not used when referring to this sovereign.
*(2) Did not exist

== Emperors family tree ==
{{chart top |width = 100% |Emperors family tree}}
{{chart/start |align = center |style = font-size: 112%; |summary = Boxes and lines diagram with 28 boxes}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | Han | | | | | | | | | | |Han = [[Wanyan Hanpu]] 函普<br />Shizu 始祖}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | Wul | | | | | | | | | | |Wul = [[Wanyan Wulu]] 乌鲁<br />Dedi 德皇帝}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | Bah | | | | | | | | | | |Bah = [[Wanyan Bahai]] 完颜跋海<br />Andi 安皇帝}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | Suk | | | | | | | | | | |Suk = [[Wanyan Suike]] 綏可<br />Xianzu 獻祖}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | Shl | | | | | | | | | | |Shl = [[Wanyan Shilu]] 完颜石鲁<br />Zhaozu 昭祖}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | Wug | | | | | | | | | | |Wug = <small>[[Wanyan Wugunai]] 完颜乌骨迺</small><br />Jingzu 景祖<br />~1050–'''1021–1074'''}}
{{chart |border = 1 | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{chart |border = 1 | Hel | | Suz | | Muz | | | | | | Hez |Hel = <small>[[Wanyan Helibo]] 完颜劾里钵 </small><br />Shizu 世祖<br />1039–'''1074–1092'''|Suz = <small>Wanyan Polashu 完顏頗刺淑 </small><br>Suzong 肅宗<br>1042–'''1092–1094'''| Muz=<small>Wanyan Yingge 完颜盈歌</small><br />Muzong 穆宗<br />1053–'''1094–1103''' |Hez = Wanyan Hezhe<br />完顏劾者<br />d.1121}}
{{chart |border = 1 | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{chart |border = 1 | Wuy | |Tzu  | |Tzg  | | Mo  | | Sag |Wuy = <small>[[Wanyan Wuyashu]] 完顏烏雅束 </small><br />Kangzong 康宗<br />1061–'''1103–1113'''|Tzu = <small>Wanyan Aguda 完颜阿骨打</small><br />'''[[Wanyan Aguda|Taizu]] 太祖'''<br />1068-'''(born 1113)1115–1123''' |boxstyle_Tzu = border-width: 2px; |Tzg = <small>Wanyan Wuqimai 完顏吳乞買</small><br />'''[[Emperor Taizong of Jin|Taizong]] 太宗'''<br />1075–'''1123–1135''' |boxstyle_Tzg = border-width: 2px; |Mo = □ |Sag = Wanyan Sagai<br />完顏撒改}}
{{chart |border = 1 | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |:| | | |!| }}
{{chart |border = 1 | Jun | | Gan | | Zfu | | |:| | | Nia |Jun = <small>Wanyan Zongjun 完颜宗峻 d.1124</small><br />Huizong 徽宗| Gan = <small>Wanyan Zonggan 完颜宗干 d.1141</small><br />Dezong 德宗 |Zfu = <small>Wanyan Zongfu 完顏宗辅 1096–1135</small><br />Ruizong 睿宗 |Nia = [[Wanyan Nianhan]]<br />完颜粘罕<br />1080–1136}}
{{chart |border = 1 | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |:| | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 |Xiz  | |Hlw  | |Shi  | | |:| | | | | | Xiz = <small>Wanyan Hela 完顏合剌</small><br />'''[[Emperor Xizong of Jin|Xizong]] 熙宗'''<br />1119–'''1135–1149'''| boxstyle_Xiz = border-width: 2px; |Hlw = <small>Wanyan Liang 完顏亮</small><br />'''[[Wanyan Liang|Prince of Hailing]] 海陵王'''<br />1122–'''1149–1161''' |boxstyle_Hlw = border-width: 2px; |Shi = <small>Wanyan Yong 完顏雍</small><br />'''[[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shizong]] 世宗'''<br />1123–'''1161–1189''' |boxstyle_Shi = border-width: 2px;}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |:| | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | Yun | |Wsw  | | |:| | | | | | Yun=<small>Wanyan Yungong 完顏允恭<br /> 1146–1185</small><br />Xianzong 顯宗 |Wsw = <small>Wanyan Yongji 完顏永濟</small><br />'''[[Wanyan Yongji|Prince Shao of Wei]] 衛紹王'''<br>1168–'''1209–1213'''|boxstyle_Wsw = border-width: 2px;}}
{{chart |border = 1 | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 |Zha  | |Xun  | | | | | | |:| | | | | | Zha = <small>Wanyan Jing 完顏璟</small><br />'''[[Emperor Zhangzong of Jin|Zhangzong]] 章宗'''<br />1168–'''1190–1208'''| boxstyle_Zha = border-width: 2px; |Xun = <small>Wanyan Xun 完顏珣</small><br />'''[[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuanzong]] 宣宗'''<br />1163–'''1213–1223'''| boxstyle_Xun = border-width: 2px;}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | |Aiz  | | | | | | |:| | | | | | Aiz = <small>Wanyan Shouxu 完顏守緒 1234</small><br />'''[[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Aizong]] 哀宗'''<br />1198–'''1224–1234''' |boxstyle_Aiz = border-width: 2px;}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | |Mo  | | | | |Mo = <small>Wanyan Chenglin 完顏承麟 </small><br />'''[[Emperor Mo of Jin|Mo]] 末帝'''<br />r.'''1234'''; d.1234 |boxstyle_Mod = border-width: 2px;}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|History of Imperial China}}
* [[Eastern Xia]]
* [[Chinese emperors family tree (middle)#Jin dynasty|Jurchen Jin emperors family tree]]
* [[Korean-Jurchen wars]]
* [[Timeline of the Jin–Song wars]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{citation |last=Boltz |first=Judith |chapter=''Da Jin Xuandu baozang'' 大金玄嘟寶藏 |pages=291–92 |title=The Encyclopedia of Taoism |volume= |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |editor-last=Pregadio |editor-first=Fabrizio |ISBN = 978-0-7007-1200-7}}.
* {{citation |last=Franke |first= Herbert |year=1971 |title=Chin Dynastic History Project |journal=[[Journal of Song-Yuan Studies|Sung Studies Newsletter]] |volume=3 |pages=36–37 |jstor=23497078 |subscription=yes}}.
* {{citation |first = Herbert |last = Franke |chapter = The Chin dynasty |editor = Denis Twitchett |editor2 = John King Fairbank |title = The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368 |year = 1994 |pages = 215–320 |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |ref = harv |ISBN = 978-0-521-24331-5 |authorlink = Herbert Franke (sinologist) |editor-first = Denis C. |editor-link = Denis C. Twitchett |editor2-link = John K. Fairbank}} (hardcover)
* {{citation |last=Goossaert |first=Vincent |chapter=Song Defang 宋德方 |pages=915–16|title=The Encyclopedia of Taoism |volume= |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |editor-last=Pregadio |editor-first=Fabrizio |ISBN = 978-0-7007-1200-7}}.
* {{citation |last=Schneider |first=Julia |year=2011 |title=The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors |journal=[[Journal of Song-Yuan Studies]] |volume=41 |pages=343–404 |jstor=23496214 |subscription=yes}}
* {{citation |first = Jing-shen |last = Tao |title = The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China |publisher = [[University of Washington Press]] |year = 1976 |ISBN = 0-295-95514-7}}
* {{citation |last=Tillman |first=Hoyt Cleveland |chapter = Confucianism under the Chin and the Impact of Sung Confucian Tao-hsüeh |pages=71–114 |title=China under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History |volume= |year=1995 |publisher=SUNY Press |location=Albany, NY |editor=Hoyt Cleveland Tillman |editor2=Stephen H. West |id = ISBN 0-7914-2274-7; ISBN 0-7914-2273-9}}
* {{citation |title = The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710-1368 |editor1-first = Denis C. |editor1-last = Twitchett |editor2-first = Herbert |editor2-last = Franke |editor3-first = John King |editor3-last = Fairbank |others=Contributors Denis C. Twitchett, John King Fairbank |volume=Volume 6 of The Cambridge History of China: 907-1368. Alien Regimes and Border States |edition = illustrated, reprint |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |ISBN = 0521243319 |accessdate = 10 March 2014 |ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{citation |last=Yao |first=Tao-chung |chapter=Buddhism and Taoism under the Chin |pages=145–80 |title = China under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History |volume= |year=1995 |publisher = SUNY Press |location = Albany, NY |editor=Hoyt Cleveland Tillman |editor2=Stephen H. West |id = ISBN 0-7914-2274-7; ISBN 0-7914-2273-9}}
* {{citation |last = Zhao |first = Gang |year = 2006 |jstor = 20062627 |doi = 10.1177/0097700405282349 |url = http://mcx.sagepub.com/content/32/1/3.abstract |archivedate = 25 March 2014 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf |title = Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century |journal = Modern China |volume = 32 |issue = 1 |pages=3–30 |website= |publisher= |deadurl=no }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Jin dynasty (1115-1234)}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef |before = [[Liao dynasty]]}}
{{s-ttl |title = [[Dynasties in Chinese history]] |years = 1115–1234}}
{{s-aft |after = [[Yuan dynasty]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Jin dynasty (1115–1234) topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jin dynasty (1115-1234)}}
[[Category:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties in Chinese history]]
[[Category:1234 disestablishments in China]]
[[Category:12th century in China]]
[[Category:13th century in China]]