Chagatai Khanate sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = Цагаадайн Хаант Улс<br />''Tsagadaina Khaanat Ulus''
|conventional_long_name = Chagatai Khanate
|common_name = Chagatai Khanate
|continent   = Asia
|status_text = [[Nomadic empire]]<br/>[[Division of the Mongol Empire]]
|region      = Central Asia
|country     =
|era         = Late Middle Ages
|status      = Empire
|life_span = {{line-height|1.3em|{{nowrap|1225 – 1340s {{small|{{nobold|(Whole)}}}}<br/>1340s – 1370 {{small|{{nobold|([[Western Chagatai Khanate|Western]])}}}}}}<br/>1340s–1680s {{small|{{nobold|([[Moghulistan|Eastern]])}}}}}}
|event_start = [[Chagatai Khan]] inherited part of [[Mongol Empire]]
|year_start  = 1225
|date_start  =
|event1      = Death of Chagatai
|date_event1 = 1242
|event2      = Chagatai Khanate split into two parts, [[Western Chagatai Khanate]] and [[Moghulistan]]
|date_event2 = 1340s
|event3    = End of the western empire.
|date_event3 = 1370
|year_end  = 1680s
|event_end    = End of the eastern empire.
|p1          = Mongol Empire
|flag_p1     = 
|s1          = Western Chagatai Khanate
|flag_s1     = 
|s2          = Moghulistan
|flag_s2     =
|s3          = Timurid Empire
|flag_s3     = 
|s4          = Afaq Khoja
|flag_s5     =
|s5          = Dzungar Khanate
|image_s3     = 
|image_flag  =
|flag_type   =
|image_coat  =
|image_map   = ChagataiKhanate1300.png
|image_map_caption = The Chagatai Khanate (green), c. 1300.
|capital           = [[Almaliq, Xinjiang|Almaliq]], [[Qarshi]]
|common_languages  = [[Chagatai language]]<ref name="Gulácsi2015">{{cite book|last=Gulácsi|first=Zsuzsanna|title=Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUUpCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156|year=2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-30894-7|page=156}}</ref><ref name="Kim2013">{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Hyun Jin|title=The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX8YAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|accessdate=20 November 2016|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-06722-6|page=29}}</ref>
|religion          = [[Shamanism]]<br /> [[Buddhism]]<br /> [[Tengrism]]<br /> [[Christianity]] <small>(minority)</small>
later [[Naqshbandi]] [[Sunni Islam]]
|currency          = [[Coin]]s ([[dirham]]s, [[Kebek]], and [[Pul (coin)|pūl]] coins)
|government_type   = Semi-[[elective monarchy]], later [[hereditary monarchy]]
|leader1           = [[Chagatai Khan]]
|year_leader1      = 1225–1242
|leader2           = 
|year_leader2      = 
|leader3           = 
|year_leader3      = 
|title_leader      = [[Chagatai khans|Khan]]
|legislature       = [[Kurultai]]
|stat_year1   = 1310 or 1350 est.<ref name="Turchin222">{{cite journal|format=PDF|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D.|date=December 2006|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|url=http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|journal=Journal of world-systems research|volume=12|issue=2|page=222|issn=1076-156X|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Taagepera499">{{cite journal|first=Rein|last=Taagepera|authorlink=Rein Taagepera|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|jstor=2600793|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|page=499|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053}}</ref>
|stat_area1   = 3500000
|today   = {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />{{flag|China}}<br />{{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br />{{flag|Tajikistan}}<br />{{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />{{flag|Afghanistan}}<br />{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />{{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />{{flag|Mongolia}}<br />{{flag|India}}
}}
{{Division of the Mongol Empire}}

The '''Chagatai Khanate''' ([[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: ''Tsagadaina Khaanat Ulus/Цагаадайн Хаант Улс'') was a [[Mongols|Mongol]] and later [[Turkic peoples|Turkicized]] [[khanate]]<ref name="BlackDupree2016">{{cite book|last1=Black|first1=Cyril E.|last2=Dupree|first2=Louis|authorlink2=Louis Dupree (professor)|last3=Endicott-West|first3=Elizabeth|last4=Matuszewski|first4=Daniel C.|last5=Naby|first5=Eden|authorlink5=Eden Naby|last6=Waldron|first6=Arthur N.|authorlink6=Arthur Waldron|title=The Modernization of Inner Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMoYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT57|accessdate=20 November 2016|date=1991|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk, N.Y.|isbn=978-1-315-48899-8|page=57}}</ref><ref name="UpshurTerry2011">{{cite book|last1=Upshur|first1=Jiu-Hwa L.|last2=Terry|first2=Janice J.|last3=Holoka|first3=Jim|last4=Cassar|first4=George H.|last5=Goff|first5=Richard D.|title=Cengage Advantage Books: World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RgJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA433|accessdate=20 November 2016|edition=5th|year=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=1-133-38707-1|page=433}}</ref> that comprised the lands ruled by [[Chagatai Khan]],<ref>Alternative spellings of ''Chagatai'' include ''Chagata'', ''Chugta'', ''Chagta'', ''Djagatai'', ''Jagatai'', ''Chaghtai'' etc.</ref> second son of [[Genghis Khan]], and his descendants and successors. Initially it was a part of the [[Mongol Empire]], but it became a functionally separate khanate with the [[Division of the Mongol Empire|fragmentation of the Mongol Empire]] after 1259. The Chagatai Khanate recognized the nominal supremacy of the [[Yuan dynasty]] in 1304,<ref>Dai Matsui – A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate Discovered at Dunhuang. Aspects of Research into Central Asian Buddhism, 2008, pp. 159–178</ref> but became split into two parts in the mid-14th century: the Western Chagatai Khanate and the [[Moghulistan]] Khanate.

At its height in the late 13th century, the Khanate extended from the [[Amu Darya]] south of the [[Aral Sea]] to the [[Altai Mountains]] in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China.<ref>See Barnes, Parekh and Hudson, p. 87; Barraclough, p. 127; ''Historical Maps on File'', p. 2.27; and LACMA for differing versions of the boundaries of the khanate.</ref>

The khanate lasted in one form or another from 1220s until the late 17th century, although the western half of the khanate was lost to [[Timurid Empire|Timur's empire]] by 1370. The eastern half remained under Chagatai khans, who were, at times, allied or at war with Timur's successors, the [[Timurid dynasty]]. Finally, in the 17th century, the remaining Chagatai domains fell under the theocratic regime of [[Afaq Khoja]] and his descendants, the [[Khoja (Turkestan)|Khojas]], who ruled [[Xinjiang]] under [[Dzungar Khanate|Dzungar]] and [[Manchu people|Manchu]] overlordships consecutively.

==Formation==
[[Genghis Khan]]'s empire was inherited by his third son, [[Ögedei Khan]], the designated [[Khagan]] who personally controlled the lands east of [[Lake Balkhash]] as far as [[Mongolia]]. [[Tolui]], the youngest, the keeper of the hearth, was accorded the [[Outer Mongolia|northern Mongolian]] homeland. [[Chagatai Khan]], the second son, received [[Transoxiana]], between the [[Amu Darya]] and [[Syr Darya]] rivers (in modern [[Uzbekistan]]) and the area around [[Kashgar]]. He made his capital at [[Almaliq, Xinjiang|Almaliq]] near what is now [[Yining City]] in northwestern China.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|pp=253–4}} Apart from problems of lineage and inheritance, the Mongol Empire was endangered by the great cultural and ethnic divide between the Mongols themselves and their mostly [[Islam]]ic [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] subjects.

When Ögedei died before achieving his dream of conquering all of [[China]], there was an unsettled transition to his son [[Güyük Khan]] (1241) overseen by Ögedei's wife [[Töregene Khatun]], who had assumed the regency for the five years following Ögedei's death. The transition had to be ratified in a [[kurultai]], which was duly celebrated, but without the presence of [[Batu Khan]], the independent-minded khan of the [[Golden Horde]].{{sfn|Grousset|1970|pp=268–9}} After Güyük's death, Batu sent [[Berke]], who maneuvered with [[Sorghaghtani Beki|Tolui's widow]], and, in the next kurultai (1253), the Ögedite line was passed over for [[Möngke Khan]], Tolui's son, who was said to be favorable to the [[Church of the East]].{{sfn|Grousset|1970|pp=272–5}} The Ögedite ''ulus'' was dismembered; only the Ögedites who did not immediately go into opposition were given minor fiefs.{{refn|For example Kaidu, who received Qayaliq, in modern Kazakhstan. He later revolted against Khubilai Khan and forcefully made the Chagatai khans his vassals for three decades, as will be discussed.<ref>{{harvnb|Biran|1997|pp=19–20}}</ref>|group=nb}}

==The Chagatai Khanate after Chagatai==
Chagatai died in 1242, shortly after his brother Ögedei. For nearly twenty years after this the Chagatai Khanate was little more than a dependency of the Mongol central government, which deposed and appointed khans as it pleased. The cities of [[Transoxiana]], while located within the boundaries of the khanate, were administrated by officials who answered directly to the Great Khan.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|pp=328–9}}

This state of subservience to the central government was ended during the reign of Chagatai's grandson [[Alghu]] (1260–1266), who took advantage of the [[Toluid Civil War]] between [[Kublai Khan]] and [[Ariq Böke]] by revolting against the latter, seizing new territories and gaining the allegiance of the Great Khan's authorities in Transoxiana.{{sfn|Biran|1997|pp=21–2}} Most of the Chagatayids first supported Kublai but in 1269 they joined forces with the [[House of Ögedei]].<ref name="Allsen2004">{{cite book|last=Allsen|first=Thomas T.|title=Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0StLNcKQNUoC&pg=PA24|accessdate=20 November 2016|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-60270-9|page=24}}</ref>

Alghu's eventual successor, [[Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq]] (1266–1271), who expelled Kublai Khan's governor in [[Xinjiang]] soon came into conflict with the Ögedite [[Kaidu]], who gained the support of the [[Golden Horde]] and attacked the Chagatayids.{{sfn|Biran|1997|p=25}} Baraq was soon confined to Transoxiana and forced to become a vassal of Kaidu.{{sfn|Biran|1997|pp=25–6}} At the same time, he was at odds with [[Abaqa Khan]], the Ilkhan, who ruled his [[Ilkhanate]] in [[Iran]]. Baraq attacked first, but was defeated by the Ilkhanate army and forced to return to Transoxiana, where he died not long after.{{sfn|Biran|1997|pp=30–2}}

[[File:Chagatai Khanate map en.svg|thumb|250px|The Chagatai Khanate and its neighbors in the late 13th century]]

The next several Chagatayid khans were appointed by Kaidu,{{sfn|Biran|1997|p=33}} who maintained a hold upon the khanate until his death. He finally found a suitable khan in Baraq's son [[Duwa]] (1282–1307), who participated in Kaidu's wars with Kublai khan and his successors of the [[Yuan dynasty]].{{sfn|Biran|1997|pp=50–2}} The two rulers also were active against the Ilkhanate.{{sfn|Biran|1997|pp=59–60}} After Kaidu's death in 1301, Duwa threw off his allegiance to his successor. He also made peace with the Yuan dynasty and paid tributes to the Yuan court; by the time of his death the Chagatai Khanate was a virtually independent state.{{sfn|Biran|1997|pp=71–8}}

==Fall==
Duwa left behind numerous sons, many of whom became khans themselves. Included among these are [[Kebek]] (1309, 1318–1326), who instituted a standardization of the coinage and selected a sedentary capital (at [[Qarshi]]), and [[Tarmashirin]] (1326–1334), who converted to [[Islam]] and raided the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in [[India]]. Tarmashirin, however, was brought down by a rebellion of the tribes in the eastern provinces, and the khanate became increasingly unstable in the following years. In 1346 a tribal chief, [[Amir Qazaghan]], killed the Chagatai khan [[Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur]] during a revolt.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|pp=341–2}}

The Chagatai Khanate split into two parts in the 1340s.<ref>Sh. Tseyen-Oidov; "From the Genghis Khan to Ligden Khan" 2002</ref> In Transoxiana in the west, the mostly Muslim tribes, led by the [[Qara'unas]] amirs, seized control. In order to maintain a link to the house of Genghis Khan, the amirs set several descendants of Chagatai on the throne, though these khans ruled in name only and had no real power. The eastern part of the khanate, which had been largely autonomous for several years as a result of the weakening power of the khans, meanwhile became independent under the Chagatayid [[Tughlugh Timur]]. This eastern portion (most of which was known as "[[Moghulistan]]") was, in contrast to Transoxiana, primarily inhabited by Mongols and largely followed [[Buddhism]] and [[Mongolian shamanism]].

The two halves of the Chagatai Khanate were briefly reunited in the 1360s by Tughlugh Timur, who invaded Transoxiana twice and attempted to establish his authority there. Following his death in 1363 his successors ruled only over the east, while control of Transoxiana was contested by two tribal leaders, [[Amir Husayn]] (the grandson of Qazaghan) and [[Timur]] or Tamerlane. Timur eventually defeated Amir Husayn and gained mastery over Transoxiana (1369–1405). Like his predecessors, Timur maintained a puppet khan on the throne to legitimatize his rule, but his khans were members of the house of Ögedei rather than descendants of Chagatai.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=416}} After he died in 1405 his successors, the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]], are also reported to have had their own shadow khans until the mid-15th century.

The eastern half of the khanate remained in the hands of the descendants of Tughlugh Timur for several centuries, although it was itself split into multiple successor states in the 1500s. The last independent Chagatai Khanate, the [[Yarkent Khanate]], was conquered by the [[Dzungar Khanate]] in the [[Dzungar conquest of Altishahr]] from 1678–1680.

==See also==
{{History of the Mongols}}

*[[List of Chagatai khans]]
*[[List of Mongol states]]
*[[List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans]]
*[[Division of the Mongol Empire]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* Barnes, Ian, Bhikhu Parekh and Robert Hudson. ''The History Atlas of Asia.'' Macmillan, p.&nbsp;87. Macmillan, 1998. ISBN 0-02-862581-1
* Barraclough, Geoffrey. ''The Times Atlas of World History''. 4th Ed. Hammond World Atlas Corporation, 1993. ISBN 0-7230-0534-6
* Barthold, W. "Caghatai-Khan." ''The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 2''. New Ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1965.
* ---. "Dughlat." ''The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 2.'' New Ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1965.
* {{cite book|last=Biran|first=Michal|title=Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia|publisher=Curzon|location=Surrey|year=1997|isbn=0-7007-0631-3|ref=harv}}
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20050211100417/http://www.ucalgary.ca:80/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/chagatai.html The Chagatai Khanate]". ''The Islamic World to 1600''. 1998. The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary. Retrieved 19 May 2005.
* Elias, N. Commentary. ''The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia)''. By Mirza Muhammad Haidar. Translated by Edward Denison Ross, edited by N. Elias. London, 1895.
* {{cite book|last=Grousset|first=René|authorlink=René Grousset|title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC|accessdate=20 November 2016|year=1970|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, N.J|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1|ref=harv}}
* Karpat, Kemal H. "The Ottoman Rule in Europe From the Perspective of 1994." ''Turkey Between East and West''. Ed. [[Vojtech Mastny]] and R. Craig Nation. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8133-2420-3
* Kim, Hodong. "The Early History of the Moghul Nomads: The Legacy of the Chaghatai Khanate." ''The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy.'' Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David Morgan. Leiden: Brill, 1998. ISBN 90-04-11048-8
* Manz, Beatrice Forbes. ''The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane.'' Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989. ISBN 0-521-63384-2
* "[http://www.lacma.org/khan/map.htm Map of the Mongol Empire]". ''LACMA.org''. 2003. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
* Mirza Muhammad Haidar. ''The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia)''. Translated by Edward Denison Ross, edited by N.Elias. London, 1895.
* "Mongol Invasions of Russia, 12th–13th Centuries". Map. ''Historical Maps on File: Ringbound''. 2nd Ed. Facts on File, 2002. ISBN 0-8160-4600-X
* Roemer, H. R. "Timur in Iran." ''The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods''. Ed. Peter Jackson and Lawrence Lockhart. London: Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-20094-6
* Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland, S. Frederick Starr
* {{Google books |id=jCpncXFzoFgC |page=29 |title=The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe }}

==External links==
*{{commons category inline}}

{{Mongol Empire}}
{{Empires}}
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[[Category:Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Mongol states]]
[[Category:Chagatai Khanate]]
[[Category:History of Central Asia]]
[[Category:1687 disestablishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1225]]
[[Category:Borjigin]]
[[Category:Khanates]]
[[Category:1225 establishments in the Mongol Empire]]