Börjigin sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

{{redirect|Altan urag|the folk rock band|Altan Urag|the notion of having Genghis Khan as an ancestor|Descent from Genghis Khan}}
{{Royal house
|surname        =Borjigin<br />Боржигин
|estate         =[[Mongolia]], [[Russia]], Central Asia, Iran and [[China]]
|coat of arms   =
|country        =[[Mongol Empire]], [[Northern Yuan dynasty]], [[Mongolia]], [[China]] ([[Inner Mongolia]] and [[Xinjiang]])
|parent house   =
|titles         =[[Khagan]], [[Khan (title)|Khan]]
|founder        =Bodonchar Munkhag
|final ruler    =[[Ligden Khan]]
|founding year  =ca. 900 AD
|deposition     =1635–
|ethnicity    =[[Mongol]]
|cadet branches =Before [[Genghis Khan]]: Khiyan, Tayichigud, Jurkhin; after [[Genghis Khan]]: [[Khiyad]]-Borjigin, Jochids, [[Khorchin]]-Borjigins, Girays, Sheybanids, Khoshut}}
[[File:Mongol Empire c.1207.png|thumb|[[Mongol Empire]] circa 1207]]
'''Borjigin''' (plural '''Borjigid'''; {{lang-mn|Боржигин}}, ''Borjigin''; {{lang|ru|''Борджигин''}}, ''Bordjigin''; [[Mongolian script]]: [[File:Borjigit 1.png|24px]], ''Borjigit''), is the last name of the imperial [[clan]] of [[Genghis Khan]] and his successors. The senior Borjigids provided ruling princes for [[Mongolia]] and [[Inner Mongolia]] until the 20th century.<ref name="Caroline Humphrey p.27">Caroline Humphrey, David Sneath ''The end of Nomadism?'', p.27</ref> The clan formed the ruling class among the [[Mongols]] and some other peoples of [[Central Asia]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. Today, the Borjigid are found in most of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and [[Xinjiang]],<ref name="Caroline Humphrey p.27" /> although genetic research has shown that [[descent from Genghis Khan]] is common in Central Asia.

== Origin ==
{{See also|Family tree of Genghis Khan}}
The patrilineage began with Blu-grey [[Wolf]] (Börte Chino) and Fallow [[deer|Doe]] (Gua Maral). As in ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]'', their 11th generation descendant Dobu Mergen's widow [[Alan Gua]] the Fair was impregnated by a ray of light.<ref>The Secret History of the Mongols, Ch.1 $17</ref> Her youngest son became the ancestor of the later Borjigid.<ref>Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank ''The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907-1368'', p.330</ref> He was [[Bodonchar Munkhag]] , who along with his brothers sired the entire Mongol nation.<ref>Kahn, Paul. ''The Secret History of the Mongols'', p. 10.</ref> According to [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], many of the older Mongolian clans were founded by members of the Borjigin — [[Barlas]], Urud, [[Manghud]], [[Taichiut]], [[Chonos tribe|Chonos]], Kiyat, etc. The first Khan of the Mongol was Bodonchar Munkhag's great-great-grandson [[Khaidu Khan]]. Khaidu's grandsons [[Khabul Khan]] and [[Ambaghai]] Khan (founder of the [[Taichiut]] clan) succeeded him. Thereafter, Qabul's sons, [[Qutula|Hotula]] Khan and [[Yesugei]], and great-grandson [[Temujin]] ([[Genghis Khan]]) ruled the [[Khamag Mongol]]. By the unification of the Mongols in 1206, virtually all of Temujin's uncles and first cousins died, and from then on only the descendants of Yesugei Baghatur formed the Borjigid.

== Mongol Empire ==
{{See also|Appanage}}
[[File:Mongol dominions1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Mongol Empire]], ca. 1300. The gray area is the later [[Timurid empire]].]]
The Borjigin family ruled over the [[Mongol Empire]] from the 13th to 14th century. The rise of Genghis (Chingis) narrowed the scope of the Borjigid-Kiyad clans sharply.<ref name="Mongol Empire p.45">C. P. Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.45</ref> This separation was emphasized by the intermarriage of Genghis's descendants with the [[Barlas]], Baarin, [[Manghud]] and other branches of the original Borjigid. In the western regions of the Empire, the Jurkin and perhaps other lineages near to Genghis's lineage used the clan name Kiyad but did not share in the privileges of the Genghisids. The Borjigit clan had once dominated large lands stretching from [[Java]] to [[Iran]] and from [[Indo-China]] to [[Novgorod]]. In 1335, with the disintegration of the [[Ilkhanate]] in [[Iran]], the first of numerous non-Borjigid-Kiyad dynasties appeared. Established by marriage partners of Genghisids, these included the [[Chupanids|Suldus Chupanids]], [[Jalayirids]] in the Middle East, the [[Timurids|Barulas dynasties]] in [[Chagatai Khanate]] and India, the Manghud and [[Onggirat]] dynasties in the [[Golden Horde]] and Central Asia, and the [[Oirats]] in western Mongolia.

In 1368, under [[Ukhaantu Khan, Emperor Huizong of Yuan|Toghun Temür]], the [[Yuan dynasty]] was overthrown by the [[Ming dynasty]] in China but members of the family continued to rule over [[Mongolia]] homeland into the 17th century, known as the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]]. Descendants of Genghis Khan's brothers, [[Hasar]] and [[Belgutei]], surrendered to the Ming in the 1380s. By 1470 the Borjigin lines were severely weakened, and Mongolia was almost in chaos.

== Post-Mongol Empire ==
[[File:Mongolia 1500 AD.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Tumens of Mongolia Proper and vassal states of the Mongol Empire by 1400]]
After the breakup of the Golden Horde, the Khiyat continued to rule the [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]] and [[Kazan]] until the late 18th century. They were annexed by the [[Russian Empire]] and the Chinese. In Mongolia, the Kublaids reigned as [[Khagan]] of the Mongols, however, descendants of [[Ögedei]] and [[Ariq Böke]] usurped the throne briefly.

Under [[Dayan Khan]] (1480–1517) a broad Borjigid revival reestablished Borjigid supremacy among the Mongols proper. His descendants proliferated to become a new ruling class. The Borjigin clan was the strongest of the 49 Mongol [[Banners of Inner Mongolia|banners]] from which the Bontoi clan proper supported and fought for their Khan and for their honor. The eastern [[Khorchin]]s were under the Hasarids, and the Ongnigud, Abagha Mongols were under the Belguteids and [[Temüge Odchigen]]ids. A fragment of the Hasarids deported to Western Mongolia became the [[Khoshut]]s.

The [[Qing dynasty]] respected the Borjigin family and the early emperors married the Hasarid Borjigids of the Khorchin. Even among the pro-Qing Mongols, traces of the alternative tradition survived. Aci Lomi, a banner general, wrote his ''History of the Borjigid Clan'' in 1732–35.<ref>Peter C. Perdue ''China marches west'', p.487</ref> The 18th century and 19th century Qing nobility was adorned by the descendants of the early Mongol adherents including the Borjigin.<ref>Pamela Kyle Crossley ''A Translucent Mirror'', p.213</ref>

==Genghisids==
Asian dynasties descended from Genghis Khan included the [[Yuan dynasty]] of China, the [[Ilkhanid]]s of [[Persia]], the [[Jochids]] of the [[Golden Horde]], the [[Shaybanids]] of [[Siberia]], and the [[Khanate of Astrakhan|Astrakhanids]] of Central Asia. As a rule, the Genghisid descent played a crucial role in Tatar politics. For instance, [[Mamai]] had to exercise his authority through a succession of puppet khans but could not assume the title of [[Khan (title)|khan]] himself because he lacked Genghisid lineage.

The word "Chingisid" derives from the name of the Mongol conqueror [[Genghis Khan|Genghis (Chingis) Khan]] (c. 1162–1227 CE). Genghis and his successors created a vast empire stretching from the [[Sea of Japan]] to the [[Black Sea]].

* The ''Chingisid principle'',<ref>''Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History'' (Chapter VIII) by Charles J. Halperin, Indiana University Press, 1985 ISBN 0-253-20445-3, ISBN 978-0-253-20445-5</ref> or golden lineage, was the rule of inheritance laid down in the ([[Yassa]]), the legal code attributed to Genghis Khan.
* A ''Chingisid prince'' was one who could trace direct [[descent from Genghis Khan]] in the male line, and who could therefore claim high respect in the Mongol and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] world.
* The ''Chingisid states'' were the successor states or [[Khanate]]s after the Mongol empire broke up following the death of the Genghis Khan's sons and their [[List of Mongol Khans|successors]].
* The term ''Chingisid people'' was used{{by whom?|date=August 2016}} to describe the people of Genghis Khan's armies who came in contact with Europeans. It applied primarily the [[Golden Horde]], led by [[Batu Khan]], a grandson of Genghis. Members of the Horde were predominantly [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] — [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-speaking people rather than Mongols. (Although the aristocracy was largely Mongol, Mongols were never more than a small minority in the armies and the lands they conquered.) Europeans often (incorrectly) called the people of the Golden Horde "[[Tartars]]".

[[Babur]] and [[Humayun]], founders of the [[Mughal Empire]] in India, asserted their authority as Chinggisids. Because they claimed descent through their maternal lineage, they had never used the clan name Borjigin.

The last ruling monarch of Genghisid ancestry, [[Mohammed Alim Khan]] (d. 1944), [[Emirate of Bukhara | Emir of Bukhara]] from 1911 to 1920, was overthrown by [[Red Army]] in 1920.

== Yuan dynasty family tree ==
{{see also|Chinese emperors family tree (late)#Yuan dynasty and Northern Yuan dynasty|l1=Yuan and Northern Yuan dynasties emperor's family tree}}
[[Genghis Khan]] founded the [[Mongol Empire]] in 1206. His grandson, [[Kublai Khan]], after defeating his younger brother [[Ariq Böke]], founded the [[Yuan dynasty]] in China in 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the [[Ming dynasty]] during the reign of [[Ukhaantu Khan, Emperor Huizong of Yuan|Toghaghan-Temür]] in 1368, but it survived in [[Mongolia]] homeland, known as the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]]. Although the kingship was usurped by [[Esen Tayisi]] of the [[Oirats]] in 1453, he was overthrown in the next year. A recovery of the khaganate was achieved by [[Dayan Khan]], but the territory was segmented by his descendants. The last [[khaan]] [[Ligden Khan|Ligden]] died in 1634 and his son [[Ejei Khan|Ejei Khongghor]] submitted himself to [[Hong Taiji]] the next year, ending the Northern Yuan regime.<ref>Ann Heirman, Stephan Peter Bumbacher ''The spread of Buddhism'', p.395</ref> However, the Borjigin nobles continued to rule their subjects until the 20th century under the Qing.<ref>David Sneath ''Changing Inner Mongolia: pastoral Mongolian society and the Chinese state'', p.21</ref><ref>[[Wada Sei]] did pioneer work on this field, and [[Honda Minobu]] and [[Okada Hidehiro]] modified it, using newly discovered Persian (Timurid) records and Mongol chronicles.</ref>

[[File:Yuan genealogy.png|820px]]

Or in a different version (years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty [up to 1388] are given in brackets).

{{Aristocratic family trees}}

==Modern relevance and descent from Genghis Khan==
{{Further|Descent from Genghis Khan}}
[[File:Navaanneren.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Navaanneren]], Minister of the Interior, who along with the 23rd Tushiyetu Khan Dorjsurenkhoroljav (1908–1937) was the last of the Borjigin with the title of [[Khan (title)|Khan]] in Mongolia. He was executed during the [[Stalinist repressions in Mongolia|great purges]] of 1937.]]
The Borjigin held power over Mongolia for many centuries (even during [[Mongolia during Qing rule|Qing period]]) and only lost power when [[Communists]] took control in the 20th century. Aristocratic descent was something to be forgotten in the [[socialist]] period.<ref>Caroline Humphrey, David Sneath ''The end of Nomadism?'', p.28</ref> [[Joseph Stalin]]'s henchmen executed some 30,000 Mongols including Borjigin nobles in a series of campaigns against their culture and religion.<ref>Jack Weatherford ''Genghis Khan'', p.XV</ref> Clan association has lost its practical relevance in the 20th century, but is still considered a matter of honour and pride by many [[Mongols|Mongolians]]. In 1920s the communist regime banned the use of clan names. When the ban was lifted again in 1997, and people were told they had to have surnames, most families had lost knowledge about their clan association. Because of that, a disproportionate number of families registered the most prestigious clan name Borjigin, many of them without historic justification.<ref>{{Citation| title = In Search of Sacred Names| newspaper = Mongolia Today| url = http://www.mongoliatoday.com/issue/5/names.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2004/oct/23/world/fg-names23|title=Identity Issues in Mongolia|last=Magnier|first=Mark|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=October 23, 2004}}</ref> The label Borjigin is used as a measure of cultural supremacy.<ref>Carole Pegg ''Mongolian music, dance, & oral narrative'', p.22</ref>

In [[Inner Mongolia]], the Borjigid or Kiyad name became the basis for many Chinese surnames adopted by [[Mongols in China|ethnic Inner Mongols]].<ref name="Mongol Empire p.45" /> The Inner Mongolian Borjigin Taijis took the surname [[Bao (surname)|Bao]] ({{lang|zh|鲍}}, from Borjigid) and in [[Ordos Loop|Ordos]] [[Qi (surname)|Qi]] ({{lang|zh|奇}}, Qiyat). A [[genetic research]] has proposed that as many as 16 million men from populations as far apart as [[Hazaras]] in the West and [[Hezhe people]] to the east may have Borjigid-Kiyad ancestry,<ref>Genetic legacy of the Mongols, American journal of Human genetics 72. p. 717-721</ref> but the professionalism of that study is being criticised.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} The Qiyat clan name is still found among the [[Kazakhs]], [[Uzbeks]] and [[Karakalpaks]].

== List of Kiyad-Borjigin dynasties ==
*[[Mongol Empire]]:
**[[Golden Horde]]
***[[Kazan Khanate]]
****[[Qasim Khanate]]
***[[Shaibanid]]
****Uzbek Khanate
*****[[Kazakh Khanate]]
*****[[Manghit Dynasty]]
*****[[Khanate of Khiva]]
*****[[Khanate of Bukhara]]
***[[Giray Dynasty]]
****[[Crimean Khanate]]
***[[Astrakhan Khanate]]
**[[Chagatai Khanate]]
**[[Yuan dynasty]]
**[[Ilkhanate]]
*[[Northern Yuan dynasty]]

== Prominent Kiyads or Borjigins ==
[[File:MongolEmpireDivisions1300.png|thumb|right|250px|The division of the [[Mongol Empire]], c. 1300, with the Golden Horde in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in the middle, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east]]

=== Rulers of the [[Khamag Mongol]] (11th century – 1206) ===
*[[Khaidu (ruler)|Khaidu]]
*[[Khabul Khan]]
*[[Yesugei]]

===Emperors and rulers of the [[Mongol Empire]] (1206–1368)===
*[[Genghis Khan]]
*[[Tolui]] [[Khan (title)|Khan]]
*[[Ögedei Khan]]
*[[Güyük Khan]]
*[[Möngke Khan]]

====Genghis Khan's brothers====
*[[Hasar]]
*[[Belgutei]]
*[[Temüge]]

====Rulers of the Khanates====

=====[[Yuan dynasty]]=====
*[[Kublai Khan]]
*[[Temür Khan]]
*[[Toghon Temür]] [[Khan (title)|Khan]]

=====[[Golden Horde]]=====
[[File:Цар Батий на престолі.jpg|thumb|[[Batu Khan]] on his throne.]]

*[[Jochi]]
*[[Orda Khan]]
*[[Batu Khan]]
*[[Berke]]
*[[Shiban]]
*[[Toqta]]
*[[Uzbeg Khan]]

=====[[Ilkhanate]]=====
*[[Hulagu]]
*[[Abaqa]]
*[[Ghazan]]

=====[[Chagatai Khanate]]=====
*[[Chagatai Khan]]
*[[Kaidu]]
*[[Duwa]]
*[[Esen Buqa I]]
*[[Kebek]]
*[[Tarmashirin]]
**[[Timurid Empire]]
***[[Mughal Empire]]

===Post-Mongol Empire [[Golden Horde]] (1360–1502)===
*[[Urus Khan]]
*[[Toqtamish]]
*[[Mamai]]<ref>According to H.H.Howorth, Mamai used the clan name Kiyad which is near to Genghisid lineage. However, he was not direct descendant of Genghis Khan, The History of the Mongols, part.II, D.II, p.190</ref>
*[[Olug Moxammat]]

===[[Crimean Khanate]] (1441–1783)===
*[[Mengli Giray]]

===[[Kazan Khanate]] (1438–1552)===
*[[Olug Moxammat]]

===[[Uzbek Khanate (disambiguation)|Uzbek Khanate]]s (15th – mid 20th century)===
[[File:Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mohammed Alim Khan]], last Emir of the [[Manghit]] lineage, 1911. Early color photograph by [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]].]]
*[[Muhammad Shaybani]]
*[[Abulghazi Bahadur]]
*[[Mohammed Alim Khan]]

===[[Kazakh Khanate]] (1456–1847)===
*[[Janybek Khan]]

=== [[Northern Yuan dynasty]] (1368–1635) ===
*[[Öljei Temür Khan]]
*[[Dayan Khan]]
*[[Ligdan Khan]]
*[[Ejei Khan]]

==== Ruler of the Tumed ====
*[[Altan Khan]]

==== Khalkha ====
*[[Zanabazar]]

===[[Empress of the Qing dynasty]] (1636–1717)===

The royals of the Khorchin Mongols were descended from Khasar, the brother of Genghis Khan.

*[[Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang]]
*[[Empress Xiaohuizhang]]
*[[Borjigit, Demoted Empress]]

[[Image:Imperial Portrait of Empress Xiao Zhuang Wen.jpg|150px|thumb|[[Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang]] of the Borjigit]]

During the initial building of the [[Qing dynasty]], the [[Manchu]] [[Aisin Gioro]] clan had the tradition of diplomatic marriages with Mongols to earn their support. Qing rulers would make Mongol ladies empresses and major concubines. As the Khorchin were the strongest banner, the Manchus were anxious to make alliances from the [[Borjigit]]. These marriages produced two empresses and three dowager empresses of the Qing dynasty, from which [[Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang|Xiaozhuang]] subsequently became a notable grand empress dowager. Hence, it is not surprising to note that from [[Nurhaci]] to the [[Shunzhi Emperor]], all the empresses and major concubines were Mongols.

[[Empress Xiaoduanwen]] (Jere) was made empress in 1636, Empress of Emperor [[Hung Taiji]]. Daughter of Prince Manjusri. Known as a benevolent empress and the most virtuous of all. Made "Motherly Empress Dowager Empress" (Mu Hou Huang Tai Hou) in 1643 after the death Of Emperor Hung Taiji. She died in 1649 (Shunzhi's 6th year of rule).

[[Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang]] (Bumbutai) was historically considered the mother of Qing dynasty. She was a concubine of Huang Taiji. Daughter of Prince Jaisang and niece of Empress Xiaoduan. Made the "Enlightened Mother Dowager Empress" (Sheng Mu Huang Tai Hou) in 1643 after the death of Emperor Hung Taiji. She died in 1688 having helped [[Shunzhi Emperor]], her son, run the country till his death and [[Kangxi Emperor]], her grandson, for 25 years of his reign. This makes all Qing dynasty emperors who ruled China proper descendants of Genghis Khan. Xiaozhuang was an excellent politician who did not like to interfere in politics, unlike the notorious [[Empress Dowager Cixi]]. However, when the conditions required, she rendered her efforts.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Genghis_Khan.jpg|[[Genghis Khan]] 
Image:CoronationOfOgodei1229.jpg|[[Ögedei Khan]]
Image:TuluiWithQueenSorgaqtani.jpg|[[Tolui]] with his wife [[Sorghaghtani Beki]]
Image:Mengli bayezid.jpg|[[Mengli Giray]] at the court of [[Bayezid II]]
Image:Altan Khan.jpg|[[Altan Khan]]
Image:Imperial Portrait of Empress Xiao Zhuang Wen.jpg|[[Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang]]
File:Facial Chronicle - b.10, p.049 - Tokhtamysh at Moscow.jpg|[[Tokhtamysh]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{commons category|Borjigin}}
*[[Mongol Empire]]
*[[Family tree of Genghis Khan]]
*[[List of Mongol Khans]]
*[[Tatar]]
*[[Mongolian name]]
*[[List of medieval Mongolian tribes and clans]]
*[[History of Mongolia]]
*[[Khalkha]]
*[[Turco-Mongol]]
*[[Timurid dynasty]]
* [[List of family trees]]

== References ==
;Footnotes
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

;Further reading
*Wada Sei 和田清. ''Tōashi Kenkyū (Mōko Hen)'' 東亜史研究 (蒙古編). Tokyo, 1959.
*Honda Minobu 本田實信. ''On the genealogy of the early Northern Yüan'', Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, XXX-314, 1958.
*Okada Hidehiro 岡田英弘. ''Dayan Hagan no nendai'' ダヤン・ハガンの年代. Tōyō Gakuhō, Vol. 48, No. 3 pp.&nbsp;1–26 and No. 4 pp.&nbsp;40–61, 1965.
*Okada Hidehiro 岡田英弘. ''Dayan Hagan no sensei'' ダヤン・ハガンの先世. Shigaku Zasshi. Vol. 75, No. 5, pp.&nbsp;1–38, 1966.

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{{end}}

{{Mongol Empire}}
{{Yuan dynasty topics}}
{{Northern Yuan dynasty}}
{{Mongolic ethnic groups |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Mongolian nobility]]
[[Category:Borjigin|+01]]
[[Category:Mongol Empire people| *01]]
[[Category:Mongol peoples]]
[[Category:Yuan dynasty emperors]]
[[Category:Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Yuan dynasty]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Mongolia]]
[[Category:History of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Kinship and descent]]
[[Category:Dynasty genealogy]]
[[Category:Descendants of Genghis Khan]]