Tartışma:Blood brother sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Blood Covenant|the Indian heavy metal musical groups|Blood Covenant (band)}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2015}}
[[File:Hjalmars avsked av Orvar Odd efter striden på Samsö.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The Norwegian warrior [[Örvar-Oddr]] bids a last farewell to his blood brother, the Swedish warrior [[Hjalmar]], by [[Mårten Eskil Winge]] (1866).]]
'''Blood brother''' can refer to one of two things: a male [[Kinship|related by birth]], or two or more men not related by [[birth]] who have sworn loyalty to each other. This is in modern times usually done in a ceremony, known as a '''blood [[oath]]''', where having each person make a small cut, usually on a finger, hand or the [[forearm]], and then the two cuts are pressed together and bound, the idea being that each person's blood now flows in the other participant's [[veins]]. The act may carry a risk due to [[blood-borne disease]]s. In modern times, some gangs have also been rumored to make blood pacts. The process usually provides a participant with a heightened symbolic sense of attachment with another participant.

==Cultures==

===Scandinavia===
[[Örvar-Oddr's saga]] contains a notable account of blood brotherhood. The Norwegian warrior [[Örvar-Oddr]] felt a desire to test his fighting skills with the renowned Swedish warrior [[Hjalmar]]. Thus Örvar-Oddr sailed to Sweden with five ships and met Hjalmar, who had fifteen ships. Hjalmar could not accept such an uneven balance of strength and sent away ten of his own ships so that the forces would be even. The two warriors fought for two days with a lot of blood-letting and poetry, but it was a draw. Finally, they realized that they were equals and decided to become sworn brothers by letting their blood flow under a strand of turf raised by a spear. Then, the strand of turf was put back during oaths and incantations.{{Citation needed|date=November 2015}}

In the mythology of northern Europe, [[Gunther]] and [[Högni]] became the blood brothers of [[Sigurd]] when he married their sister [[Gudrun]]; in [[Wagner]]'s ''[[Ring Cycle]]'', the same occurs between [[Gunther]] and Wagner's version of Sigurd, [[Siegfried (opera)|Siegfried]], which is marked by the "Blood Brotherhood [[Leitmotiv]]". Additionally, it is briefly stated in [[Lokasenna]] that [[Odin]] and [[Loki]] were once blood brothers.

===Scythia===
Among the [[Scyth]]ians, the covenantors would allow their blood to drip into a cup; the blood was subsequently mixed with wine and drunk by both participants. Every man was limited to having at most three blood brotherhoods at any time, lest his loyalties be distrusted; as a consequence, blood brotherhood was highly sought after and often preceded by a lengthy period of affiliation and friendship ([[Lucian]], ''Toxaris''). 
4th-century BC depictions of two Scythian warriors drinking from a single [[drinking horn]] (most notably in a gold appliqué from [[Kul-Oba]]) have been associated with the Scythian oath of blood brotherhood.<ref>Caspar Meyer, ''Greco-Scythian Art and the Birth of Eurasia: From Classical Antiquity to Russian Modernity'',  OUP (2013), [https://books.google.ch/books?id=884TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA246#v=onepage&q&f=false 246 (fig. 98b)] "Gold relief appliqué showing two Scythians drinking from one drinking horn. From [[Kul-Oba]] (Inventory 2, K.12h). Rostoftzeff identified the scene with the Scythain sacred oath described in Herodotus 4.70. Fourth century BC. 5 × 3.7 cm, 28.35 gr."; see also 
"Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine",  [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic\S\C\Scythian%20art_ritual%20of%20brotherhood%20Kul%20Oba%20kurhan.jpg&page=pages\K\U\KulOba.htm&id=6841&pid=6046&tyt=Kul%20Oba Scythian gold statuette depicting the ritual of brotherhood].</ref>

The Hungarian [[hajduk]]s had a similar ceremony, though the wine was often replaced with milk so that the blood would be more visible.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

===East Asia===
In [[Culture of Asia|Asian cultures]], the act and ceremony of becoming blood brothers is generally seen as a [[tribal]] relationship, that is, to bring about alliance between tribes. It was practiced for this reason most notably among the [[Mongol]]s and [[Chinese history|early Chinese]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2015}}

===Americas===
There is some evidence that [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] did it to bring about [[Political alliance|alliance]] between tribes.{{Citation needed|date=November 2015}}

===Southeastern Europe===
Blood brothers among larger groups were common in ancient [[Southeastern Europe]] where, for example, whole companies of soldiers would become one family through the ceremony. It was perhaps most prevalent in the [[Balkans]] during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] era, as it helped the oppressed people to fight the enemy more effectively; blood brotherhoods were common in what is today [[Albania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Greece]], [[Montenegro]], [[Serbia]], [[Republic of Macedonia]]. Christianity also recognized sworn brotherhood in a ceremony (known as {{lang-gr|[[adelphopoiesis]]}}, {{lang-sla|pobratimstvo}} in the [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches; known as {{lang-la|ordo ad fratres faciendum}} in the [[Roman Catholic]] church). The tradition of intertwining arms and drinking wine is also believed to be a representation of becoming blood brothers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2015}}

===Caucasus===
Blood brotherhood, highly ritualized and subjected to a strong code, was a common practice in the [[Caucasus]], especially among the mountaineers. Some relics of this tradition survive to this day.{{Citation needed|date=November 2015}}

==Famous blood brothers==
;Historical
* [[Yesükhei]] and [[Keraites#Khanate|Toghril]]. Yesükhei was [[Genghis Khan]]'s father. Toghril is better known by his Chinese name [[Wang Khan]].
* The Greek [[Nikolaos Kriezotis]] and the Serbian [[Vasos Mavrovouniotis]] in the [[Greek War of Independence]]
* [[Temüjin]] (Genghis Khan) and [[Jamukha]] were childhood friends and blood brothers, although Jamukha later betrayed Temüjin, and was executed at the order of Temüjin.
* Two [[Normans|Norman]] knights who took part in the [[Norman conquest of England|Conquest of Britain]] in 1066, [[Robert d'Ouilly]] and [[Roger d'Ivry]], were well known as blood brothers. It was said that they had agreed beforehand to share the profits of this adventure. They both survived [[Battle of Hastings|Hastings]] and were granted lands in [[Oxfordshire]] and elsewhere, then worked together on various projects such as [[Wallingford Castle]].
* People of the [[Serbian Revolution]] (1804–17): Rebel leader [[Karađorđe]] (1762–1817) and commander [[Milutin Savić]] (1762–1842);<ref>{{cite book|author=Бошко Стрика|title=Српске задужбине Фрушкогорски манастири: Fruškogorski manastiri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KixAAAAMAAJ|year=1927|publisher=тисак закладе тискаре "Народних новина"|p=173}}</ref> Karađorđe and Greek volunteer [[Giorgakis Olympios]] (1772–1821);<ref>{{cite book|author=Douglas Dakin|title=The Greek Struggle for Independence, 1821-1833|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk1iVvOr6RUC&pg=PA36|year=1973|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02342-0|p=36}}</ref> commander [[Hajduk-Veljko]] (1780–1813) and Giorgakis Olympios;<ref>{{cite book|author1=Béla K. Király|author2=Gunther Erich Rothenberg|title=War and Society in East Central Europe: The first Serbian uprising 1804-1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KV_fAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Brooklyn College Press|isbn=978-0-930888-15-2|p=382}}</ref> commanders [[Stojan Čupić]] (1765–1815) and [[Bakal-Milosav]];<ref>{{cite book|title=The Slavonic and East European Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJsIAQAAIAAJ|year=1928|publisher=Jonathan Cape Limited|p=183}}</ref> commanders [[Cincar-Janko]] (1779–1833), [[Miloš Pocerac]] (1776–1811) and [[Anta Bogićević]] (1758–1813).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Revolt of the Serbs Against the Turks: (1804-1813)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qklfco35FIgC&pg=PA112|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-67606-0|p=112}}</ref>
* People of the [[Principality of Serbia]]: Prince [[Milan I of Serbia|Milan Obrenović]] (1854–1901) and [[Milan Piroćanac]] (1837–1897);<ref>{{cite book|author=Dušan Baranin|title=Milan Obrenović: kralj Srbije|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJViAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=V. Karadžić|p=67}}</ref> [[Aćim Čumić]] (1836–1901) and [[Kosta Protić]] (1831–1892);<ref>{{cite book|author=Vukadin Sretenović|title=Kralj Milan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKEMAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=NIGP "Glas"|p=55}}</ref> [[Đura Jakšić]] (1832–1878) and [[Stevan Vladislav Kaćanski]] (1829–1890).<ref>{{cite book|author=Gavrilo Kovijanić|title=Tragom čitališta u Srbiji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwDhAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Narodna knjiga|p=138}}</ref>
* [[Samoans|Samoan]] [[professional wrestler]] [[Peter Maivia|"High Chief" Peter Maivia]] was considered a blood brother of Amituanai Anoa'i, the father of the fellow professional wrestlers [[Afa Anoaʻi|Afa]] and [[Sika Anoaʻi|Sika Anoa'i]], who are better known as [[the Wild Samoans]], thus the Anoa'i family regard the Maivia line from him on forward as an extension of their own clan.

;Folklore and popular culture
* The Norse Gods [[Loki]] and [[Odin]] 
* [[Liu Bei]], [[Guan Yu]] and [[Zhang Fei (Three Kingdoms)|Zhang Fei]]. In the historical novel ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' by [[Luo Guanzhong]], these three men swore in their famous [[Oath of the Peach Garden]] that despite not being born on the same day, their sworn brotherhood would end with them dying on the same day. Histories only mention that the three men were "close like brothers".
* In the Chinese tale ''[[Journey to the West]]'', [[Sun Wukong]] (the Monkey King) became blood brothers with [[List of Journey to the West characters#Bull Demon King, Princess Iron Fan and associates|Niu Mowang]] (the Bull Demon King), but later on, this brother relationship was forgotten because of a conflict that occurred involving the bull demon's son that caused other problems for Wukong.
* Lost Boy Aidan and Lost Boy Andi
* In [[Serbian epic poetry]], there are several blood brotherhoods. [[Miloš Obilić]] with [[Milan Toplica]] and Ivan Kosančić,<ref name="Popov2000">{{cite book|author=Nebojša Popov|title=The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&pg=PA192|date=January 2000|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9116-56-6|pages=192–}}</ref> Miloš Obilić with [[Prince Marko]],<ref name="Popovic1988">{{cite book|author=Tanya Popovic|title=Prince Marko: The Hero of South Slavic Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ok93aZ27r-oC&pg=PA26|year=1988|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2444-8|pages=26–}}</ref> Miloš Obilić with the [[Jugović brothers]],<ref name="Segesten2011">{{cite book|author=Anamaria Dutceac Segesten|title=Myth, Identity, and Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SmTBNe0q2sC&pg=PA208|date=16 September 2011|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-4865-5|pages=208–}}</ref> Despot [[Vuk Grgurević]] and [[Dmitar Jakšić]].<ref name="SoerensenKleut1999">{{cite book|author1=Asmus Soerensen|author2=Marija Kleut|title=Prilog istoriji razvoja srpskog junačkog pesništva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMNiAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva|p=55}}</ref>
*In the musical ''[[Blood Brothers (musical)|Blood Brothers]]'' Michael Johnstone and Edward Lyons are blood brothers and stand by each other. They don't realize until the day they die that they are twins.
*In the film ''[[Mickybo and Me]]'', the two main characters become blood brothers.
*The characters' [[Snake Eyes (G.I. Joe)|Snake Eyes]] and [[Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)|Storm Shadow]] within the ''[[G.I. Joe]]'' franchise are portrayed as "blood brothers" as they shared the same master; despite the fact that they are now in fact enemies.
* Comedians, 'internetainers' and lifelong friends [[Rhett and Link]] have made reference to being blood brothers numerous times throughout their internet videos.
*In the film ''The Untouchables'',  Eliot Ness (Kevin Costner) and Jim Malone (Sean Connery) take a blood oath as they work to take down Al Capone (Robert DiNiro).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Blood compact]], an ancient ritual of the Philippines

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blood Brother}}
[[Category:Interpersonal relationships]]
[[Category:Ritual]]
[[Category:Blood]]
[[Category:Kinship and descent]]
[[Category:Sibling]]
[[Category:Customs involving siblings]]