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Beşiktaş-Galatasaray derbisi

2019-11-01T10:39:16Z

Admin: "Beşiktaş-Galatasaray derbisi" koruma altında alındı ([değiştir=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz) [Taşı=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz)) [kademeli]

== Tüm maçlar ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 11px"
|-
!#
!class=unsortable width="75" | Tarih
!Organizasyon
!Yer
!Skor
!class=unsortable|Beşiktaş'ın golleri ve kırmızı kartları
!class=unsortable|Galatasaray'ın golleri ve kırmızı kartları
!class=unsortable|Not
|-
|0||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1912|4|23}}||Özel maç||||bgcolor=Black|<center>2-20||?||?||
|-
|0||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1912|9|19}}||Özel maç||||bgcolor=Black|<center>19-0||?||||
|-
|1||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1924|8|22}}||[[1923-24 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>2-0||[[Refik Osman Top|Refik Osman]] (?), Edip (?)||||
|-
|2||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1925|7|31}}||[[1924-25 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-6||[[Abdi Aksoyman]]||[[Mehmet Leblebi|Mehmet]] (?), ?||
|-
|3||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1927|1|14}}||[[1926-27 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-3||||{{gol|30||70}} [[Mehmet Leblebi|Mehmet]], {{gol|65}} [[Rebii Erkal|Rebii]]||<ref>Galayasaray oyuncusu [[Muslihittin Peykoğlu|Muslihittin]], 5. dakikada sakatlanarak oyundan çıktı ve ilk yarının sonuna doğru oyuna dahil olana kadar Galatasaray bir kişi eksik mücadele etti.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1254876/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|4||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1927|11|18}}||[[1927-28 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-4||{{gol|60}} [[Salahattin Akel|Salahattin]]||{{gol|5}} [[Burhan Atak|Burhan]], {{gol|15||84}} [[Muslihittin Peykoğlu|Muslihittin]], {{gol|75}} [[Kemal Faruki|Kemal]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1254906/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|5||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1928|4|23}}||Özel maç||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||?||?||
|-
|6||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1928|6|10}}||Cumhuriyet Gazetesi Kupası||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>2-5||?||?||
|-
|7||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1928|9|21}}||[[1928-29 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>3-4||{{gol|22}} [[Şükrü Erkuş|Şükrü]], {{gol|66||84}} [[Hayati Ozgan|Hayati]]||{{gol|65}} [[Kemal Faruki|Kemal]], {{gol|72||79||88}} [[Latif Yalınlı|Latif]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633486/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|8||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1929|4|19}}||[[1928-29 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-2||{{gol|57}} [[Eşref Bilgiç|Eşref]]||{{gol|24}} [[Latif Yalınlı|Latif]], {{gol|82}} [[Kemal Şefik|Kemal]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633473/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|9||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1930|1|24}}||[[1929-30 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|63}} [[Mustafa Kemal (futbolcu)|Mustafa]]||{{gol|80|pen}} [[Necdet Cici|Necdet]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633445/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|10||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1930|3|3}}||Özel maç||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Dünkü maçlar |gazete=Akşam |tarih=4 Mart 1930 |ilk=Kemal |son=Rifat |sayfalar=2 |erişimtarihi=16 Kasım 2014}}</ref>
|-
|11||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1930|5|30}}||[[1929-30 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|23}} [[Necdet Cici|Necdet]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633443/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|12||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1930|12|19}}||[[1930-31 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|38}} [[Nazım Onar|Nazım]]||{{gol|17}} [[Necdet Cici|Necdet]], {{gol|63}} [[Celal Şefik|Celal]], {{gol|71}} [[Kemal Faruki|Kemal]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633406/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|13||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1931|3|13}}||[[1930-31 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|73}} [[Eşref Bilgiç|Eşref]]||{{gol|10}} [[Kemal Faruki|Kemal]], {{gol|37}} [[Şakir Baruer|Şakir]], {{gol|64}} [[Rebii Erkal|Rebii]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633398/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|14||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1931|9|18}}||Özel maç||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>3-4||?||?||
|-
|15||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1931|10|6}}||Özel maç||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||
|-
|16||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1931|10|11}}||[[1931-32 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>3-0||colspan=2|Hükmen||<ref>Maça çıkmayan Galatasaray hükmen yenik sayıldı.</ref>
|-
|17||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1932|12|9}}||[[1932-33 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>3-0||{{gol|2||66}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Hakkı]], {{gol|24}} [[Şeref Görkey|Şeref]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633339/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|18||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1933|3|17}}||[[1932-33 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>5-0||{{gol|25||82}} [[Şeref Görkey|Şeref]], {{gol|48||53}} [[Nazım Onar|Nazım]], {{gol|65}} [[Hayati Ozgan|Hayati]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633316/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|19||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1933|10|6}}||GS 25. Kuruluş Yıldönümü||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>2-1||?||?||
|-
|20||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1933|10|20}}||GS 25. Kuruluş Yıldönümü||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>3-1||[[Eşref Bilgiç|Eşref]] (2x), [[Hakkı Yeten|Hakkı]] (?)||?||
|-
|21||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1934|2|2}}||[[1933-34 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|50}} [[Hayati Ozgan|Hayati]], {{gol|53}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Hakkı]]||{{gol|25}} [[Nihat Bekdik|Nihat]], {{gol|35|pen}} [[Necdet Cici|Necdet]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633168/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|22||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1934|3|16}}||[[1933-34 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|27||85}} [[Nazım Onar|Nazım]]||{{gol|8}} [[Muzaffer Tuğ|Muzaffer]], {{gol|21}} [[Muslihittin Peykoğlu|Muslihittin]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633138/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|23||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1934|5|4}}?||Özel maç||||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||?||?||
|-
|24||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1934|6|29}}||[[1933-34 İstanbul Şildi|İstanbul Şildi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş-Galatasaray maçı berabere bitti |gazete=Akşam |tarih=30 Haziran 1934 |yer=İstanbul |ilk=Eşref |son=Şefik |sayfalar=4}}</ref>
|-
|25||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1934|7|13}}||[[1933-34 İstanbul Şildi|İstanbul Şildi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>3-1||[[Kostandinios Holm|Bambino]] (2x), [[Eşref Bilgiç|Eşref]]||?||
|-
|26||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1934|11|4}}||Şeref Bey Turnuvası||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|85}} [[Şeref Görkey|Şeref]]||{{gol|55|kk}} [[Feyzi Uman|Feyzi]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1090849/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|27||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1934|12|21}}||[[1934-35 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>2-0||{{gol|25}} [[Nazım Onar|Nazım]], {{gol|60}} [[Hayati Ozgan|Hayati]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633120/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|28||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1935|1|4}}||Özel maç||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>4-4||?||?||
|-
|29||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1935|1|18}}||[[1934-35 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>2-1||{{gol|47}} [[Nazım Onar|Onar]], {{gol|70}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]]||{{gol|27}} [[Selahattin Buda|Buda]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633111/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|30||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1936|1|26}}||[[1935-36 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>3-2||{{gol|21||83}} [[Eşref Bilgiç|Bilgiç]], {{gol|35}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]]||{{gol|2}} [[Gündüz Kılıç|Kılıç]], {{gol|68}} [[Danyal Vuran|Vuran]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633059/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|31||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1936|6|21}}||[[1935-36 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-2||{{gol|80}} [[Hüsnü Savman|Savman]]||{{gol|57||59}} [[Gündüz Kılıç|Kılıç]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/633075/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|32||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1936|11|8}}||[[1936-37 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||?||bgcolor=Black|<center>2-1||{{gol|9}} [[Nazım Onar|Onar]], {{gol|15}} [[Sulhi Garan|Garan]]||{{gol|50}} [[Eşfak Aykaç|Aykaç]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/632905/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|33||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1937|2|21}}||Dostluk Kupası||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>1-0||{{gol|75}} [[Enver Demir|Demir]]||||<ref>Cumhuriyet, 22 Şubat 1937</ref>
|-
|34||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1937|5|16}}||[[1937 Millî Küme|Millî Küme]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|13}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]], {{gol|40}} [[Rıdvan Köksal|Köksal]]||{{gol|25}} [[Süleyman Tekil|Tekil]], {{gol|72}} [[Bülent Ediz|Ediz]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951190/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|35||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1937|7|11}}||[[1937 Millî Küme|Millî Küme]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|53|pen}} [[Eşref Bilgiç|Bilgiç]]||{{gol|23}} [[Suavi Atasagun|Atasagun]], {{gol|70||85}} [[Bülent Ediz|Ediz]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951210/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|36||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1937|11|21}}||[[1937-38 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>4-4||{{gol|40||63}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]], {{gol|60||88}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]]||{{gol|14|pen|36}} [[Necdet Cici|Cici]], {{gol|51}} [[Bülent Ediz|Ediz]], {{gol|81}} [[Haşim Birkan|Birkan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/632810/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|37||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1938|2|13}}||[[1938 Millî Küme|Millî Küme]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>2-1||{{gol|40}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]], {{gol|78}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]]||{{gol|51}} [[Haşim Birkan|Birkan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951212/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|38||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1938|5|1}}||[[1938 Millî Küme|Millî Küme]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-2||{{gol|89}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]]||{{gol|48||53}} [[Haşim Birkan|Birkan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951252/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|39||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1938|10|23}}||[[1938-39 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>5-2||{{gol|29||32||64}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]], {{gol|47||70}} [[Sabri Gençsoy|Gençsoy]]||{{gol|56}} [[Eşfak Aykaç|Aykaç]], {{gol|58}} [[Salim Şatıroğlu|Şatıroğlu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/632777/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|40||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1938|11|30}}||Tayyare Cemiyeti Kupası||||bgcolor=Black|<center>3-2||?||?||
|-
|41||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1938|12|25}}||[[1938-39 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|3||40}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]]||{{gol|13}} [[Bülent Ediz|Ediz]], {{gol|59}} [[Salim Şatıroğlu|Şatıroğlu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/632786/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|42||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1939|3|19}}||[[1939 Millî Küme|Millî Küme]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-0||colspan=2|Hükmen||<ref>Maç hasılatının paylaşımı konusunda Beden Terbiyesi ile anlaşmazlığa düşen Galatasaray sahaya çıkmadı ve maç, Beşiktaş'ın hükmen galibiyetiyle tescil edildi.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951271/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|43||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1939|5|28}}||[[1939 Millî Küme|Millî Küme]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|73}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]]||{{gol|15}} [[Nikola Büyükvafiadis|Büyükvafiadis]], {{gol|47}} [[Selahattin Almay|Almay]], {{gol|60}} [[Cemil Gürgen Erlertürk|Erlertürk]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951306/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|44||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1939|9|12}}||Özel maç||||bgcolor=Black|<center>2-0||?||||
|-
|45||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1939|11|12}}||[[1939-40 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=Black|<center>1-0||{{gol|29}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/629440/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|46||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1939|12|3}}||Stad Dergisi Kupası||||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-3||||{{gol|14}}, {{gol|27}}, {{gol|84}}||<ref>Cumhuriyet, 4 Aralık 1939</ref>
|-
|47||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1940|2|4}}||[[1939-40 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Taksim Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-4||||{{gol|44||46}} [[Cemil Gürgen Erlertürk|Erlertürk]], {{gol|57}} [[Sarafim Madenli|Madenli]], {{gol|59}} [[Selahattin Almay|Almay]]||<ref>17. dakikada sakatlanarak sahayı terk eden Beşiktaş oyuncusu [[Şeref Görkey]] maça tekrar dönmedi ve kalan dakikaları Beşiktaş bir kişi eksik oynadı.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/629382/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|48||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1940|5|11}}||Özel maç||||bgcolor=grey|<center>4-4||?||?||
|-
|49||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1940|6|16}}||[[1940 Millî Küme|Millî Küme]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>4-4||{{gol|37||65}} [[İbrahim Tusder|Tusder]], {{gol|67|pen}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]], {{gol|84}} [[Hayati Orcan|Orcan]]||{{gol|20||51}} [[Gündüz Kılıç|Kılıç]], {{gol|30}} [[Sarafim Madenli|Madenli]], {{gol|63}} [[Selahattin Almay|Almay]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951372/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|50||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1940|6|30}}||[[1940 Millî Küme|Millî Küme]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>[[Beşiktaş 2-9 Galatasaray|2-9]]||{{gol|12}} [[Hayati Orcan|Orcan]], {{gol|61}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]]||{{gol|43||57||73||75||89}} [[Gündüz Kılıç|Kılıç]], {{gol|49||54||77}} [[Süleyman Tekil|Tekil]], {{gol|87}} [[Cemil Gürgen Erlertürk|Erlertürk]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951376/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|51||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1940|10|13}}||[[1940-41 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-1||{{gol|17}} [[İbrahim Tusder|Tusder]], {{gol|61|kk}} [[Eşfak Aykaç|Aykaç]], {{gol|74}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]]||{{gol|89}} [[Sarafim Madenli|Madenli]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/569519/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|52||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1940|12|29}}||[[1940-41 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>5-0||{{gol|35}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]], {{gol|51||76}} [[Şakir Uluatlı|Uluatlı]], {{gol|70}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]], {{gol|85|pen}} [[Yavuz Üreten|Üreten]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/569507/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|53||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1941|3|16}}||Dörtler Kupası||||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||?||
|-
|54||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|11|5|1941}}||[[1941 Millî Küme|Millî Küme]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-2|| {{gol|23||64}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]], {{gol|87}} [[İbrahim Tusder|Tusder]]||{{gol|81}} [[Eşfak Aykaç|Aykaç]], {{gol|89}} [[Selahattin Almay|Almay]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951421/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|55||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1941|6|29}}||[[1941 Millî Küme|Millî Küme]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|14}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]], {{kırmızı kart|0|35}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]]|| {{gol|87}} [[Mehmet Ali Gültekin|Gültekin]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951463/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|56||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1941|10|19}}||[[1941-42 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-2||{{gol|12||34||39}} [[Şükrü Gülesin|Gülesin]] || {{gol|22||27}} [[Mustafa Gençsoy|Gençsoy]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/561399/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|57||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1941|10|30}}||Özel maç||||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||?||
|-
|58||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1942|2|15}}||[[1941-42 İstanbul Kupası|İstanbul Kupası]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>2-3||{{gol|17}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]], {{gol|89|pen}} [[Eşref Bilgiç|Bilgiç]]||{{gol|7}} [[Gündüz Kılıç|Kılıç]], {{gol|43}} [[Cemil Gürgen Erlertürk|Erlertürk]], {{gol|55}} [[Gazanfer Olcayto|Olcayto]]||<ref>Galatasaray oyuncusu [[Eşfak Aykaç]]'ın 10. dakikada sakatlanarak oyunu terk etmesinin ardından takım, maçın kalan kısmında bir kişi eksik mücadele etti.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1247859/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|59||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1942|4|12}}||[[1941-42 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-2||{{gol|13}} [[Sabri Gençsoy|Gençsoy]], {{gol|72||81}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]]||{{gol|5}} [[Arif Sevinç|Sevinç]], {{gol|83}} [[Enver Arslanalp|Arslanalp]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/561415/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|60||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1942|9|20}}||[[1942-43 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||||bgcolor=black|<center>3-0||colspan=2|Hükmen||<ref name="ReferenceA">Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe ve Beşiktaş ile yaptığı maçlarda eskiden olduğu gibi hasılattan pay alamaması üzerine Fenerbahçe ve Beşiktaş karşılaşmalarına çıkmaması sebebiyle hükmen mağlup sayıldı.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/560751/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|61||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1942|12|20}}||Özel maç||||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||
|-
|62||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1942|12|27}}||[[1942-43 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||||bgcolor=black|<center>3-0||colspan=2|Hükmen||<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/560814/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|63||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1943|4|4}}||[[1943 Maarif Mükâfâtı|Maarif Mükâfâtı]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|2}} [[Cahit Yıldırım|Yıldırım]] ||{{gol|56}} [[Şahap Turgan|Turgan]], {{gol|71}} [[Gündüz Kılıç|Kılıç]], {{gol|81}} [[Hikmet Ebcim|Ebcim]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951486/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|64||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1943|5|16}}||[[1943 Maarif Mükâfâtı|Maarif Mükâfâtı]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|3}} [[Kemal Gülçelik|Gülçelik]]||{{gol|24}} [[Şahap Turgan|Turgan]], {{gol|60}} [[Hikmet Ebcim|Ebcim]], {{gol|73}} [[Orhan Canpolat|Canpolat]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951522/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|65||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1943|10|1}}||[[1942-43 İstanbul Kupası|İstanbul Kupası]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|65}} [[Kemal Gülçelik|Gülçelik]]||{{gol|20||89}} [[Gündüz Kılıç|Kılıç]], {{gol|62}} [[Cemil Gürgen Erlertürk|Erlertürk]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1248040/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|66||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1943|10|10}}||[[1943-44 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-5||{{gol|43}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]]||{{gol|25||76}} [[Gündüz Kılıç|Kılıç]], {{gol|27||40}} [[Gazanfer Olcayto|Olcayto]], {{gol|41}} [[Muzaffer Tokaç|Tokaç]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/552590/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|67||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1943|12|26}}||[[1943-44 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-0||{{gol|63}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]], {{gol|65}} [[Şükrü Gülesin|Gülesin]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/552579/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|68||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1944|2|27}}||[[1943-44 İstanbul Kupası|İstanbul Kupası]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|10}} [[Dursun Birincioğlu|Birincioğlu]]||{{gol|59}} [[Arif Sevinç|Sevinç]]||<ref>Maçın normal süresi 1-1 berabere bitince uzatma dakikaları oynandı. Bu sürede de eşitlik bozulmayınca birkaç gün sonra iki takım tekrar karşılaştı.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1251149/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|69||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1944|3|5}}||[[1943-44 İstanbul Kupası|İstanbul Kupası]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|35}} [[Kemal Gülçelik|Gülçelik]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1251150/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|70||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1944|9|17}}||[[1944-45 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>4-1||{{gol|21||60}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]], {{gol|72||88}} [[Kemal Gülçelik|Gülçelik]], {{kırmızı kart|0|79}} [[Saim Sarper|Sarper]]||{{gol|51}} [[Şahap Turgan|Turgan]], {{kırmızı kart|0|79}} [[Orhan Canpolat|Canpolat]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/552549/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|71||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1944|12|10}}||[[1944-45 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|31||52}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]]||{{gol|38|kk}} [[Cahit Yıldırım|Yıldırım]], {{gol|74}} [[Şahap Turgan|Turgan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/552506/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|72||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1945|3|11}}||[[1945 Millî Eğitim Kupası|Millî Eğitim Kupası]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|68}} [[Muzaffer Tokaç|Tokaç]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951583/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|73||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1945|4|15}}||[[1945 Millî Eğitim Kupası|Millî Eğitim Kupası]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|53}} [[Sabri Gençsoy|Gençsoy]]||{{gol|40}} [[Şahap Turgan|Turgan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951610/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|74||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1945|7|19}}||Özel maç||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-2||{{gol|10}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]], {{kırmızı kart|0|25}} [[Fethi Kurç|Kurç]], {{gol|32}} [[Kemal Gülçelik|Gülçelik]], {{gol|65|pen}} [[Şükrü Gülesin|Gülesin]]||{{kırmızı kart|0|25}} [[Cemil Gürgen Erlertürk|Erlertürk]], {{gol|46}} [[Ahmet Yavaşoğlu|Yavaşoğlu]], {{gol|70}} [[Reha Eken|Eken]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş takımı da Galatasarayı 2-3 mağlûbetti |gazete=Akşam |tarih=25 Temmuz 1945 |yer=İstanbul |ilk=Şazi |son=Tezcan |sayfalar=3}}</ref>
|-
|75||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1945|10|14}}||[[1945-46 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>5-1||{{gol|3}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]], {{gol|48||71||87}} [[Şükrü Gülesin|Gülesin]], {{gol|50}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]]||{{gol|1}} [[Şahap Turgan|Turgan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/551956/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|76||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1945|12|23}}||[[1945-46 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|3||31}} [[Rauf Alpaslan|Alpaslan]]||{{gol|73}} [[Şahap Turgan|Turgan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/551961/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|77||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1946|2|3}}||Özel maç||||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||?||||
|-
|78||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1945|12|23}}||[[1945-46 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>4-0||{{gol|3||58}} [[Hikmet Alpaslan]]{{gol|25||64}} [[Süreyya Görkey]]||
{{gol|46}} [[Zeki Egeli]]||?||?||
|-
|79||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1946|3|24}}||[[1946 Millî Eğitim Kupası|Millî Eğitim Kupası]]||||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||?||||
|-
|80||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1946|10|29}}||Özel maç||||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||?||?||
|-
|81||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1946|11|3}}||Özel maç||||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||?||
|-
|82||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1946|11|17}}||[[1946-47 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|70}} [[Şeref Görkey|Görkey]]||{{gol|54}} [[Reha Eken|Eken]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/551813/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|83||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1947|2|9}}||[[1946-47 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>4-0||{{gol|2}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]], {{gol|21}} [[Faruk Sağnak|Sağnak]], {{gol|24}} [[Kemal Gülçelik|Gülçelik]], {{gol|73}} [[Şükrü Gülesin|Gülesin]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/551776/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|84||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1947|4|6}}||[[1947 Millî Eğitim Kupası|Millî Eğitim Kupası]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|56|pen}} [[Yavuz Üreten|Üreten]]||{{gol|34}} [[Koçis Kandidis|Kandidis]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951683/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|85||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1947|5|25}}||[[1947 Millî Eğitim Kupası|Millî Eğitim Kupası]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-1||{{gol|28}} [[Şevket Yorulmaz|Yorulmaz]], {{gol|50}} [[Hakkı Yeten|Yeten]], {{gol|60}} [[Süreyya Görkey|Görkey]]||{{gol|48}} [[Halis Etçi|Etçi]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951723/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|86||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1947|7|9}}||Tasvir Kupası||||bgcolor=black|<center>3-2||?||?||
|-
|87||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1947|10|5}}||Özel maç||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>3-3||?||?||
|-
|88||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1947|10|26}}||Bayram Turnuvası||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||?||?||
|-
|89||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1947|10|29}}||Bayram Turnuvası||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||?||?||
|-
|90||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1947|11|9}}||Basın Kupası||||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||
|-
|91||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1948|1|11}}||[[1947-48 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{kırmızı kart|0|37}} [[Kemal Gülçelik|Gülçelik]], {{gol|75}} [[Şevket Yorulmaz|Yorulmaz]]||{{gol|15||61}} [[Gündüz Kılıç|Kılıç]], {{kırmızı kart|0|37}} [[Salim Şatıroğlu|Şatıroğlu]], {{gol|89}} [[Muzaffer Tokaç|Tokaç]]||<ref>Beşiktaş'ta ilk devre sakatlanan [[Necdet Dalay]], ikinci yarı sahaya çıkamadı ve takım geri kalan kısımda bir kişi eksik oynadı. 75. dakikada da Galatasaray oyuncusu [[Gazanfer Olcayto]]'nun sakatlanarak oyunu terk etmesiyle birlikte kalan kısımda takım bir kişi eksik mücadele etti.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/551613/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|92||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1948|3|28}}||[[1947-48 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[Şeref Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>5-1||{{gol|1||40}} [[Kemal Gülçelik|Gülçelik]], {{gol|25}} [[Hikmet Alpaslan|Alpaslan]], {{gol|39}} [[Şevket Yorulmaz|Yorulmaz]], {{gol|61}} [[Süleyman Seba|Seba]]||{{gol|59}} [[Bülent Eken|Eken]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/551588/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|93||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1948|4|25}}||Özel maç||||bgcolor=A32638|<center>3-2||?||?||
|-
|94||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1948|10|24}}||[[1948-49 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-0||{{gol|71}} [[Şevket Yorulmaz|Yorulmaz]], {{gol|89}} [[Şükrü Gülesin|Gülesin]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/550253/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|95||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1949|2|27}}||[[1948-49 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|67}} [[Muzaffer Tokaç|Tokaç]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/550267/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|96||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1949|4|30}}||Basın Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>4-5||{{gol|5||33}} [[Bülent Esel|Esel]], {{gol|59}} [[Şevket Yorulmaz|Yorulmaz]], {{gol|69}} [[Süleyman Seba|Seba]]||{{gol|2||35}} [[Reha Eken|Eken]], {{gol|26||46}} [[İsfendiyar Açıksöz|Açıksöz]], {{gol|81}} [[Musa Sezer|Sezer]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=G. Saray 5 - Beşiktaş 4 F. Bahçe 3 Vefa 2 |gazete=Akşam |tarih=1 Mayıs 1949 |sayfalar=2 |ilk=Şazi |son=Tezcan |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|97||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1949|5|8}}||Basın Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|40}} [[Kemal Gülçelik|Gülçelik]]||||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş 1 - Galatasaray 0 Fenerbahçe 2 Vefa 0 |gazete=Akşam |tarih=9 Mayıs 1949 |sayfalar=2 |ilk=Şazi |son=Tezcan |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|98||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1949|11|13}}||[[1949-50 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|37}} [[Bülent Esel|Esel]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/505415/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|99||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1950|2|26}}||[[1949-50 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-2||{{gol|78}} [[Bülent Esel|Esel]]||{{gol|51}} [[Naci Özkaya|Özkaya]], {{gol|59}} [[Gündüz Kılıç|Kılıç]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/505398/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|100||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1950|4|2}}||[[1950 Millî Eğitim Kupası|Millî Eğitim Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|12}} [[Süleyman Seba|Seba]]||{{gol|31}} [[Reha Eken|Eken]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951741/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|101||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1950|4|22}}||[[1950 Millî Eğitim Kupası|Millî Eğitim Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|49}} [[Bülent Esel|Esel]]||{{gol|16}} [[Koçis Kandidis|Kandidis]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/951759/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|102||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1951|2|4}}||[[1950-51 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-0||{{gol|64}} [[Recep Adanır|Adanır]], {{gol|76}} [[Faruk Sağnak|Sağnak]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/505324/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|103||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1951|2|17}}||Son Saat Gazetesi Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=G. Saray - Beşiktaş dün 0-0 berabere kaldılar |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=18 Şubat 1951 |sayfalar=6 |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|104||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1951|4|1}}||[[1950-51 İstanbul Futbol Ligi|İstanbul Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|31}} [[Muzaffer Tokaç|Tokaç]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/505331/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|105||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1951|10|20}}||Dörtlü turnuva||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-0||{{gol|2}} [[Hüseyin Saygun|Saygun]], {{gol|80}} [[Recep Adanır|Adanır]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1088589/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|106||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1951|12|9}}||Üçlü turnuva||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-0||{{gol|51}} [[Hüseyin Saygun|Saygun]], {{gol|77}} [[Şevket Yorulmaz|Yorulmaz]]||||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş güzel bir oyunla dün Galatasarayı 2-0 yendi |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=10 Aralık 1951 |sayfalar=5 |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|107||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1952|3|30}}||[[1952 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/465762/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|108||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1952|5|25}}||[[1952 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|17}} [[Nusret Ülük|Ülük]]||{{gol|42}} [[Recep Öngör|Öngör]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/465776/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|109||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1952|11|9}}||[[1952-53 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|24|pen}} [[Recep Adanır|Adanır]], {{gol|63}} [[Fahrettin Cansever|Cansever]]||{{gol|42||74}} [[Reha Eken|Eken]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/465716/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|110||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1953|2|1}}||[[1952-53 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|7}} [[Coşkun Taş|Taş]], {{gol|53}} [[Şevket Yorulmaz|Yorulmaz]]||{{gol|24}} [[Suat Mamat|Mamat]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/465696/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|111||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1953|3|22}}||Çanakkale Abidesi Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|44}} [[Coşkun Taş|Taş]], {{gol|61}} [[Bülent Esel|Esel]]||{{gol|32}} [[Muzaffer Tokaç|Tokaç]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş Galatasaray'ı dün 2-1 mağlûp etti |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=23 Mart 1953 |sayfalar=5 |erişimtarihi=16 Kasım 2014}}</ref>
|-
|112||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1953|11|8}}||[[1953-54 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|71}} [[Nusret Ülük|Ülük]], {{gol|86}} [[Recep Adanır|Adanır]]||{{gol|63}} [[Kadri Aytaç|Aytaç]], {{kırmızı kart|0|88}} [[Bülent Eken|Eken]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/465646/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|113||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1954|2|21}}||Dörtler Kupası||[[Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|54}} [[Sami Özer|Özer]], {{gol}} [[Coşkun Taş|Taş]]||{{gol|17}} [[Suat Mamat|Mamat]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş - G. Saray'ı (2-1) mağlûp etti |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=22 Şubat 1954 |sayfalar=5 |erişimtarihi=16 Kasım 2014}}</ref>
|-
|114||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1954|5|9}}||[[1953-54 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-3||||{{gol|10||44}} [[Kadri Aytaç|Aytaç]], {{gol|31}} [[Ali Beratlıgil|Beratlıgil]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/465609/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|115||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1954|12|26}}||[[1954-55 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|19}} [[Ercan Ertuğ|Ertuğ]], {{gol|31}} [[Recep Adanır|Adanır]]||{{gol|57}} [[Coşkun Özarı|Özarı]], {{gol|76}} [[Kadri Aytaç|Aytaç]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/465535/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|116||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1955|4|17}}||[[1954-55 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|14}} [[Nazmi Bilge|Bilge]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/465497/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|117||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1955|5|7}}||[[Atatürk Kupası (1955)|Atatürk Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|21}} [[Coşkun Taş|Taş]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1150051/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|118||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1955|11|6}}||[[1955-56 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>5-4||{{gol|35||79}} [[Recep Adanır|Adanır]], {{gol|36}} [[Nazmi Bilge|Bilge]], {{gol|78}} [[Bülent Esel|Esel]], {{gol|89}} [[Ercan Ertuğ|Ertuğ]]||{{gol|13||58}} [[Metin Oktay|Oktay]], {{gol|19}} [[Kadri Aytaç|Aytaç]], {{gol|52}} [[İsfendiyar Açıksöz|Açıksöz]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/464852/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|119||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1955|12|28}}||Dostluk Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||{{gol|31||55}} [[Güngör Okay|Okay]]|||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş'ı 2-0 yenen Galatasaray Dostluk Turnuası şampiyonu |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=29 Aralık 1955 |sayfalar=8 |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|120||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1956|5|6}}||[[1955-56 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>3-4||{{gol|21}} [[Bülent Esel|Esel]], {{gol|64}} [[Nazmi Bilge|Bilge]], {{gol|74}} [[Ahmet Berman|Berman]]||{{gol|17||65}} [[Suat Mamat|Mamat]], {{gol|46}} [[Metin Oktay|Oktay]], {{gol|61}} [[Güngör Okay|Okay]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/464820/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|121||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1956|11|11}}||[[1956-57 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-2||{{gol|34}} [[Nazmi Bilge|Bilge]]||{{gol|6}} [[Suat Mamat|Mamat]], {{gol|71}} [[İsfendiyar Açıksöz|Açıksöz]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/464430/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|122||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1957|4|24}}||[[1956-57 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||{{gol|12}} [[Metin Oktay|Oktay]], {{gol|28}} [[Coşkun Özarı|Özarı]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/464408/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|123||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1957|6|6}}||[[Federasyon Kupası (Türkiye)|Federasyon Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|10}} [[Ali İhsan Karayiğit|Karayiğit]], {{gol|32}} [[Ahmet Berman|Berman]]||{{gol|18}} [[Ali Beratlıgil|Beratlıgil]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/942090/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|124||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1957|6|28}}||[[Federasyon Kupası (Türkiye)|Federasyon Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|33}} [[Metin Oktay|Oktay]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/942102/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|125||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1957|9|22}}||[[1957-58 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-3||||{{gol|52||65}} [[Suat Mamat|Mamat]], {{gol|70}} [[Metin Oktay|Oktay]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/463139/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|126||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1958|1|19}}||[[1957-58 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|33}} [[Recep Adanır|Adanır]]||||<ref name="mackolik.com">http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/463123/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|127||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1958|3|16}}||Çanakkale Abidesi Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|36}} [[Recep Adanır|Adanır]]||{{gol|62}} [[Ahmet Karlıklı|Karlıklı]], {{gol|82}} [[Saim Tayşengil|Tayşengil]], {{gol|85}} [[İsfendiyar Açıksöz|Açıksöz]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Galatasaray ilk golü yemesine rağmen Beşiktaş'ı 3-1 yendi |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=17 Mart 1958 |sayfalar=6 |yer=İstanbul |ilk=Eşfak |son=Aykaç}}</ref>
|-
|128||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1958|6|26}}||[[Federasyon Kupası (Türkiye)|Federasyon Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|47|pen}} [[Recep Adanır|Adanır]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/942170/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|129||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1958|6|29}}||[[Federasyon Kupası (Türkiye)|Federasyon Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|42}} [[Coşkun Taş|Taş]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/942171/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|130||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1958|9|21}}||[[1958-59 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|33}} [[Recep Adanır|Adanır]]||||<ref name="mackolik.com"/>
|-
|131||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1958|10|26}}||Özel maç||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|12}} [[Gürcan Berk|Berk]], {{gol|88}} [[Ahmet Özacar|Özacar]]||{{gol|4}} [[Suat Mamat|Mamat]], {{gol|66|pen}} [[Saim Tayşengil|Tayşengil]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Galatasaray ile Beşiktaş berabere |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=27 Ekim 1958 |sayfalar=6 |ilk=Kahraman |son=Bapçum |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|132||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1958|11|9}}||Özel maç||[[Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|17}} [[Faik Öncü|Öncü]]||{{gol|22}} [[Cengiz Özyalçın|Özyalçın]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Ankara maçında G. Saray: 1 - Beşiktaş: 1 |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=10 Kasım 1958 |sayfalar=8 |ilk=Eşfak |son=Aykaç |yer=Ankara}}</ref>
|-
|133||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1959|1|11}}||[[1958-59 İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi|İstanbul Profesyonel Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-2||{{gol|72}} [[Nazmi Bilge|Bilge]]||{{gol|5}} [[Nuri Asan|Asan]], {{gol|25}} [[Suat Mamat|Mamat]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/462348/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|134||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1959|10|30}}||Özel maç||[[Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Ankara'daki revanş ortada kaldı: 0-0 |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=31 Ekim 1959 |sayfalar=8 |ilk=Halit |son=Kıvanç |yer=Ankara}}</ref>
|-
|135||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1959|12|2}}||[[1959-60 Millî Lig|Millî Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|44}} [[Nazmi Bilge|Bilge]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/341815/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|136||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1960|4|6}}||[[1959-60 Millî Lig|Millî Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|70}} [[Arif Özataç|Özataç]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/342151/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|137||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1960|7|2}}||Cemal Gürsel Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||{{gol|65}} [[Samim Uygun|Uygun]], {{gol|88}} [[Suat Mamat|Mamat]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1156732/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|138||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1961|1|1}}||[[1960-61 Millî Lig|Millî Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|5}} [[Bahri Altıntabak|Altıntabak]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/341413/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|139||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1961|3|20}}||[[1960-61 Millî Lig|Millî Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-0||{{gol|25}} [[Mustafa Ertan|Ertan]], {{gol|54}} [[Birol Pekel|Pekel]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/341391/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|140||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1961|8|29}}||Sporcuları Koruma ve Cüzzamlılara Yardım Dernekleri Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|59}} [[Erol Kaynak|Kaynak]]||{{gol|69}} [[Erdoğan Gökçen|Gökçen]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=G. Saray-Beşiktaş berabere |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=30 Ağustos 1961 |sayfalar=8 |ilk=Halit |son=Kıvanç |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|141||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1961|12|10}}||[[1961-62 Millî Lig|Millî Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/340674/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|142||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1962|2|7}}||Doğuya Yardım Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>2-3||{{gol|64||66}} [[Şenol Birol|Birol]]||{{gol|43}} [[Suat Mamat|Mamat]], {{gol|49}} [[Samim Uygun|Uygun]], {{gol|86}} [[Ahmet Berman|Berman]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=G. Saray, Beşiktaş'a 3-2 galip |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=8 Şubat 1962 |sayfalar=6 |ilk=Namık |son=Sevik |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|143||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1962|6|7}}||[[1961-62 Millî Lig|Millî Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|37}} [[Güven Önüt|Önüt]]||{{gol|35}} [[Bahri Altıntabak|Altıntabak]], {{kırmızı kart|0|66}} [[Turgay Şeren|Şeren]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/341004/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|144||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1962|6|21}}||Özel maç||[[Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|14}} [[Güven Önüt|Önüt]]||{{gol|88}} [[Talat Özkarslı|Özkarslı]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=G. Saray-Beşiktaş gene yenişemedi 1-1 |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=22 Haziran 1962 |sayfalar=8 |ilk=Veli Necdet |son=Arığ |yazarlink=Veli Necdet Arığ |yer=Ankara}}</ref>
|-
|145||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1962|9|1}}||Ali Sami Yen-Şeref Bey Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-1||{{gol|24|pen}} {{kırmızı kart}} [[Şenol Birol|Birol]], {{gol|49}} [[Rahmi Kaleci|Kaleci]], {{gol|58}} [[Güven Önüt|Önüt]]||{{kırmızı kart}} [[Candemir Berkman|Berkman]], {{gol|62|pen}} [[Metin Oktay|Oktay]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş, Galatasaray'ı 3-1 yendi |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=2 Eylül 1962 |sayfalar=8 |ilk=Necmi |son=Tanyolaç |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|146||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1962|12|15}}||Özel maç||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|2}} [[Şenol Birol|Birol]]||{{gol|56}} [[Turan Doğangün|Doğangün]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Hususî maçta, G. Saray ile Beşiktaş 1-1 berabere |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=16 Aralık 1962 |sayfalar=8 |ilk=Nurhan |son=Aydın |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|147||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1963|5|15}}||[[1962-63 Millî Lig|Millî Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|8}} [[Şenol Birol|Birol]], {{gol|38}} [[Kaya Köstepen|Köstepen]]||{{gol|19}} [[Metin Oktay|Oktay]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/342941/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|148||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1963|6|26}}||[[1962-63 Millî Lig|Millî Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|50|pen}} [[Metin Oktay|Oktay]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/342952/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|149||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1963|8|21}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|44}} [[Güven Önüt|Önüt]]||{{gol|37}} [[Tarık Kutver|Kutver]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883377/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|150||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1963|10|2}}||[[Atatürk Kupası (1963-1964)|Atatürk Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-3||||{{gol|62}} [[Uğur Köken|Köken]], {{gol|71}} [[Tarık Kutver|Kutver]], {{gol|87}} [[Ergun Ercins|Ercins]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=G. Saray-Beşiktaş yarın karşılaşıyor |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=3 Ekim 1963 |sayfalar=8 |yer=İstanbul |ilk=Kahraman |son=Bapçum}}</ref>
|-
|151||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1963|10|28}}||[[1963-64 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||{{kırmızı kart|0|85}} [[Talat Özkarslı|Özkarslı]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/339624/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|152||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1964|3|22}}||[[1963-64 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|65}} [[Ahmet Özacar|Özacar]], {{gol|89}} [[Sanlı Sarıalioğlu|Sarıalioğlu]]||{{gol|80|pen}} [[Metin Oktay|Oktay]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/339650/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|153||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1964|8|30}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|69|pen}} [[Ahmet Özacar|Özacar]], {{gol|88}} [[Güven Önüt|Önüt]]||{{gol|10}} [[İsmet Yurtsü|Yurtsü]], {{gol|49}} [[Yılmaz Gökdel|Gökdel]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883380/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|154||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1964|10|29}}||[[1964-65 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|58}} [[Turan Doğangün|Doğangün]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/342709/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|155||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1965|1|24}}||Ali Sami Yen-Şeref Bey Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|80}} [[Mazhar Güremek|Güremek]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Şeref - Yen Kupası: G. Saray Beşiktaş'ı tek golle yendi |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=25 Ocak 1965 |sayfalar=8 |ilk=Necati |son=Karakaya |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|156||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1965|2|14}}||[[1964-65 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>2-3||{{gol|35}} [[Yusuf Tunaoğlu|Tunaoğlu]], {{gol|58}} [[Coşkun Ehlidil|Ehlidil]]||{{gol|60|pen}} [[Metin Oktay|Oktay]], {{gol|61||70}} [[Tarık Kutver|Kutver]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/342720/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|157||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1965|8|25}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-1||{{gol|10|pen}} [[Ahmet Özacar|Özacar]], {{gol|50||67}} [[Ahmet Şahin (1941 doğumlu futbolcu)|Şahin]]||{{gol|24}} [[Ayhan Elmastaşoğlu|Elmastaşoğlu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883410/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|158||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1965|10|17}}||[[1965-66 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|90}} [[Metin Oktay|Oktay]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/337613/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|159||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1966|3|27}}||[[1965-66 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/337662/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|160||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1966|6|19}}||[[1965-66 Türkiye Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|88}} [[Turan Doğangün|Doğangün]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/783063/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|161||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1966|9|21}}||[[1966 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası|Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası]]||[[Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||{{gol|10}} [[Turan Doğangün|Doğangün]], {{gol|13}} [[Ayhan Elmastaşoğlu|Elmastaşoğlu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/881002/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|162||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1966|10|9}}||[[1966-67 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|50}} [[Güven Önüt|Önüt]], {{gol|61}} [[Yusuf Tunaoğlu|Tunaoğlu]]||{{gol|20}} [[Turan Doğangün|Doğangün]], {{gol|29}} [[Ayhan Elmastaşoğlu|Elmastaşoğlu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/337482/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|163||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1966|11|23}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|10}} [[Yılmaz Gökdel|Gökdel]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883412/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|164||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1967|3|5}}||[[1966-67 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|5|pen}} [[Ahmet Özacar|Özacar]]||{{gol|49}} [[Ayhan Elmastaşoğlu|Elmastaşoğlu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/337383/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|165||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1967|8|20}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|71}} [[Turan Doğangün|Doğangün]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883419/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|166||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1968|1|7}}||[[1967-68 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|15}} [[Ahmet Özacar|Özacar]]||{{gol|70}} [[Ergün Acuner|Acuner]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/337023/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|167||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1968|5|26}}||[[1967-68 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>4-4||{{gol|24||64}} [[Sanlı Sarıalioğlu|Sarıalioğlu]], {{gol|85}} [[Ahmet Şahin (1941 doğumlu futbolcu)|Şahin]], {{gol|88}} [[Ahmet Özacar|Özacar]]||{{gol|35||39}} [[Metin Oktay|Oktay]], {{gol|59}} [[Turan Doğangün|Doğangün]], {{gol|73}} [[Uğur Köken|Köken]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/337219/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|168||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1968|8|18}}||[[1967-68 Spor Toto Kupası|Spor Toto Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Toto'da '0' kazandı |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=19 Ağustos 1968 |sayfalar=8 |ilk=Halit |son=Kıvanç |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|169||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1968|12|29}}||[[1968-69 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||{{gol|12||61}} [[Turan Doğangün|Doğangün]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/336647/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|170||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1969|2|2}}||Özel maç||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|74}} [[Ahmet Şahin (1941 doğumlu futbolcu)|Şahin]]||||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş G. Saray'ı 1-0 mağlûp etti |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=3 Şubat 1969 |sayfalar=8 |ilk=Nurhan |son=Aydın |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|171||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1969|5|11}}||[[1968-69 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|76}} [[Uğur Köken|Köken]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/336577/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|172||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1969|9|6}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|1}} [[Saim Kezer|Kezer]]||{{gol|13}} [[Feridun Öztürk|Öztürk]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883428/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|173||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1969|11|2}}||[[1969-70 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|17}} [[Nihat Yayöz|Yayöz]], {{kırmızı kart|0|85}} [[Erkan Yanardağ|Yanardağ]]||{{gol|15}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/336370/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|174||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1970|3|29}}||[[1969-70 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/336296/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|175||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1970|8|23}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|82}} [[Güvenç Kurtar|Kurtar]]||{{gol|42}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883430/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|176||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1970|10|24}}||[[1970-71 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|87}} [[Nihat Yayöz|Yayöz]]||{{gol|18}} [[Suphi Soylu|Soylu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/336063/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|177||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1971|3|14}}||[[1970-71 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{kırmızı kart|0|30}} [[Vedat Okyar|Okyar]], {{gol|78}} [[Güvenç Kurtar|Kurtar]]||{{gol|7}} [[Mehmet Oğuz|Oğuz]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/336104/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|178||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1971|8|5}}||Özel maç||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|70}} [[Yıldırım Benayyat|Benayyat]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş'a şans gülmedi |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=6 Ağustos 1971 |sayfalar=10 |ilk=Nurhan |son=Aydın |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|179||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1971|8|15}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|40}} [[Nihat Yayöz|Yayöz]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883460/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|180||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1971|11|7}}||[[1971-72 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|31}} [[Tommy Lindholm|Lindholm]], {{gol|49}} [[Nihat Yayöz|Yayöz]]||{{gol|34}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/335895/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|181||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1972|4|9}}||[[1971-72 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|68}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/335951/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|182||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1972|8|12}}||Özel maç||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=G. Saray Beşiktaş berabere |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=13 Ağustos 1972 |sayfalar=10 |ilk=Nurhan |son=Aydın |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|183||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1972|8|23}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883463/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|184||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1972|10|1}}||[[1972-73 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/335743/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|185||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1973|3|4}}||[[1972-73 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-3||||{{gol|22|pen}} [[Tuncay Temeller|Temeller]], {{gol|52}} [[Ahmet Akkuş|Akkuş]], {{gol|58}} [[Mehmet Özgül|Özgül]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/335565/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|186||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1973|8|4}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|2}} [[Lütfü Isıgöllü|Isıgöllü]], {{gol|66}} [[Necmi Perekli|Perekli]]||{{gol|22}} [[Şevki Şenlen|Şenlen]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883464/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|187||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1973|8|30}}||Jübile maçı||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|52}} [[Necmi Perekli|Perekli]]||{{gol|33}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Güle güle Uğur |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=31 Ağustos 1973 |sayfalar=8-10 |ilk=Ergun |son=Emek |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|188||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1973|11|4}}||[[1973-74 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|6}} [[Ahmet Yılmaz (futbolcu)|Yılmaz]], {{gol|57}} [[Tuğrul Şener|Şener]]||{{gol|3}} [[Mehmet Özgül|Özgül]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/335333/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|189||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1974|3|31}}||[[1973-74 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|60|pen}} [[Vedat Okyar|Okyar]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/335528/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|190||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1974|7|27}}||[[Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerini Güçlendirme Vakfı|Türk Donanma Vakfı]] Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-4||{{gol|40|pen}} [[Sinan Alayoğlu|Alayoğlu]]||{{gol|10}} [[Fatih Terim|Terim]], {{gol|18||85}} [[Metin Kurt|Kurt]], {{gol|61}} [[Engin Verel|Verel]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1202706/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|191||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1974|8|10}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|88}} [[Tezcan Ozan|Ozan]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883468/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|192||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1974|8|19}}||Ali Sami Yen-Şeref Bey Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|20|pen}} [[Sinan Alayoğlu|Alayoğlu]], {{gol|74}} [[Ünal Tombulel|Tombulel]]||{{gol|13}} [[Yılmaz Yavman|Yavman]], {{gol|68}} [[Metin Kurt|Kurt]]||<ref>Maçın normal süresinin 2-2 berabere bitmesinin ardından gerçekleştirilen seri penaltı atışlarını 5-2 kazanan Beşiktaş, maçtan galip ayrılan taraf oldu.</ref><ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş: 7 G. Saray: 4 |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=20 Ağustos 1974 |sayfalar=10-11 |ilk=Nezih |son=Alkış |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|193||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1974|8|28}}||Zafer Kupası||[[İzmir Atatürk Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|30}} [[Tuğrul Şener|Şener]], {{gol|56}} [[Sinan Alayoğlu|Alayoğlu]]||{{gol|86}} [[Cüneyt Tanman|Tanman]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş, G. Saray'ı 2-1 mağlup etti |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=29 Ağustos 1974 |sayfalar=10-11 |ilk=Bülent |son=Ulukan |yer=İzmir}}</ref>
|-
|194||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1974|9|29}}||[[1974-75 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/335078/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|195||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1975|1|12}}||Hasan Tahsin Kupası||[[İzmir Atatürk Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|21}} [[Engin Verel|Verel]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Hasan Tahsin Kupası'nı Beşiktaş'ı 1-0 yenen Galatasaray kazandı |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=13 Ocak 1975 |sayfalar=11-12 |ilk=Bülent |son=Ulukan |yer=İzmir}}</ref>
|-
|196||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1975|2|23}}||[[1974-75 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|65}} [[Tezcan Ozan|Ozan]], {{gol|68}} [[Sinan Alayoğlu|Alayoğlu]]||{{gol|88}} [[Mehmet Oğuz|Oğuz]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/335160/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|197||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1975|3|30}}||Özel maç||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|32}} [[Ahmet Yılmaz (futbolcu)|Yılmaz]]||{{gol|55}} [[Fatih Terim|Terim]], {{gol|56}} [[Mustafa Ergücü|Ergücü]], {{gol|60}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş, G. Saray'a 5 dakikada yenildi: 3-1 |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=31 Mart 1975 |sayfalar=11 |ilk=Nurhan |son=Aydın |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|198||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1975|8|6}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-5||{{gol|32}} [[Tezcan Ozan|Ozan]]||{{gol|7||30}} [[Mehmet Özgül|Özgül]], {{gol|15}} [[Şevki Şenlen|Şenlen]], {{gol|74}} [[Metin Kurt|Kurt]], {{gol|85}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883474/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|199||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1975|8|13}}||Jübile maçı||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|17}} [[Ceyhun Güney|Güney]]||{{gol|35}} [[Mehmet Özgül (futbolcu)|Özgül]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Galatasaray rövanşı Beşiktaş'a vermedi: 1-1 |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=14 Ağustos 1975 |sayfalar=11-12 |ilk=Pertev |son=Tuneseli |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|200||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1975|11|9}}||[[1975-76 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|52|kk}} [[Lütfü Isıgöllü|Isıgöllü]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/334952/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|201||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1976|3|10}}||[[1975-76 Türkiye Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|10}} [[Tezcan Ozan|Ozan]]||{{gol|40}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]], {{gol|48}} [[Engin Tuncer|Tuncer]], {{gol|73}} [[Mehmet Özgül|Özgül]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/781980/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|202||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1976|4|4}}||[[1975-76 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|60}} [[Adem Kurukaya|Kurukaya]]||{{kırmızı kart|0|17}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]], {{gol|80}} [[Metin Kurt|Kurt]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/334855/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|203||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1976|8|24}}||Özel maç||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=G. Saray, Beşiktaş ile berabere kaldı: 0-0 |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=25 Ağustos 1976 |sayfalar=11-12 |ilk=Ferhan |son=Tezcan |yer=İstanbul}}</ref>
|-
|204||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1976|12|11}}||Deprem Kupası||[[Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|29}} [[Mehmet Akpınar|Akpınar]]||{{gol|38}} [[Güngör Tekin|Tekin]], {{gol|50}} [[Şevki Şenlen|Şenlen]], {{gol|68}} {{kırmızı kart|0|74}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1099041/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|205||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1977|1|23}}||[[1976-77 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|15}} [[Kemal Kılıç|Kılıç]], {{gol|78}} [[Mehmet Akpınar|Akpınar]]||{{gol|57}} [[Mehmet Özgül|Özgül]], {{gol|77}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/334704/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|206||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1977|5|15}}||[[1976-77 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||{{gol|32}} [[Rıdvan Kılıç|Kılıç]], {{gol|44}} [[Mehmet Özgül|Özgül]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/334679/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|207||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1977|8|10}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-4||||{{gol|10}} [[Tacettin Ergürsel|Ergürsel]], {{gol|26}} [[Öner Kılıç|Kılıç]], {{gol|37}} [[Şükrü Tetik|Tetik]], {{gol|63}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883494/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|208||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1977|12|18}}||[[1977-78 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|72|pen}} [[Sava Paunovic|Paunovic]]||{{gol|61||86}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]], {{gol|69}} [[Öner Kılıç|Kılıç]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/334405/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|209||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1978|5|7}}||[[1977-78 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|27}} [[Şaban Kartal|Kartal]]||{{gol|71}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/334351/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|210||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1978|8|11}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|43}} [[Güngör Tekin|Tekin]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883498/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|211||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1978|11|19}}||[[1978-79 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|47}} [[Öner Kılıç|Kılıç]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/334057/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|212||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1979|5|13}}||[[1978-79 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|24}} [[Ziya Doğan|Doğan]]||{{gol|13}} [[Gökmen Özdenak|Özdenak]], {{gol|44}} [[Güngör Tekin|Tekin]], {{gol|89}} [[Cüneyt Tanman|Tanman]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/334220/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|213||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1979|8|15}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-2||{{gol|8}} [[Necdet Ergün|Ergün]]||{{gol|32}} [[Öner Kılıç|Kılıç]], {{gol|66}} [[İbrahim Sokullu|Sokullu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883500/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|214||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1979|9|16}}||[[1979-80 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-0||{{gol|62}} [[Ali Çoban (futbolcu)|Çoban]], {{gol|86}} [[Necdet Ergün|Ergün]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/333999/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|215||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1980|3|2}}||[[1979-80 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|65}} [[Ömer Gülen|Gülen]], {{gol|79}} [[Necdet Ergün|Ergün]]||{{gol|31}} [[Gürcan Aday|Aday]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/333848/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|216||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1980|8|13}}||Özel maç||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||{{gol|54}} [[Kemal Yıldırım|Yıldırım]]||||<ref>[[Gökmen Özdenak]]'ın jübile maçıdır.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1213546/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|217||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1980|8|17}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|21}} [[Ziya Doğan|Doğan]]||{{gol|71}} [[Mustafa Ergücü|Ergücü]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883512/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|218||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1980|11|23}}||[[1980-81 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|65}} [[Turgay İnal|İnal]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/333661/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|219||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1981|1|24}}||Barış Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>Maçın berabere bitmesi sonucunda kazanan tarafın belirlenmesi için yapılan para atışını kazanan Galatasaray, maçtan da galip ayılran taraf oldu.</ref><ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=G. Saray, Beşiktaş'tan kur'a ile sıyrıldı... |gazete=Milliyet |tarih=25 Ocak 1981 |sayfalar=12 |ilk=İlker |son=Ateş}}</ref>
|-
|220||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1981|5|3}}||[[1980-81 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/333735/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|221||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1981|8|8}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||{{gol|63}} [[Ali Çoban (futbolcu)|Çoban]], {{gol|65}} [[Raşit Çetiner|Çetiner]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883514/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|222||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1981|9|19}}||[[1981-82 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|71}} [[Süleyman Oktay|Oktay]]||{{gol|63}} [[Sinan Turhan|Turhan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/333268/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|223||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1982|3|7}}||[[1981-82 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-0||{{gol|11}} [[Ali Kemal Denizci|Denizci]], {{gol|83}} [[Necdet Ergün|Ergün]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/333374/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|224||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1982|6|16}}||[[1982 Devlet Başkanlığı Kupası|Devlet Başkanlığı Kupası]]||[[Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||{{gol|28}} [[Mirsad Sejdic|Sejdic]], {{gol|62}} [[Tarik Hodzic|Hodzic]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/881017/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|225||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1982|6|19}}||Polis Vakfı Kupası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|12|pen}} [[Rasim Kara|Kara]]||{{gol|38}} [[Mirsad Sejdic|Sejdic]]||<ref>Maçın normal süresi ve uzatmalarının 1-1 berabere bitmesi üzerine gerçekleştirilen seri penaltı atışlarını 7-6 kazanan Beşiktaş, maçtan galip ayrılan taraf oldu.</ref><ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş, G. Saray'ı penaltılarla yendi: 8-7 |gazete=Milliyet |sayfalar=13 |tarih=20 Haziran 1982 |yer=İstanbul |ilk=Tankut |son=Antikacıoğlu}}</ref>
|-
|226||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1982|8|18}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883517/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|227||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1982|10|30}}||[[1982-83 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|12}} [[Necdet Ergün|Ergün]]||{{gol|57}} [[Tarik Hodzic|Hodzic]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/333192/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|228||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1982|11|14}}||Akıl Hastaları Vakfı Turnuvası||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-1||{{gol|66}} [[Sadullah Acele|Acele]]||{{gol|82}} [[Tarik Hodzic|Hodzic]]||<ref>Maçın normal süresi ve uzatmaları 1-1 berabere sonuçlandı. Kazanan tarafın belirlenmesi için yapılan seri penaltı atışlarında rakibini 6-5 yenen Beşiktaş, maçtan galip ayrılan taraf oldu.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1092494/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|229||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1983|2|2}}||[[1983 Donanma Kupası|Donanma Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|72||76}} [[Metin Tekin|Tekin]]||{{gol|11||74}} [[Bülent Alkılıç|Alkılıç]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/892299/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|230||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1983|4|17}}||[[1982-83 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|21}} [[Sinan Turhan|Turhan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/332930/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|231||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1983|8|17}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-1||{{gol|40||51}} [[Ziya Doğan|Doğan]], {{gol|60}} [[Fikret Demirer|Demirer]]||{{gol|75}} [[Birol Yalçın|Yalçın]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883522/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|232||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1983|11|27}}||[[1983-84 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|3}} [[Ziya Doğan|Doğan]], {{gol|58}} [[Zlatan Arnautovic|Arnautovic]]||{{gol|15}} [[Raşit Çetiner|Çetiner]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/332823/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|233||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1984|1|14}}||[[1984 Donanma Kupası|Donanma Kupası]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-2||{{gol|20}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]]||{{gol|44||52}} [[Cüneyt Tanman|Tanman]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/892306/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|234||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1984|4|29}}||[[1983-84 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|82}} [[Necdet Ergün|Ergün]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/332784/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|235||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1984|8|15}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|51}} [[Mirsad Kovacevic|Kovacevic]]||{{gol|33}} [[Erdal Keser|Erdal]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883523/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|236||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1984|10|21}}||[[1984-85 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|7}} [[Dzevad Šecerbegovic|Šecerbegovic]]||{{gol|27||35}} [[Erdal Keser|Keser]], {{gol|48}} [[Rüdiger Abramczik|Abramczik]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/332385/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|237||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1985|1|9}}||[[1985 Donanma Kupası|Donanma Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/892316/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|238||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1985|3|13}}||[[1984-85 Federasyon Kupası|Federasyon Kupası]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/764450/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|239||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1985|3|20}}||[[1984-85 Federasyon Kupası|Federasyon Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|46}} [[Rüdiger Abramczik|Abramczik]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/764452/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|240||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1985|3|24}}||[[1984-85 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/332407/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|241||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1985|8|18}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|11}} [[Metin Tekin|Tekin]], {{gol|61}} [[Bora Öztürk|Öztürk]]||{{kırmızı kart|0|37}} [[Erdal Keser|Keser]], {{gol|45}} [[Raşit Çetiner|Çetiner]], {{gol|50}} [[Burak Dilmen|Dilmen]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883527/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|242||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1985|12|8}}||[[1985-86 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/331928/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|243||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1986|1|15}}||[[1986 Donanma Kupası|Donanma Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|30}} [[Bora Öztürk|Öztürk]], {{gol|50}} [[Necdet Ergün|Ergün]]||{{gol|26}} [[Yusuf Altıntaş|Altıntaş]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/892321/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|244||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1986|5|4}}||[[1985-86 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|Mithatpaşa Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|74}} [[Ziya Doğan|Doğan]]||{{gol|33}} [[Yusuf Altıntaş|Altıntaş]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/332239/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|245||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1986|8|16}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|48}} [[Metin Tekin|Tekin]], {{gol|56|pen}} [[Rıza Çalımbay|Çalımbay]]||{{gol|46}} [[Cüneyt Tanman|Tanman]], {{gol|89}} [[Xhevat Prekazi|Prekazi]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883530/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|246||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1986|11|23}}||[[1986-87 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{kırmızı kart|0|27}} [[Ali Gültiken|Gültiken]], {{gol|33}} [[Metin Tekin|Tekin]], {{gol|56}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]]||{{gol|16||75}} [[Uğur Tütüneker|Tütüneker]], {{kırmızı kart|0|27}} [[Xhevat Prekazi|Prekazi]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/331838/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|247||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1987|5|3}}||[[1986-87 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadyumu|Fenerbahçe Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||{{gol|24}} [[Xhevat Prekazi|Prekazi]], {{gol|86}} [[Savaş Koç|Koç]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/331626/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|248||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1987|8|5}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|74}} [[Saffet Sancaklı|Sancaklı]], {{gol|88}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]]||{{gol|9}} [[Tanju Çolak|Çolak]], {{kırmızı kart|0|35}} [[Xhevat Prekazi|Prekazi]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883532/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|249||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1987|11|1}}||[[1987-88 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|37}} [[Les Ferdinand|Ferdinand]], {{gol|87|pen}} [[Rıza Çalımbay|Çalımbay]]||{{gol|33}} [[İlyas Demiriz|Demiriz]], {{gol|79}} [[Didier Six|Six]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/330555/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|250||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1988|3|27}}||[[1987-88 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/330740/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|251||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1988|8|14}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|10}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]]||{{gol|49}} [[Mirsad Kovacevic|Kovacevic]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883537/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|252||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1988|12|17}}||[[1988-89 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>4-1||{{gol|14||85||90}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]], {{gol|70}} [[Zeki Önatlı|Önatlı]]||{{gol|5}} [[Uğur Tütüneker|Tütüneker]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/329868/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|253||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1989|6|4}}||[[1988-89 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|28}} [[Tanju Çolak|Çolak]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/330040/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|254||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1989|8|23}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-1||{{gol|45}} [[Mehmet Özdilek|Özdilek]], {{gol|55}} [[Ali Gültiken|Gültiken]], {{gol|63}} [[Halim Okta|Okta]]||{{gol|66}} [[Serhat Güller|Güller]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883540/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|255||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1989|10|7}}||[[1989-90 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||{{kırmızı kart|0|78}} [[Ian Wilson|Wilson]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/64601/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|256||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1990|2|25}}||[[1989-90 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|53}} [[Ali Gültiken|Gültiken]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/64752/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|257||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1990|8|12}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>3-3||{{gol|30}}[[Metin Tekin|Tekin]], {{gol|45}}[[Ali Gültiken|Gültiken]], {{gol|69}}[[Mehmet Özdilek|Özdilek]]||{{gol|11}} [[Bülent Alkılıç|Alkılıç]], {{gol|67}} [[Erhan Önal|Önal]], {{gol|77}} [[Xhevat Prekazi|Prekazi]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883543/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|258||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1990|10|13}}||Özel maç||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-1||{{gol|17}} [[Ali Gültiken|Gültiken]], {{gol|57}} [[Alan Walsh|Walsh]], {{gol|68}} [[Halim Okta|Okta]]||{{gol|40}} [[Uğur Tütüneker|Tütüneker]]||<ref>{{Haber kaynağı |başlık=Beşiktaş, Sabri'nin anısına |tarih=14 Ekim 1990 |gazete=Milliyet |sayfalar=20 |ilk=Hakan |son=Yıldırım}}</ref>
|-
|259||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1990|11|24}}||[[1990-91 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|76}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]]||{{gol|16}} [[Tanju Çolak|Çolak]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/64408/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|260||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1991|2|13}}||[[1990-91 Federasyon Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|84}} [[Metin Tekin|Tekin]], {{gol|116}} [[Ali Gültiken|Gültiken]]||{{gol|18}} [[Uğur Tütüneker|Tütüneker]], {{gol|98}} [[Yusuf Altıntaş|Altıntaş]]||<ref>Maçın normal süresinin 1-1 berabere bitmesi üzerine gidilen uzatma sürelerinde atılan karşılıklı birer golle skor 2-2'ye geldi. Kazanan tarafın belirlenmesi için yapılan seri penaltı atışlarını 5-4 kazanan Galatasaray, maçtan galip ayrılan taraf oldu.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/684650/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|261||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1991|4|20}}||[[1990-91 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-2||{{gol|33||43}} [[Ali Gültiken|Gültiken]], {{gol|73}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]]||{{gol|5}} [[Tanju Çolak|Çolak]], {{gol|18|kk}} [[Ulvi Güveneroğlu|Güveneroğlu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/64525/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|262||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1991|5|26}}||[[1991 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası|Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası]]||[[Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|78}} [[Roman Kosecki|Kosecki]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/881026/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|263||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1991|8|14}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>2-3||{{gol|24||64|pen}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]]||{{gol|15||37}} [[Erdal Keser|Keser]], {{gol|40}} [[Yusuf Altıntaş|Altıntaş]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883544/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|264||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1991|12|14}}||[[1991-92 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|44}} [[Turan Uzun|Uzun]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/64181/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|265||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1992|5|9}}||[[1991-92 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>4-3||{{gol|28||82}} [[Mehmet Özdilek|Özdilek]], {{gol|52}} [[Sergen Yalçın|Yalçın]], {{gol|58}} [[Ali Gültiken|Gültiken]]||{{gol|25|pen}} [[Yusuf Altıntaş|Altıntaş]], {{gol|46}} [[İsmail Demiriz|Demiriz]], {{gol|55}} [[Hamza Hamzaoğlu|Hamzaoğlu]], {{kırmızı kart|0|65}} [[Tugay Kerimoğlu|Kerimoğlu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/64301/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|266||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1992|8|12}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>2-3||{{gol|27}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]], {{gol|55}} [[Fani Madida|Madida]]||{{gol|22||89}} [[Okan Buruk|Buruk]], {{gol|37}} [[Şevket Candar|Candar]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883547/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|267||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1992|12|5}}||[[1992-93 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{kırmızı kart|0|14}} [[Recep Çetin|Çetin]], {{gol|23}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]], {{kırmızı kart|0|78}} [[Metin Tekin|Tekin]]||{{gol|34||81}} [[Hakan Şükür|Şükür]], {{kırmızı kart|0|54}} [[Muhammet Altıntaş|Altıntaş]], {{gol|65}} [[Reinhard Stumpf|Stumpf]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/63940/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|268||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1993|3|24}}||[[1992-93 Türkiye Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|44}} [[Erdal Keser|Keser]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/684421/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|269||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1993|4|7}}||[[1992-93 Türkiye Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|44}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]], {{kırmızı kart|0|81}} [[Kadir Akbulut|Akbulut]], {{gol|84}} [[Ulvi Güveneroğlu|Güveneroğlu]]||{{gol|2}} [[Hakan Şükür|Şükür]], {{gol|26}} [[Arif Erdem|Arif]], {{kırmızı kart|0|27}} [[Suat Kaya|Kaya]], {{kırmızı kart|0|60}} [[Falko Götz|Götz]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/684422/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|270||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1993|5|22}}||[[1992-93 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|18|pen}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]]||{{gol|5}} [[Hakan Şükür|Şükür]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/64061/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|271||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1993|8|14}}||[[1993 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası|Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası]]||[[Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||{{gol|1}} [[Mustafa Kocabey|Kocabey]], {{gol|64}} [[Hakan Şükür|Şükür]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/881028/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|272||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1993|8|18}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>4-1||{{gol|37}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]], {{gol|42|kk}} [[Mert Korkmaz|M. Korkmaz]], {{gol|50||70}} [[Sergen Yalçın|Yalçın]], {{kırmızı kart|28|87}} [[Mehmet Özdilek|Özdilek]]||{{gol|58}} [[Kubilay Türkyılmaz|Türkyılmaz]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883550/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|273||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1993|11|13}}||[[1993-94 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|8|pen}} [[Tugay Kerimoğlu|Kerimoğlu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/63429/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|274||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1994|4|6}}||[[1993-94 Türkiye Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||{{kırmızı kart|0|54}} [[Alpay Özalan|Özalan]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/684251/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|275||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1994|4|9}}||[[1993-94 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|72}} [[Metin Uzun|Uzun]]||{{gol|33}} [[Hamza Hamzaoğlu|Hamzaoğlu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/63549/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|276||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1994|5|4}}||[[1993-94 Türkiye Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-2||{{gol|15}} [[Metin Tekin|Tekin]], {{gol|22}} [[Fani Madida|Madida]], {{gol|83}} [[Alpay Özalan|Özalan]]||{{gol|11}} [[Hakan Şükür|Şükür]], {{gol|78}} [[Bülent Korkmaz|B. Korkmaz]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/684252/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|277||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1994|5|22}}||[[1994 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası|Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası]]||[[Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-1||{{gol|17}} [[Feyyaz Uçar|Uçar]], {{gol|66}} [[Metin Tekin|Tekin]], {{gol|69}} [[Sergen Yalçın|Yalçın]]||{{gol|2}} [[Suat Kaya|Kaya]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/881029/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|278||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1994|8|5}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>2-4||{{gol|43}} [[Ertuğrul Sağlam|Sağlam]], {{kırmızı kart|56|64}} [[Sergen Yalçın|Yalçın]], {{gol|85|kk}} [[Bülent Korkmaz|B. Korkmaz]]||{{gol|41||65||90}} [[Saffet Sancaklı|Sancaklı]], {{gol|45}} [[Yusuf Tepekule|Tepekule]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883554/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|279||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1994|10|2}}||[[1994-95 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-3||{{gol|49}} [[Sergen Yalçın|Yalçın]]||{{gol|78||84}} [[Norman Mapeza|Mapeza]], {{gol|88}} [[Saffet Sancaklı|Sancaklı]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/22092/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|280||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1995|3|5}}||[[1994-95 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>2-3||{{gol|22}} [[Ertuğrul Sağlam|Sağlam]], {{gol|70}} [[Sergen Yalçın|Yalçın]]||{{gol|3||66}} [[Hakan Şükür|Şükür]], {{gol|75}}[[Suat Kaya|Kaya]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/22234/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|281||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1995|8|4}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-0||{{gol|20||79}} [[Orhan Kaynak|Kaynak]], {{gol|26}} [[Sergen Yalçın|Yalçın]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883557/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|282||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1995|12|17}}||[[1995-96 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-1||{{gol|16|pen}} [[Ertuğrul Sağlam|Sağlam]], {{gol|53}} [[Mehmet Özdilek|Özdilek]], {{gol|62}} [[Sergen Yalçın|Yalçın]]||{{gol|27}} [[Ufuk Talay|Talay]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/21828/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|283||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1996|1|23}}||[[1995-96 Türkiye Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/683913/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|284||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1996|2|6}}||[[1995-96 Türkiye Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-2||{{gol|45}} [[Ertuğrul Sağlam|Sağlam]]||{{gol|10||67}} [[Arif Erdem|Erdem]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/683917/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|285||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1996|5|11}}||[[1995-96 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>1-2||{{gol|87}} [[Stefan Kuntz|Kuntz]]||{{gol|41}} [[Evren Nuri Turhan|Turhan]], {{gol|72}} [[Hakan Şükür|Şükür]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/21977/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|286||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1996|7|27}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-1||{{gol|14||33}} [[Sergen Yalçın|Yalçın]], {{gol|21}} [[Orhan Kaynak|Kaynak]]||{{gol|54}} [[Vedat İnceefe|İnceefe]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883560/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|287||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1996|11|15}}||[[1996-97 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|23||56|pen}} [[Ertuğrul Sağlam|Sağlam]]||{{gol|32||41}} [[Hakan Şükür|Şükür]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/21316/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|288||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1997|4|20}}||[[1996-97 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|32}} {{kırmızı kart|0|67}} [[Daniel Amokachi|Amokachi]]||{{kırmızı kart|0|83}} [[Vedat İnceefe|İnceefe]], {{gol|86|pen}} [[Gheorghe Hagi|Hagi]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/21450/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|289||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1997|7|18}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-6||{{kırmızı kart|0|47}} [[Bülent Ataman|Ataman]]||{{gol|18||20||51}} [[Adrian Ilie|Ilie]], {{gol|63||89}} [[Suat Kaya|Kaya]], {{gol|83}} [[Hakan Ünsal|Ünsal]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883563/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|290||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1997|9|21}}||[[1997-98 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|3}} [[Mehmet Özdilek|Özdilek]], {{gol|71}} [[Daniel Amokachi|Amokachi]], {{kırmızı kart|0|79}} [[Rahim Zafer|Zafer]]||{{gol|78}} [[Hakan Şükür|Şükür]], {{kırmızı kart|0|82}} [[Vedat İnceefe|İnceefe]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/20852/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|291||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1998|3|1}}||[[1997-98 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>2-3||{{gol|30||54}} [[Mehmet Özdilek|Özdilek]]||{{gol|20}} [[Gheorghe Hagi|Hagi]], {{gol|47}} [[Hakan Ünsal|Ünsal]], {{gol|79}} [[Emre Belözoğlu|Belözoğlu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/21039/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|292||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1998|3|25}}||[[1997-98 Türkiye Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|85}} [[Ertuğrul Sağlam|Sağlam]]||{{gol|61}} [[Okan Buruk|Buruk]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/682697/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|293||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1998|4|8}}||[[1997-98 Türkiye Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|44}} [[Mehmet Özdilek|Özdilek]]||{{gol|71}} [[Arif Erdem|Erdem]]||<ref>Kupadaki her iki maçın da aynı skorla bitmesinin ardından uzatmaya giden maçın uzatma dakikalarında da gol olmayınca, kazanan takımın belirlenmesi için seri penaltı atışları gerçekleştirildi. Atışlarda rakibine 4-2'lik üstünlük sağlayan Beşiktaş, maçtan galip ayrılan taraf oldu.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/682698/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|294||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1998|5|15}}||[[1998 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası|Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası]]||[[Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|17}} [[Daniel Amokachi|Amokachi]], {{gol|113}} [[Nihat Kahveci|Kahveci]]||{{gol|67}} [[Mehmet Gönülaçar|Gönülaçar]]||<ref>Maçın normal süresinin 1-1 berabere sona ermesi üzerine maç uzatmaya gitmişti.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/881033/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|295||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1998|8|2}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883567/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|296||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1998|12|16}}||[[1998-99 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||{{gol|13}} [[Fatih Akyel|Akyel]], {{gol|86}} [[Emre Belözoğlu|Belözoğlu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/20563/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|297||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1999|4|14}}||[[1998-99 Türkiye Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/682582/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|298||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1999|5|5}}||[[1998-99 Türkiye Kupası|Türkiye Kupası]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||||{{gol|52||68}} [[Ümit Davala|Davala]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/682583/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|299||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1999|5|9}}||[[1998-99 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|75}} [[Mehmet Özdilek|Özdilek]]||{{gol|4}} [[Okan Buruk|Buruk]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/20694/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|300||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1999|7|22}}||[[Türkiye Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası|TSYD Kupası]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{kırmızı kart|40|72}} [[Tugay Kerimoğlu|Kerimoğlu]], {{gol|87}} [[Hakan Ünsal|Ünsal]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/883569/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|301||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|1999|12|12}}||[[1999-2000 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|28}} [[Okan Buruk|Buruk]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/19671/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|302||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2000|4|14}}||[[1999-2000 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|30}} [[Mehmet Özdilek|Özdilek]]||{{gol|80|kk}} [[Sead Halilagic|Halilagic]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/19821/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|303||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2000|10|21}}||[[2000-01 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>3-1||{{gol|13}} [[Pascal Nouma|Nouma]], {{gol|85||87}} [[Ahmet Dursun|Dursun]]||{{gol|33}} [[Ümit Davala|Davala]], {{kırmızı kart|0|69}} [[Gheorghe Popescu|Popescu]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/19160/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|304||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2000|11|1}}||[[Atatürk Kupası (2000)|Atatürk Kupası]]||[[Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|38}} [[İlhan Şahin|Şahin]], {{gol|77}} [[Pascal Nouma|Nouma]]||{{gol|90}} [[Serkan Aykut|Aykut]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/942012/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|305||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2001|3|31}}||[[2000-01 Türkiye 1. Futbol Ligi|1. Futbol Ligi]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-2||{{kırmızı kart|0|73}} [[Pascal Nouma|Nouma]]||{{gol|13}} [[Serkan Aykut|Aykut]], {{gol|83}} [[Mário Jardel|Jardel]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/19382/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|306||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2001|10|21}}||[[2001-02 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|10}} [[Bayram Bektaş|Bektaş]], {{gol|30|kk}} [[Emre Aşık|Aşık]]||{{gol|61}} [[Andrés Fleurquin|Fleurquin]], {{gol|77}} [[Arif Erdem|Erdem]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/18838/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|307||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2002|3|9}}||[[2001-02 Süper Lig|süper Lig]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||{{kırmızı kart|38|75}} [[Ahmet Yıldırım|Yıldırım]]||{{gol|68}} [[Andrés Fleurquin|Fleurquin]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/18988/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|308||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2002|12|8}}||[[2002-03 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|76}} [[İbrahim Üzülmez|Üzülmez]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/7024/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|309||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2003|5|25}}||[[2002-03 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>1-0||{{gol|90}} [[Sergen Yalçın|Yalçın]]||{{kırmızı kart|0|90}} [[Volkan Arslan (futbolcu)|Arslan]], {{kırmızı kart|0|90}} [[Ümit Karan|Karan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/7177/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|310||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2003|10|31}}||[[2003-04 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/23625/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|311||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2004|4|4}}||[[2003-04 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Atatürk Olimpiyat Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=black|<center>2-1||{{gol|54|pen}} [[Daniel Pancu|Pancu]], {{gol|87|pen}} [[Adrian Ilie|Ilie]]||{{gol|31|kk}} [[İbrahim Üzülmez|Üzülmez]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/39809/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|312||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2004|9|19}}||[[2004-05 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/48204/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|313||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2005|3|5}}||[[2004-05 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>0-1||||{{gol|54}} [[Hakan Şükür|Şükür]], {{kırmızı kart|50|64}} [[Necati Ateş|Ateş]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/48357/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|314||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2005|12|10}}||[[2005-06 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=A32638|<center>2-3||{{gol|2||15}} [[İbrahim Toraman|Toraman]]||{{gol|6}} [[Necati Ateş|Ateş]], {{gol|54||55}} [[Saša Ilic|Ilic]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/92598/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|315 ||9 Ocak 2006||[[Efes Pilsen Kupası]]||[[Antalya Atatürk Stadyumu]]||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{Gol|9}} [[İbrahim Akın|Akın]]||{{Gol|56}} {{Kırmızı kart|118}} [[Saša Ilić|Ilić]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/106477/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|316||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2006|5|7}}||[[2005-06 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>1-2||{{gol|52}} [[Tümer Metin|Metin]]||{{gol|64||90}} [[Hasan Kabze|Kabze]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/92755/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|317||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2006|7|30}}||[[2006 Türkiye Süper Kupası|Süper Kupa]]||[[Commerzbank-Arena]]|| bgcolor="Black" |<center>1-0||{{gol|59}} [[Mert Nobre|Nobre]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/135145/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|318||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2006|9|17}}||[[2006-07 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>0-1||||{{gol|31|pen}} [[Ümit Karan|Karan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/132671/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|319||10 Ocak 2007||[[Efes Pilsen Kupası]]||WOW Topkapı Center||bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{Gol|90}} [[Mert Nobre|Nobre]]||{{Gol|9}} [[Ümit Karan|Karan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/150439/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|320||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2007|3|3}}||[[2006-07 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="Black" |<center>2-1||{{gol|32}} [[Bobô]], {{gol|84|pen}} [[Ricardinho]]||{{gol|63}} [[Emre Aşık|Aşık]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/132824/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|321||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2007|9|29}}||[[2007-08 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>1-2||{{gol|44}} [[Rodrigo Tello|Tello]]||{{gol|23}} [[Hakan Balta|Balta]], {{gol|77|pen}} [[Shabani Nonda|Nonda]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/180299/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|322||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2008|3|2}}||[[2007-08 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="Black" |<center>1-0||{{gol|56}} [[Mert Nobre|Nobre]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/180452/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|323||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2008|12|21}}||[[2008-09 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>2-4||{{gol|13}} {{kırmızı kart|44|50}} [[Matías Emilio Delgado|Delgado]], {{gol|55}} [[Filip Hološko|Hološko]]||{{gol|8}} [[Servet Çetin|Çetin]], {{gol|16|pen|53||67|pen}} [[Milan Baroš|Baroš]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/237513/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|324||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2009|5|24}}||[[2008-09 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="Black" |<center>2-1||{{gol|40|kk}} [[Mehmet Topal|Topal]], {{gol|58}} [[Yusuf Şimşek (1975 doğumlu futbolcu)|Şimşek]]||{{gol|49}} [[Harry Kewell|Kewell]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/237666/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|325||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2009|9|12}}||[[2009-10 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>0-3||||{{gol|4}} [[Mustafa Sarp|Sarp]], {{gol|65||82}} [[Milan Baroš|Baroš]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/288506/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|326||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2010|2|21}}||[[2009-10 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="grey" |<center>1-1||{{gol|82}} [[Tomáš Sivok|Sivok]]||{{gol|68}} [[Arda Turan|Turan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/288628/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|327||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2010|11|28}}||[[2010-11 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="Black" |<center>2-1||{{gol|8|pen}} [[Guti Hernández|Guti]], {{gol|79}} [[Mert Nobre|Nobre]]||{{gol|90}} [[Harry Kewell|Kewell]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/420445/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|328||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2011|4|30}}||[[2010-11 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="Black" |<center>2-0||{{gol|59}} [[Mehmet Aurélio|Aurélio]], {{gol|61}} [[Simão Sabrosa|Simão]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/420598/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|329||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2011|11|20}}||[[2011-12 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="grey" |<center>0-0||||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/749023/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|330||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2012|2|26}}||[[2011-12 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Türk Telekom Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>2-3||{{gol|49}} [[İbrahim Toraman|Toraman]], {{gol|73|kk}} [[Semih Kaya|Kaya]]||{{gol|15||90}} [[Johan Elmander|Elmander]], {{gol|52}} [[Felipe Melo|Melo]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/749187/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|331||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2012|4|16}}||[[2011-12 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>0-2||{{kırmızı kart|54|88}} [[Roberto Hilbert|Hilbert]]||{{gol|26}} [[Felipe Melo|Melo]], {{gol|79}} [[Aydın Yılmaz|Yılmaz]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/952384/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|332||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2012|5|6}}||[[2011-12 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Türk Telekom Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="grey" |<center>2-2||{{gol|86}} [[Filip Hološko|Hološko]], {{gol|87|kk}} [[Tomáš Ujfaluši|Ujfaluši]]||{{gol|9}} [[Felipe Melo|Melo]], {{gol|45|kk}} [[Hugo Almeida|Almeida]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/952392/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|333||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2012|8|26}}||[[2012-13 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[BJK İnönü Stadyumu|İnönü Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="grey" |<center>3-3||{{gol|8|kk}} [[Felipe Melo|Melo]], {{gol|43||51}} [[Filip Hološko|Hološko]]||{{gol|20}} [[Johan Elmander|Elmander]], {{gol|45}} [[Umut Bulut|Bulut]], {{gol|86|pen}} [[Selçuk İnan|İnan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/997934/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|334||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2013|1|27}}||[[2012-13 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Türk Telekom Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>1-2||{{gol|46}} [[Tomáš Sivok|Sivok]]||{{gol|3}} [[Emre Çolak|Çolak]], {{gol|45}} [[Albert Riera|Riera]], {{kırmızı kart|0|61}} [[Felipe Melo|Melo]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/998087/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|335||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2013|9|22}}||[[2013-14 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Atatürk Olimpiyat Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>0-3|| colspan="2" |Hükmen||<ref>{{gol|18}} [[Hugo Almeida|Almeida]], {{gol|59||72}} [[Didier Drogba|Drogba]], {{kırmızı kart|0|90}} [[Felipe Melo|Melo]]; skor 1-2 iken, saha çıkan olaylar sebebiyle maç yarıda kaldı. Daha sonra alınan karar doğrultusunda Galatasaray hükmen galip sayıldı.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1192259/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|336||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2014|2|22}}||[[2013-14 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Türk Telekom Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>0-1||||{{gol|38|pen}} [[Selçuk İnan|İnan]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1192411/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|337||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2015|1|4}}||[[2014-15 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Atatürk Olimpiyat Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>0-2||{{Kırmızı kart|0|62}} [[Veli Kavlak|Kavlak]]||{{Gol|50}} [[Felipe Melo|Melo]], {{Gol|90}} [[Burak Yılmaz|Yılmaz]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1343936/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|338||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2015|5|24}}||[[2014-15 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Türk Telekom Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>0-2||||{{Gol|11}} [[Yasin Öztekin|Öztekin]], {{Gol|80}} [[Wesley Sneijder|Sneijder]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/1344089/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|339||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2015|12|14}}||[[2015-16 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Atatürk Olimpiyat Stadyumu]]||bgcolor="Black" |<center>2-1||{{gol|56}} [[Mario Gómez]], {{gol|74}} [[Gökhan Töre|Töre]]||{{Gol|54}} [[Wesley Sneijder|Sneijder]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/2118778/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|340||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2016|5|8}}||[[2015-16 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Türk Telekom Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="Black" |<center>1-0||{{gol|76}} [[Mario Gómez]]||||<ref name="ReferenceB">http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/2118927/Galatasaray-0-1-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|341||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2016|8|13}}||[[2016 Türkiye Süper Kupası|Türkiye Süper Kupası]]||[[Konya Büyükşehir Belediye Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor=grey|<center>1-1||{{gol|107|kk}} [[Aurelien Chedjou|Chedjou]]||{{Gol|100}} [[Hakan Balta|Balta]]||<ref>Maçın normal süresi ve uzatmaları 1-1'lik beraberlikle bitince, kazanan tarafın belirlenmesi için seri penaltı vuruşlarına geçildi. Penaltı vuruşlarında rakibine 3-0'lık üstünlük sağlayan Galatasaray, maçı kazanan takım oldu.</ref><ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/2527227/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|342||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2016|9|24}}||[[2016-17 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Vodafone Park]]|| bgcolor=grey|<center>2-2||{{gol|73}} [[Marcelo Guedes|Marcelo]], {{gol|78}} [[Cenk Tosun|Tosun]]||{{Gol|8}} [[Eren Derdiyok|Derdiyok]], {{Gol|44}} [[Bruma (futbolcu)|Bruma]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/2580950/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|343||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2017|2|27}}||[[2016-17 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Türk Telekom Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="Black" |<center>1-0||{{gol|47}} [[Talisca]]||||<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
|-
|344||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2017|12|2}}||[[2017-18 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Vodafone Park]]|| bgcolor="Black" |<center>3-0||{{gol|46}} [[Cenk Tosun|Tosun]], {{gol|70}} [[Duško Tošić|Tošić]], {{gol|90}} [[Álvaro Negredo|Negredo]]||||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/2843731/Besiktas-Galatasaray</ref>
|-
|345||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2018|4|29}}||[[2017-18 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Türk Telekom Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>0-2||{{Kırmızı kart|0|65}} [[Duško Tošić|Tošić]]||{{gol|23}} [[Fernando (futbolcu)|Fernando]], {{gol|70}} [[Garry Rodrigues|Rodrigues]]||<ref>http://www.mackolik.com/Mac/2843749/Galatasaray-Besiktas</ref>
|-
|346||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2018|12|2}}||[[2018-19 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Vodafone Park]]|| bgcolor="Black" |<center>1-0|| {{gol|18|pen}} [[Adem Ljajić|Ljajić]] || ||<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/spielbericht/index/spielbericht/3069829 | başlık = Beşiktaş JK - Galatasaray SK, 2 Aralık 2018 - Süper Lig - Maç raporu | tarih = 2 Aralık 2018 | yayıncı = [[Transfermarkt]] | erişimtarihi = 8 Aralık 2018 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20181203155113/http://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/spielbericht/index/spielbericht/3069829 | arşivtarihi = 3 Aralık 2018}}</ref>
|-
|347||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2019|5|5}}||[[2018-19 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Türk Telekom Stadyumu]]|| bgcolor="A32638" |<center>0-2|| || {{gol|44}} [[Henry Onyekuru|Onyekuru]], {{gol|54}} [[Fernando (futbolcu)|Fernando]] || <ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/spielbericht/index/spielbericht/3069982 | başlık = Galatasaray SK - Beşiktaş JK, 5 May 2019 - Süper Lig - Maç raporu | tarih = 5 Mayıs 2019 | yayıncı = Transfermarkt | erişimtarihi = 27 Ekim 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|348||{{dts|link=off|format=dmy|2019|10|27}}||[[2019-20 Süper Lig|Süper Lig]]||[[Vodafone Park]]|| bgcolor="Black" |<center>1-0|| {{gol|44}} [[Umut Nayir|Nayir]] || ||<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F-jk_galatasaray-sk/index/spielbericht/3223087 | başlık = Beşiktaş JK - Galatasaray SK, 27 Eki 2019 - Süper Lig - Maç raporu | tarih = 27 Ekim 2019 | yayıncı = Transfermarkt | erişimtarihi = 27 Ekim 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|}

Beşiktaş-Galatasaray derbisi

2019-11-01T10:38:58Z

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "== Tüm maçlar == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 11px" |- !# !class=unsortable width="75" | Tarih !Organizasyon !Yer !Skor !class=unsortable|B..."

Tartışma:Avşar boyu

2019-09-29T22:09:44Z

Admin: "Tartışma:Avşar boyu" koruma altında alındı ([değiştir=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz) [Taşı=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz)) [kademeli]

#YÖNLENDİR [[Afşar boyu]]

Tartışma:Avşar boyu

2019-09-29T22:09:32Z

Admin: Afşar boyu sayfasına yönlendirildi

#YÖNLENDİR [[Afşar boyu]]

Avşar boyu

2019-09-29T22:09:15Z

Admin: "Avşar boyu" koruma altında alındı ([değiştir=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz) [Taşı=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz)) [kademeli]

#YÖNLENDİR [[Afşar boyu]]

Tartışma:Avşar

2019-09-29T22:05:37Z

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Avşar

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Tartışma:Avar Khaganate

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{{For|the khanate in the North Caucasus|Avar Khanate}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|conventional_long_name = Avar Khaganate
|common_name = Avar Khaganate
|continent = Europe
|region = [[Central Europe]]
|status = Empire
|government_type = [[Khanate]]
|common_languages = [[Turkic language]], [[Proto-Slavic]] (''lingua franca'')<ref name=Curta2004>{{Cite journal|last1=Curta|first1=Florin|year=2004|title=The Slavic ''lingua franca'' (Linguistic Notes of an Archeologist Turned Historian)|url=http://www.academia.edu/227792/The_Slavic_lingua_franca_Linguistic_notes_of_an_archaeologist_turned_historian_|format=PDF|journal=East Central Europe/L'Europe du Centre-Est|volume=31|issue=1|pages=132}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu/Avars/|title=Avars|publisher=}}</ref>
|capital = The "[[Avar Ring]]"
|religion = [[Tengrism]]
|year_start = 567
|year_end = after 822<ref>Carl Waldman & Catherine Mason, 2006, ''Encyclopedia of European Peoples, Volume 2'', New York: Infobase Publishing, p. 769.</ref>
|p1 = Lombards
|flag_p1 =
|p2 = Kingdom of the Gepids
|flag_p2 =
|s1 = Frankish Empire
|flag_s1 = Frankish Empire 481 to 814-en.svg
|s2 = First Bulgarian Empire
|image_s2 =
|image_map = Historical map of the Balkans around 582-612 AD.jpg
|image_map_caption = Avar Khaganate around 582–612 AD.
|leader1 = [[Bayan I]] (562–602) 
[[Bayan II]] (602–617)
 (''Names unknown'' 617 – c. 802)
 [[Zodan]] ([[flourished|fl.]] 803)
 [[Theodore Abu-Qurrah|Theodorus]] (? – 805)<ref>Some sources claim that Khagan Theodorus and his predecessor Zodan were one and the same; that is, Zodan assumed the name Thedours after converting to Christianity.</ref>
 [[Abraham (Avar khagan)|Abraham]] ( fl. 805)
 [[Isaac (Avar khagan)|Isaac]] (? – ?)<ref>The name of Khagan Isaac appears to have been corrupted into Latin as ''Canizauci princeps Avarum'' ("Khagan Isaac, Prince of the Avars").</ref>
|year_leader1 =
|title_leader = [[Khagan]]
|today = {{flag|Hungary}} {{flag|Bulgaria}} {{flag|Romania}} {{flag|Ukraine}} {{flag|Slovakia}} {{flag|Slovenia}} {{flag|Croatia}} {{flag|Czech Republic}} {{flag|Poland}} {{flag|Austria}} {{flag|Serbia}}}}

The '''Avar Khaganate''' was a [[khanate]] established in the [[Pannonian Basin]] region in 567 by the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], a [[Eurasian nomads|nomadic]] people of uncertain origins and ethno-linguistic affiliation.<ref name="EB_Avar">{{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45428/Avar |title=Avar |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica (company)|Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=May 14, 2015 |quote=Avar, one of a people of undetermined origin and language...}}</ref><ref name=WM>{{cite book |last=Waldman |first=Carl |last2=Mason |first2=Catherine |authorlink1= |authorlink2= |ref=harv |title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples |language= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC |accessdate=14 May 2015 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |location= |isbn=1-4381-2918-1 |pages=46–49 }}</ref> As the [[Göktürk Empire]] expanded westwards, the Khagan [[Bayan I]] led a group of Avars and [[Bulgars]] out of their reach, eventually settling around 568 in what used to be the Roman province of [[Pannonia]].

==History==

===Arrival in Europe===
In 557 the Avars sent an embassy to [[Constantinople]], marking their first contact with the [[Byzantine Empire]]{{mdash}}presumably from the northern [[Caucasus]]. In exchange for gold, they agreed to subjugate the "unruly ''gentes''" on behalf of the Byzantines. They conquered and incorporated various nomadic tribes{{mdash}}[[Kutrigurs]] and [[Sabir people|Sabirs]]{{mdash}}and defeated the [[Antes people|Antes]]. By 562 the Avars controlled the lower Danube basin and the steppes north of the Black Sea.<ref>[[Walter Pohl]], "Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies", ''Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings'', ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein, (Blackwell), 1998, pp 13–24) p. 18 ([http://www.kroraina.com/bulgar/pohl_etnicity.html On-line text]).</ref> By the time they arrived in the [[Balkans]], the Avars formed a heterogeneous group of about 20,000 horsemen.{{sfn|Curta|2001}} After the Byzantine Emperor [[Justinian I]] (reigned 527–565) bought them off, they pushed northwestwards into [[Germania]]. However, [[Franks|Frankish]] opposition halted the Avars' expansion in that direction.

Seeking rich pastoral lands, the Avars initially demanded land south of the [[Danube River]] in present-day [[Bulgaria]], but the Byzantines refused, using their contacts with the [[Göktürks]] as a threat against Avar aggression.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Evans | first = James Allan Stewart | title= The Emperor Justinian And The Byzantine Empire| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xDNv6qZ_I-IC | accessdate = 2013-01-24 | series = Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Ancient World | year= 2005 | publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn = 9780313325823
| page= xxxv| quote= An Avar embassy first appeared in Constantinople in 558, asking for land within the empire and calling for an annual subsidy. Justinian granted them a subsidy, but for land he directed them elsewhere.}}</ref> The Avars turned their attention to the [[Carpathian Plain]] and to the natural defenses it afforded.<ref>
''History of Transylvania'', Volume I. László Makkai, András Mócsy. Columbia University Press. 2001</ref> However, the Carpathian basin was then occupied by the [[Gepids]]. In 567 the Avars formed an alliance with the [[Lombards]]{{mdash}}enemies of the Gepids{{mdash}}and together they destroyed much of the Gepid Kingdom. The Avars then persuaded the Lombards to move into [[Kingdom of the Lombards|northern Italy]], an invasion that marked the last Germanic mass-movement in the [[Migration Period]].{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

Continuing their successful policy of turning the various barbarians against each other, the Byzantines persuaded the Avars to attack the [[Sclaveni|Sclavenes]] in [[Scythia Minor]] (modern Dobrogea); their land was rich with goods and had never been conquered before.{{sfn|Curta|2001}}{{page needed|date=December 2015}} After devastating much of the Sclavenes' land, the Avars returned to Pannonia after many of the Khagan's subjects deserted to the Byzantine Emperor. By 600 the Avars had established a nomadic empire ruling over a multitude of peoples and stretching from modern-day Austria in the west to the [[Pontic-Caspian steppe]] in the east.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

===Early Avar Period (580–670)===
[[File:Avari pljene balkanske zemlje, K. Mandrović (1885).jpg|thumb|left|Avars plundering Balkan lands.]]
By about 580, the Avar Khagan [[Bayan I]] had established supremacy over most of [[South Slavs|Slavic]], [[Bulgars|Bulgar]], Vlachs and [[Germanic tribes]] living in Pannonia and the Carpathian Basin.<ref>Pohl 1998:18.</ref> When the Byzantine Empire was unable to pay subsidies or hire Avar mercenaries, the Avars raided their [[Balkan]] territories. According to [[Menander Protector|Menander]], Bayan commanded an army of 10,000 Kutrigur Bulgars and sacked [[Dalmatia]] in 568, effectively cutting the Byzantine terrestrial link with North Italy and Western Europe. By 582, the Avars had [[Siege of Sirmium|captured Sirmium]], an important fort in Pannonia. When the Byzantines refused to increase the stipend amount as requested by Bayan's son and successor [[Bayan II]] (from 584), the Avars proceeded to capture [[Singidunum]] and [[Viminacium]]. They suffered setbacks, however, during [[Maurice's Balkan campaigns]] in the 590s. [[Battles of Viminacium|After being defeated]] in their homeland, some Avars defected to the Byzantines in 602,<ref>Walter Pohl, ''Die Awaren'' (Munich) 2.ed.2002., page 158.</ref> but [[Emperor Maurice]] decided not to return home as was customary. He maintained his army camp beyond the Danube throughout the winter and the resulting hardships caused the army to revolt. This gave the Avars a desperately needed respite. They attempted an invasion of northern Italy in 610. The ongoing Byzantine civil war prompted a [[Roman-Persian Wars#Climax|Persian invasion]] and after 615, the Avars enjoyed a free hand in the undefended Balkans.
{{quote|Each year, the Huns [Avars] came to the Slavs, to spend the winter with them; then they took the wives and daughters of the Slavs and slept with them, and among the other mistreatments [already mentioned] the Slavs were also forced to pay levies to the Huns. But the sons of the Huns, who were [then] raised with the wives and daughters of these Wends could not finally endure this oppression anymore and refused obedience to the Huns and began, as already mentioned, a rebellion. When now the Wendish army went against the Huns, the [aforementioned] merchant Samo accompanied the same. And so the Samo’s bravery proved itself in wonderful ways and a huge mass of Huns fell to the sword of the Wends. |''[[Chronicle of Fredegar]]'', Book IV, Section 48, written [[circa]] 642}} While negotiating with Emperor [[Heraclius]] beneath the walls of Constantinople in 617, the Avars launched a surprise attack. While they were unable to capture the city centre they pillaged the suburbs of the city and took 270,000 captives. Payments in gold and goods to the Avars reached the record sum of 200,000 ''[[solidi]]'' shortly before 626.<ref>Walter Pohl, ''Die Awaren'' (Munich) 1.ed.1988.</ref>

In 626, the [[siege of Constantinople (626)|siege of Constantinople]] by a joint Avar-[[Sassanid]] force failed. Following this defeat, the political and military power of the Avars declined. Byzantines and Frankish sources documented a war between the Avars and their western Slav clients, the [[Wends]].{{sfn|Curta|2001}} In the 630s, [[Samo]], the ruler of the first historically known Slavic polity known as Samo's Tribal Union or Samo's realm, increased his authority over lands to the north and west of the Khaganate at the expense of the Avars, ruling until his death in 658.<ref>The fate of Samo's empire after his death is unclear; it is generally assumed to have disappeared. Archaeological findings show that the Avars returned to their previous territories{{mdash}}at least to southernmost part of present-day [[Slovakia]]{{mdash}}and entered into a symbiotic relationship with the Slavs, whereas to the north of the Avar empire was purely Wends territory. The first specific knowledge of the presence of Slavs and Avars in this area is the existence in the late 8th century of the Moravian and [[Principality of Nitra|Nitrian]] principalities (see [[Great Moravia]]) that were attacking the Avars, and the defeat of the Avars by the Franks under [[Charlemagne]] in 799 or 802–03.</ref> At about the time of Samo's realm, the [[Kubrat]] of the [[Dulo clan]] led a successful uprising to end Avar authority over the [[Pannonian Plain]]; he established what the Byzantines used to call [[Patria Onoguria]], "the homeland of Onogurs". The civil war, possibly a succession struggle in Onoguria between the joint Kutrigur and Utigur forces, raged from 631 to 632. The power of the Kutrigur forces was shattered and the Avars came under the control of Patria Onoguria. The ''[[Chronicle of Fredegar]]'' recorded that 9,000 of the Kutrigur sought asylum and fled to modern-day [[Bavaria]], but were killed by King [[Dagobert I]] of the Franks. Some of the Kutrigurs remained in Onoguria and came to be known as [[Cozariks]] (a people who remained in [[Transylvania]] as late as the time of [[Menumorut]] in the late 9th Century). Following Khan Kubrat's death, they would fight for control, leading to the [[battle of Ongal]] when the Utigurs were forced south. Those remaining between Transylvania and the Ukraine were assimilated by the [[Khazars]] while the Cozariks extended their control north up the Volga River where the state of [[Volga Bulgaria]] would emerge.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

===Middle (670–720) and Late (720–804) Avar periods===
With the death of [[Samo]], some Slavic tribes again came under Avar rule. Khan Kubrat died in 665 and was succeeded by Khan [[Batbayan]] of [[Old Great Bulgaria]]. By 670, the Khazars had broken the unity of the Bulgar confederation, causing some of the Utigur Bulgars to relocate their capital to the west. The ''[[Chronicon Pictum|Viennese chronicle]]'' records that in 677, the "Hungar"/(Onogur Bulgar) ethnicon had established itself decisively in Pannonia. According to the ''[[Miracles of Saint Demetrius]]'' the Avar-Slavic alliance from northern Carpathia forced the Bulgars south out of western Onoguria (Sirmium) at about the same time that the Battle of Ongal took place south of the eastern Carpathians. The new ethnic element marked by hair clips for pigtails; curved, single-edged sabres; broad, symmetrical bows marks the middle Avar-Bulgar period (670–720). The Onogur Bulgars under a [[Kuber]] leader expelled from western Onoguria (Sirmium) moved south, settling in the present-day region of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]]. The Onogur-Bulgars, led by Khan [[Asparukh of Bulgaria|Asparukh]]{{mdash}}the father of Khan [[Tervel of Bulgaria|Tervel]]{{mdash}}settled permanently along the Danube (c. 679–681), expanding the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] from [[Onogur, Bulgaria]]. Although the Avar empire had diminished to half its original size, the new Avar-Slav alliance consolidated their rule west from the central parts of the mid-Danubian basin and extended their sphere of influence west to the [[Viennese Basin]]. New regional centers, such as those near [[Ozora]] and [[Igar]]{{mdash}}[[Fehér County (former)|county Fehér]] in Hungary{{mdash}}appeared. This strengthened the Avars' power base, although most of the Balkans now lay in the hands of [[Slavs|Slavic tribes]] since neither the Avars nor Byzantines were able to reassert control.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

A new type of ceramics{{spaced ndash}}the so-called "Devínská-Nová Ves" pottery{{spaced ndash}}emerged at the end of the 7th century in the region between the Middle Danube and the Carpathians.{{sfn|Barford|2001|p = 78}} These vessels were similar to the hand-made pottery of the previous period, but wheel-made items were also found in "Devínská-Nová Ves" sites.{{sfn|Barford|2001|p = 78}} Large inhumation cemeteries found at [[Holiare]], [[Nové Zámky]] and other places in Slovakia, [[Hungary]] and Serbia from the period beginning around 690 show that the settlement network of the Carpathian Basin became more stable in the [[Late Avar]] period.{{sfn|Barford|2001|p = 79}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp = 92–93}} The most popular Late Avar motifs{{spaced ndash}}[[griffin]]s and [[tendril]]s decorating belts, mounts and a number of other artifacts connected to warriors{{spaced ndash}}may either represent nostalgia for the lost nomadic past or evidence a new wave of nomads arriving from the Pontic steppes at the end of the 7th century.{{sfn|Barford|2001|p = 79}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p = 92}} According to historians who accept the latter theory, the immigrants may have been either [[Onogurs]]{{sfn|Kristó|1996|p = 93}} or [[Alans]].{{sfn|Havlík|2004|p = 228}} [[Anthropological]] studies of the skeletons point at the presence of a population with [[mongoloid]] features.{{sfn|Barford|2001|p = 79}}

The Khaganate in the Middle and Late periods was a product of cultural symbiosis between Slavic and original Avar elements with a Slavic language as a [[lingua franca]] or the most common language.<ref>Curta, Florin (2004), "The Slavic Lingua Franca. Linguistic Notes of an Archaeologist Turned Historian." (PDF), East Central Europe/L'Europe du Centre-Est 31 (1): 125–148,</ref>

In the 7th century, the Avar Khaganate opened a door for Slavic demographic and linguistic expansion to Adriatic and Aegean regions.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

In the early 8th century, a new [[archaeological culture]] the so-called "griffin and tendril" culture{{mdash}}appeared in the Carpathian basin. Some theories, including the “double conquest” theory of archaeologist [[Gyula László]], attribute it to the arrival of new settlers, such as early [[Magyars]], but this is still under debate. Hungarian archaeologists [[Laszló Makkai]] and [[András Móczy]] attribute this culture to an internal evolution of Avars resulting from the integration of the Bulgar émigrés from the previous generation of the 670s. According to Makkai and Mócsy, "the material culture{{mdash}}art, clothing, equipment, weapons{{mdash}}of the late Avar/Bulgar period evolved autonomously from these new foundations". Many regions that had once been important centers of the Avar empire had lost their significance while new ones arose. Although Avaric [[material culture]] found over much of the northern Balkans may indicate an existing Avar presence, it probably represents the presence of independent Slavs who had adopted Avaric customs.<ref>László Makkai and András Mócsy, editors, 2001. History of Transylvania, II.4 "The period of Avar rule"</ref>

===Collapse===
[[File:Avar settlement area.jpg|thumb|right|The Avar settlement area from the 7th to the 9th century, according to Éva Garam]]

The gradual decline of Avar power accelerated to a rapid fall within a decade. A series of Frankish campaigns in the 790s, beginning in 791, ended with the conquest of the Avar realm after eight years. The 791 campaign ended successfully, although no pitched battle was fought.{{sfn|Schutz|2004|p=61}} Avars had fled before the Carolingian army arriving by the Danube, while disease left most of the Avar horses dead.{{sfn|Schutz|2004|p=61}} Tribal infighting began, showing the weakness of the khaganate.{{sfn|Schutz|2004|p=61}} The Franks had been supported by Slavs, who established polities on former Avar territory.{{sfn|Schutz|2004|pp=61-62}} One of Charlemagne's sons captured a large, fortified encampment known as "the Ring", which contained much of the spoils from earlier Avar campaigns.<ref>Victor Duruy, The History of the Middle Ages, p. 446</ref> By 796, the Avar chieftains had surrendered and accepted Christianity.{{sfn|Schutz|2004|p=61}} Pannonia was conquered.{{sfn|Sinor|1990|pp=218-220}} According to the ''[[Annales Regni Francorum]]'', Avars began to submit to the Franks from 796 onwards. The song "''[[De Pippini regis Victoria Avarica]]''" celebrating the defeat of the Avars at the hands of [[Pepin of Italy]] in 796 still survives. The Franks baptized many Avars and integrated them into the [[Frankish Empire]].<ref>''...(sc. Avaros) autem, qui obediebant fidei et baptismum sunt consecuti...''</ref> A growing amount of archaeological evidence in [[Transdanubia]] also suggests an Avar population in the Carpathian Basin in the very late 9th century.<ref name='Olajos'/> In 799, some Avars revolted.{{sfn|Schutz|2004|p=62}}

According to [[Constantine VII]]'s work ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' (10th century), a group of Croats separated from the [[White Croats]] who lived in [[White Croatia]] and arrived by their own will, or were called by the Byzantine Emperor [[Heraclius]] (610-641), to [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] where they fought and defeated the Avars, and eventually organized their own [[Duchy of Croatia|principality]].

In 804, the First Bulgarian Empire conquered the southeastern Avar lands of Transylvania and southeastern Pannonia up to the [[Middle Danube River]], and many Avars became subjects of the Bulgarian Empire. Khagan [[Theodore Abu-Qurrah|Theodorus]], a convert to Christianity, died after asking Charlemagne for help in 805; he was succeeded by Khagan [[Abraham (Avar khagan)|Abraham]], who was baptized as the new Frankish client (and should not be assumed from his name alone to have been [[Kabar|Khavar]] rather than [[Pseudo-Avar]]). Abraham was succeeded by Khagan (or [[Tudun]]) [[Isaac (Avar khagan)|Isaac]] (Latin ''Canizauci''), about whom little is known. The Franks turned the Avar lands under their control into a [[March (territory)|military march]]. The [[March of Pannonia]]{{mdash}}the eastern half of the [[Avar March]]{{mdash}}was then granted to the Slavic Prince [[Pribina]], who established the [[Balaton principality]] in 840. It continued to exist in the west until it was divided between the [[March of Carinthia|Carinthia]]n and [[March of Austria|Eastern]] marches in 871.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

According to Pohl, an Avar presence in Pannonia is certain in 871, but thereafter the name is no longer used by chroniclers. Pohl wrote, "It simply proved impossible to keep up an Avar identity after Avar institutions and the high claims of their tradition had failed".<ref>Pohl 1998:19.</ref> Although, [[Regino of Prüm|Regino]] wrote about them at the year of 889.<ref name='Olajos'/><ref>"''Et primo quidem Pannoniorum et Avarum solitudines pererrantes''"</ref> The growing number of archaeological evidence in [[Transdanubia]] also presumes an Avar population in the Carpathian Basin in the very late 9th century.<ref name='Olajos'/> Archaeological findings suggest a substantial, late Avar presence on the Great Hungarian Plain, however it is difficult to determine their proper chronology.<ref name='Olajos'/>

Byzantine records, including the "''[[Notitia episcopatuumî]]''", the "''[[Additio patriarchicorum thronorumî]]''" by [[Neilos Doxopatres]], the "''Chronica''" by [[Petrus Alexandrinus]] and the "''[[Notitia patriarchatuum]]''" mention the 9th century Avars as an existing Christian population.<ref name='Olajos'>OLAJOS , TERÉZ, [http://www.lib.jgytf.u-szeged.hu/folyoiratok/tiszataj/01-11/olajos.pdf Az avar továbbélés kérdésérõl], A 9. SZÁZADI AVAR TÖRTÉNELEM GÖRÖG ÉS LATIN NYELVÛ FORRÁSAI, Tiszatáj, 2001, pp. 50–56</ref> The Avars had already been mixing with the more numerous Slavs for generations, and they later came under the rule of external polities, such as the Franks, Bulgaria, and [[Great Moravia]].<ref>''The early medieval Balkans''. John Fine, Jr</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2010}} The Avars in the region known as ''solitudo avarorum''{{mdash}}currently called the [[Alföld]]{{mdash}}vanished in an arc of three generations. They slowly merged with the Slavs to create a bilingual Turkic-Slavic-speaking people who were subjected to Frankish domination; the invading [[Magyars]] found this composite people in the late 9th century.<ref>András Róna-Tas, ''Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history'', Central European University Press, 1999, p. 264</ref> The ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'', written around 950, clearly states the presence of an Avar population in the region of modern-day [[Croatia]].<ref name='Olajos'/>

== See also ==
* [[Huns]]
* [[Xiongnu]]
* [[Hephtalites]]
* [[Rouran Khaganate]]
* [[Pannonian Romance]]
* [[Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós]]
* [[Székelys]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Barford |first=P. M. |year=2001|title=The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe |publisher= Cornell University Press |isbn=0-8014-3977-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Curta|first=Florin|authorlink=Florin Curta|title=The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-42888-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |year=2006 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89452-4|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book
| last = Evans
| first = James Allan Stewart
| title = The Emperor Justinian And The Byzantine Empire
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xDNv6qZ_I-IC
| accessdate = 2013-01-24
| series = Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Ancient World
| year = 2005
| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
| isbn = 9780313325823
| page = xxxv
| quote =
}}
* {{cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp, Jr.|authorlink=John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.|title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|location=Michigan|year=1991|isbn=0-472-08149-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Havlík |first=Lubomír E. |editor-last=Champion |editor-first=T. C. | title=Centre and Periphery: Comparative Studies in Archaeology |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |pages=227–237 |chapter=Great Moravia between the Franconians, Byzantium and Rome |ISBN=0-415-12253-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=1996 |title=Hungarian History in the Ninth Century |publisher= Szegedi Középkorász Műhely |isbn=1-4039-6929-9 |ref=harv}}
*László Makkai & András Mócsy, editors, 2001. ''[http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/41.html History of Transylvania'', II.4, "The period of Avar rule"]
*[[Walter Pohl]], "Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies", ''Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings'', ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein, (Blackwell), 1998, pp 13–24) p. 18 ([http://www.kroraina.com/bulgar/pohl_etnicity.html On-line text]).
*András Róna-Tas, ''Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history'', Central European University Press, 1999.
* {{cite book|last=Schutz|first=Herbert |title=The Carolingians in Central Europe, Their History, Arts, and Architecture: A Cultural History of Central Europe, 750-900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZJONlzdyPsC&pg=PA61|year=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-13149-3|pages=61–|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sinor|first=Denis|title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia|chapter=The Avars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=PA206|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24304-9|pages=206–|ref=harv}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Avar Khaganate}}
* [http://www.rmki.kfki.hu/~lukacs/AVARS.htm For The Memory Of The Avar Khagans]

{{Early Germanic Kingdoms}}

[[Category:Eurasian Avars| ]]
[[Category:First Bulgarian Empire]]
[[Category:Romania in the Early Middle Ages]]
[[Category:Moldova in the Early Middle Ages]]
[[Category:6th century in Romania]]
[[Category:7th century in Romania]]
[[Category:8th century in Romania]]
[[Category:9th century in Romania]]
[[Category:Khaganates]]
[[Category:Invasions of Europe]]

Tartışma:Avar Khaganate

2019-09-29T22:02:23Z

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{For|the khanate in the North Caucasus|Avar Khanate}} {{Infobox Former Country |conventional_long_name = Avar Khaganate |common_name = Avar Khaganate |continent = Europe |regio..."

Avar Khaganate

2019-09-29T22:01:33Z

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Tartışma:Attila

2019-09-29T21:58:42Z

Admin: "Tartışma:Attila" koruma altında alındı ([değiştir=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz) [Taşı=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz)) [kademeli]

{{kaynaksız}}
{{diğer anlamı2|Attila}}
{{Kraliyet bilgi kutusu
| isim = Attila
| başlık = Avrupa Hun İmparatoru
| resim = Atli.jpg
| resim_boyutu =
| altyazı = Hun imparatoru, kendisini bizzat gören Bizans tarihçisi [[Priskos]]'un tasvirine de uygun olarak, kısa boylu, hafif çekik gözlü ve yanık tenli olarak resmedilmiştir.
| veraset =
| hüküm_süresi = 434–453

| taç_giymesi =
| önce_gelen = [[Bleda]] ve [[Ruga]]
| sonra_gelen = [[İlek]]
| veliaht =
| eşi =
| çocukları = [[İlek]], [[Dengizik]] ve [[İrnek]]
| tam ismi =
| hanedan =
| babası = [[Muncuk Han]]
| annesi =
| doğum_tarihi = 395
| doğum_yeri =
| ölüm_tarihi = {{Ölüm yılı ve yaşı|453|395}}
| ölüm_yeri =
| defin_tarihi =
| defin_yeri =
| dini =
| meslek =
| imza =
}}
'''Attila''' (395-453), [[Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu]] [[hükümdar]]ı.

== Hayatı ==
Babası [[Muncuk Han]] (Boncuk Han)'dır. Amcası [[Rua]], onu babası öldükten sonra [[bozkır]]da tek başına yaşamaya çalışırken bulmuş ve yanına almıştır. [[Vizigot]]lara karşı [[Roma İmparatorluğu]]'yla ittifak yapan Attila<ref name="Golden">{{Web kaynağı | last = Haas | first = Christopher | url = http://www29.homepage.villanova.edu/christopher.haas/embassy.htm | title = Embassy to Attila: Priscus of Panium | publisher = [[Villanova University]] | accessdate = 18 Mayıs 2014 | archive-url = //web.archive.org/web/20140221065932/http://www29.homepage.villanova.edu/christopher.haas/embassy.htm | archive-date = 21 Şubat 2014 | deadurl = no | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20120312005229/http://www29.homepage.villanova.edu/christopher.haas/embassy.htm | arşivtarihi = 12 Mart 2012}}</ref>, bir süreliğine [[Roma]]'ya [[Flavius Aetius]]'un davetlisi olarak gitmiştir. Rua'nın ölümü üzerine, kardeşi Bleda ile birlikte Hun İmparatorluğu'nun ortak hükümdarı olmuştur. [[Bleda]] 445 yılında ölünce, Attila<ref name="Golden"/> tek başına Hun hükümdarı olmuştur. Daha sonra aşık olduğu esir kızla (Nakara) evlenen Attila'nın bir oğlu olmuş, eşi Nakara doğum sırasında hayatını kaybetmiştir.

Hükümdarlığı boyunca ordusu ile [[Batı Roma İmparatorluğu|Batı]] ve [[Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu|Doğu Roma İmparatorluklarına]] sık sık sefer düzenleyen Attila<ref name="Golden"/>, [[Orta Çağ]] batı kaynaklarında acımasızlığı ile anılır. Bu nedenle de [[Avrupa]]'da "'''Tanrının Kırbacı'''" ([[Latince]]: ''Flagellum Dei'', [[İngilizce]]: ''Scourge of God'', [[İtalyanca]]: ''Flagello di Dio'', [[Fransızca]]: ''Fléau de Dieu'') olarak tanınır.

Buna karşılık Cermen (Alman) efsanelerinde Attila, çok büyük ve iyiliksever bir hükümdardır. Attila'nın sarayında birçok Germen hükümdarı yaşar. Nibelungen Destanı, Hun-Germen mücadelelerinden meydana gelir. Bu hikâyelerde Attila, Etzel adında büyük otoriteye sahip, barışsever ve yalnız asilere karşı kılıç kuşanan asil ruhlu bir hükümdardır. Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu'nun başkenti olan Etzelburg adının buradan geldiği bilinmektedir. Aetus ile yaptığı [[Katalon Savaşı]]nda [[Roma]] ordusu dağılmış, Batı Got kralı Theodeirch ölmüştür. Attila ordusunu dinlendirerek kaçan Aetus'u takip etmedi.

[[Dosya:Attila-ChroniconPictum.jpg|right|thumb|200px|1380 yılında yazılan Chronicum Pictum elyazmasına göre Atilla.]]
Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'na sefer yaparken [[I. Leo|Papa Büyük Leo]]'nun araya girmesiyle Attila Roma seferini durdurdu ve Romalıları haraca bağladı. Bir rivâyete göre, Attila, son eşi [[İldiko]] tarafından öldürülmüştür.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?ei=dxhLTKuPHZCtOLzkwJUD&ct=result&id=erFmAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Night+Attila+Died%3A+Solving+the+Murder+of+Attila+the+Hun&q=%22Attila+was+murdered%22 ''The night Attila died: solving the murder of Attila the Hun''], Michael A. Babcock, Berkley Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN0425202720.</ref>

Mezarının nerede olduğu bilinmemektedir. Cenazesine katılanlar, mezarın yerinin bilinmemesi için öldürülmüştür. Ama tarihçiler arasında [[Tuna Nehri]]'nin yatağının bir süreliğine değiştirildiğine ve hazineleriyle birlikte Attila'nın nehrin altına gömüldüğüne, daha sonra da nehir yatağının eski haline getirildiğine dair yaygın bir inanış vardır. Nehrin aşırı uzunluğundan ve birçok ülkeden geçtiği için bürokratik sorunlar çıkacağından kazı çalışması yapılamamaktadır.

Günümüzde, Attila<ref name="Golden"/> bazıları için kahraman (özellikle Türk ve Macar kültüründe) olarak alınır.

== Görünüşü, karakteri ==
[[Dosya:Buda es Attila.JPG|left|thumb|200px|Attila ve kardeşi Bleda.]]
[[Dosya:Huns empire.png|sol|343x343px|450 yılında [[Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu]].|çerçevesiz]]
[[Dosya:Atilla fléau de dieu.jpg|thumb|202x202px|Attila damgalı bronz madalyon]]
Attila'nın görünümü ile ilgili bilgiler genelde ikinci el kaynaklardır. Ancak kendisini bizzat gören Bizanslı tarihçi [[Priskos]] Attila'yı şöyle açıklıyor:

"Kısa boylu, geniş göğsü olan, gözleri küçük, burnu yassı ve ince grimsi sakalları olan, bronz tenli."

Attila'nın isminin kaynağı tartışmalara neden olmuştur. Türk kaynaklarına göre [[Volga Nehri]]'nin eski ismi olan Atıl/İtil/Atal kelimelerine oralı anlamı veren illa kelimesiyle birleşmesi sonucu Attila ismi oluşmuştur. Diğer bir görüşe göre at/atıl/atılmak anlamına gelir.<ref name="bro2">[http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_4.html The World of the Huns], Chapter IX. Language, O. Maenchen-Helfen.</ref> Diğer bir Türk efsanesine göre ise kendisine Atlı Han da denirdi. [[Macar]] kaynaklarına göre ''yargı'' anlamına gelen Ítélet kelimesinden türemiştir.<ref name="bro2" /> [[İngilizce]]'ye Etele, Etla olarak geçmiş, [[Almanca]]'da ise Etezel olarak geçmiştir. [[Macaristan]]'da yaygın kullanım Attila iken [[Türkiye]]'de Atilla veya Atila şeklindedir.
[[Dosya:Shepherd-c-048.jpg|right|thumb|335px|Attila zamanındaki Hun toprakları.]]

== Günümüz kültürüne etkisi ==
=== Biyografik filmler ===
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046731/ ''Attila'' (1954)] Pietro Francisci'nin [[Anthony Quinn]] ve [[Sophia Loren]]'in yer aldığı sinema filmi.
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047490/ ''Sign of the Pagan'' (1954)], Douglas Sirk'in Jack Palance ve Jeff Chandler'ın yer aldığı sinema filmi.
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0194436/ ''Attila'' (1991)], Christopher Swann'ın TV filmi.
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259127/ ''Attila'' (2001)], Dick Lowry'nin TV filmi.

=== Bilgisayar oyunları ===
* [[Civilization 5]] Gods and King's eklenti paketi
* Rome Total War: Barbarian Invasion
* Age of Empires 2 The Conquerors: Attila the Hun Campaign (2000)
* Total War: Attila (2015)

== Ayrıca bakınız ==
* [[Buda Halala]]
* [[Bleda]]

== Kaynakça ==
{{kaynakça}}

{{commons category|Attila the Hun}}

{{Hun Hükümdarları}}

[[Kategori:Türk askerler]]
[[Kategori:Tarihteki Türk liderler]]
[[Kategori:Hunlar]]
[[Kategori:395 doğumlular]]
[[Kategori:453 yılında ölenler]]
[[Kategori:5. yüzyıl liderleri]]
[[Kategori:Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu]]
[[Kategori:Macaristan tarihi]]
[[Kategori:VikiProje Tarih kaynak bekleyen maddeler]]

Tartışma:Attila

2019-09-29T21:58:27Z

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{kaynaksız}} {{diğer anlamı2|Attila}} {{Kraliyet bilgi kutusu | isim = Attila | başlık = Avrupa Hun İmparatoru | resim = Atli.jpg | resim_boyutu = |..."

Attila

2019-09-29T21:57:49Z

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Tartışma:Astrahan Hanlığı

2019-09-29T21:56:57Z

Admin: "Tartışma:Astrahan Hanlığı" koruma altında alındı ([değiştir=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz) [Taşı=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz)) [kademeli]

{{Diğer anlamı|Astrahan (anlam ayrımı)}}
{{Eski ülke bilgi kutusu
|kendi_dilindeki_adı = Xacitaxan Xanlığı Хаҗитархан Ханлыгы
|tam_adı = Astrahan Hanlığı
|yaygın_adı =
|statü = Hanlık
|yönetim_biçimi = Monarşi
|kuruluş_yılı = 1446
|yıkılış_yılı = 1556
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|öncel1 = [[Altın Orda]]
|bayrak_öncel1 =
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|öncel4 =
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|öncel5 =
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|ardıl1 = Rus Çarlığı
|bayrak_ardıl1 = Flag_of_Russia_1668.png
|resim_ardıl1 =
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|bayrak =
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|arma =
|arma_altyazısı =
|arma_bağlantısı =
|sembol_türü =

|harita = Astrakhan Khanate map.svg
|harita_altyazısı =

|başkent = [[Xacitarhan]]
|sürgündeki_başkent =
|latd = |latm = |latNS = |longd = |longm = |longEW =

|slogan =
|ulusal_marş =
|yaygın_diller = [[Türk lehçeleri|Türkçe]] ([[Tatarca]], [[Nogayca]])
|din = [[Sünni İslam]]
|para_birimi =

|yönetici1 = Kasım Han
|yönetici2 = Devriş Gazi
|yönetici3 =
|yönetici4 =
|yönetici_yılları1 = 1466-1490
|yönetici_yılları2 = 1554-1556
|yönetici_yılları3 =
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|yönetici_unvanı = Han
|vekil1 =
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|yasama_organı =
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|istatistik_yılı1 =
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}}
{{Türk tarihi}}
'''Astrahan Hanlığı''', [[Altın Orda]]'nın yıkılmasından sonra başkenti [[Astrahan]] olmak üzere [[Cengiz Han]]'ın oğlu [[Cuci]]'nin ulusuna bağlı [[Toka Temür]] sülalesinden Kasım Han tarafından kurulmuş ve 1466-1554 yılları arasında hüküm sürmüş bir [[Türk halkları|Türk]]<ref name="Türk Dünyası El Kitabı">{{Kitap kaynağı
| son =
| ilk =
| yazarurl =
| yardımcıyazarlar =
| yıl = 1992
| başlık = Türk Dünyası El Kitabı
| yayımcı = Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü
| yer = Ankara
| id = ISBN 975-456-047-1
| dil = Türkçe
| ilkyayıntarihi = 1976
| erişimtarihi = 14 Temmuz 2009
| bölüm = Türk Tarihi
| sayfalar =
}}
</ref> hanlığıdır. Zaman zaman [[Kırım Hanlığı]] vasıtasıyla [[Osmanlı Devleti]]'nin nüfuz alanına girmiştir. Astrahan Hanlığı'nın arazisi batıda [[Kuban Nehri|Kuban]] ve [[Don Nehri|Don]] nehrine, doğuda [[Nogay Orda]]'sı ile sınırdı. Güneyde [[Terek Nehri]]'ne, kuzeyde ise [[Volga Nehri|Volga]] ile Don nehrinin arasında uzanmaktaydı.

Asıl adı "Ejder Hanlığı" {{fact}} olan ve Ruslar tarafından sonradan değiştirilen Astrahan Hanlığı, [[Hazar Denizi]]'nin kuzey kıyılarında önemli bir [[ticaret]] merkezi olarak, 88 yıl boyunca egemen olmuş; ancak sürekli [[taht]] mücadeleleri sonucunda zayıflamış ve 1556 yılında [[Rus]] [[Çar]]ı [[Korkunç İvan]] tarafından yıkılmıştır.

Rusya'nın [[Kazan, Tataristan|Kazan]] ve Astrahan hanlıklarını yıkarak doğuya doğru genişleme siyasetinden rahatsız olan Osmanlı Devleti [[Orta Asya]]'daki [[Türk]] hanlıklarının da kendisinden yardım istemesi üzerine 1563 yılından beri Rusya'yı durdurmak için Astrahan'a yapmayı planladığı [[Astrahan Seferi|seferi]] ancak 1569 yılında yapabilmiş ama hem ordu kumandanlarının kendi aralarındaki anlaşmazlıklardan hem de Kırım Hanı'nın bu kumandanlarla arasındaki anlaşmazlıktan dolayı bu seferde istenilen neticeye ulaşılamamıştır. Buna rağmen Rusya'nın barış istemesi üzerine 1570 yılında yine de Osmanlı ve Orta Asya Türk Hanlıklarının lehine bir barış antlaşması yapılabildiyse de Kazan ve Astrahan Hanlıkları'nın Rusya'ya bağlı oldukları zımnen kabul edilmiştir.

Bugün Astrahan ve çevresinde yoğun Türk nüfusu bulunmaktadır.

== Ayrıca bakınız ==
* [[Astrahan Hanları listesi]]

== Kaynakça ==
{{Kaynakça}}

{{Türk tarihi-taslak}}
{{Rusya-taslak}}

[[Kategori:Astrahan Hanlığı| ]]

Tartışma:Astrahan Hanlığı

2019-09-29T21:56:37Z

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "{{Diğer anlamı|Astrahan (anlam ayrımı)}} {{Eski ülke bilgi kutusu |kendi_dilindeki_adı = Xacitaxan Xanlığı Хаҗитархан Ханлыгы |tam_adı..."

Astrahan Hanlığı

2019-09-29T21:56:17Z

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2019-09-29T21:54:08Z

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2019-09-29T21:53:56Z

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2019-09-29T21:53:19Z

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2019-09-29T21:52:35Z

Admin:

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2019-09-29T21:50:00Z

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Tartışma:Ashina Jiesheshuai

2019-09-29T21:47:35Z

Admin: "Tartışma:Ashina Jiesheshuai" koruma altında alındı ([değiştir=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz) [Taşı=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz)) [kademeli]

'''Ashina Jieshe'er''' ({{zh|t=阿史那結社爾}} / {{zh|s=阿史那结社尔}}<ref name="oldt3">[[:zh:s:舊唐書/卷3|''Old Book of Tang'' Vol. 3]]</ref> [[Pinyin]]: āshǐnà jiēshèěr, [[Wade-Giles]]: ashihna chieh-she-erh, [[Middle Chinese]]: ([[Guanyun]]) {{IPA-ltc|ʔɑʃi̯ə˥nɑ˩ kiet.ʑi̯a˥nʑi̯e˥|}}) or '''Ashina Jiesheshuai''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{zh|t=阿史那結社率}} / {{zh|s=阿史那结社率}},<ref name="newt2">[[:zh:s:新唐書/卷002|''New Book of Tang'' Vol. 2]]</ref><ref name=ZZTJ195>''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷195|vol. 195]].</ref><ref name="oldt194">[[:zh:s:舊唐書/卷194上|''Old Book of Tang'' Vol. 194-1]]</ref><ref name="newt215">[[:zh:s:新唐書/卷215上|''New Book of Tang'' Vol. 215-1]]</ref> [[Pinyin]]: āshǐnà jiēshèshuai, [[Wade-Giles]]: ashihna chieh-she-shuai, [[Middle Chinese]] ([[Guangyun]]) {{IPA-ltc|ʔɑʃi̯ə˥nɑ˩ kiet.ʑi̯a˥ʃi̯ue̯t|}}, b: ?- d. summer 639 ) was a member of the Turkic noble family [[Ashina]] clan of [[Göktürks#Dual empires and Chinese Domination|Eastern Turkic khaganate]] and general ([[wikt:中郎將|Zhonglangjiang]]) of the [[Tang Dynasty]].<ref name="oldt194"/>

==Background==
{{Main|Göktürks|Emperor Taizong's campaign against Eastern Tujue}}
He is one of [[Shibi Khan]]'s sons and the younger brother of [[Ashina Shibobi]] ({{zh|c=阿史那什钵苾}}), who was vassal khagan of Tang dynasty and used the title of Tölis Khan<ref name="oldt194"/><ref name="oldt3"/> ({{zh|c=突利可汗}}).

[[Tang China]] defeated [[Göktürks|The Eastern Turkic khaganate]] and the khaganate became the vassal of Tang China in 630.<ref>Jean-Paul Raux:Histoire des Turcs (Ttans:Aykut Kazancıgil,Lale Arslan Özcan) Kabalcı yayınları,İstanbul 2007 ISBN 975-997-091-0 p102</ref> During this period some Turkic nobles were enrolled in Chinese army. Ashina Jiesheshuai was among these nobles. He was planning to assassinate [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Taizong]].

==Jiucheng Palace raid==
By summer 639, as Ashina Jiesheshuai had not been favored by the [[Tang Dynasty]]'s [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]] (because he had falsely accused his brother Ashina Shibobi of treason, which Emperor Taizong found despicable), he formed a conspiracy with Ashina Shibobi's son [[Ashina Hexiangu]] ({{zh|c=阿史那賀暹鶻}}) to assassinate Emperor Taizong at his summer palace, Jiucheng Palace (九成宮, in modern [[Linyou County]], [[Shaanxi]]). They had planned to wait for [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang|Li Zhi]] the Prince of Jin to depart from the palace in the morning and use that opportunity to attack the palace. On the day they planned, May 19,<ref name=AS>[http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/ [[Academia Sinica]] Chinese-Western Calendar Converter].</ref> however, Li Zhi did not leave the palace due to a storm and immediately afterwards heavy rainfall. Ashina Jiesheshuai attacked the palace anyway, engaging the palace guards, but the guards was supported by troops who came outside. Ashina Jiesheshuai and his comrades stole some 20 horses from the stable. They fled to the north, but were caught by pursuers near the [[Wei River]] and killed. Ashina Hexiangu was exiled to Lingbiao.<ref name="ZZTJ195"/>

After this incident, however, the officials began advocating sending Turks (or [[Tujue]] as they were known to the Chinese) away from the heart of the state. In fall 639, Emperor Taizong created a [[Göktürk]]-Tujue prince who had served him faithfully, [[Li Simo]] (né Ashina Simo) as the [[Khan (title)|khan]] of a newly recreated Eastern Tujue state (as [[Qilibi Khan]]), giving him all of the Tujue and [[Ethnic groups in Chinese history|Hu]] who had surrendered as his subordinates, to be settled north of the Great Wall and the Yellow River. However, the Tujue people were fearful of [[Xueyantuo]] and initially refused to go to their new location. Emperor Taizong issued an edict to Xueyantuo's khan [[Zhenzhu Khan|Yi'nan]] that he and Li Simo keep their peace and not attack each other, and after receiving from Yi'nan the assurance that he would not attack, the Tujue people moved to the new location.<ref name=ZZTJ195/>

==Aftermath==
Jiesheshuai's attempted rebellion was unsuccessful. But in 681 they revolted against Tang dynasty and [[Göktürks#Second empire|re-established Eastern Turkic khaganate]].

==Cultural influences==
A prominent Turkish nationalist [[Nihal Atsız]] used some characteristics of Ashina Jiesheshuai for a fictional character named [[Kürşat (hero)|Kür Şad]] in the novel ''Bozkurtların Ölümü'' (''The deaths of gray wolves''). However in the novel, the father of Kürşad is not Shibi Khan but [[Chuluo Khan]] (Çuluk Han).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SQvWAAAAMAAJ&q=K%C3%BCr+%C5%9Ead+%C3%87uluk&dq=K%C3%BCr+%C5%9Ead+%C3%87uluk&lr=&cd=9 Nihal Atsız, ''Bozkurtlar'', Ötüken, 1974, Baskı: 10, p. 31.], [https://books.google.com/books?id=zC5tAAAAMAAJ&q=K%C3%BCr+%C5%9Fad&dq=K%C3%BCr+%C5%9Fad&cd=8 Nihal Atsız, ''Bozkurtların destanı'', Ötüken Yayınevi, Baskı: 2, 1976, p. 86.]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Turks in the Tang military]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Göktürks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashina, Jiesheshuai}}
[[Category:Göktürks]]
[[Category:639 deaths]]
[[Category:Tang dynasty generals related to Göktürks]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Ashina house of the Turkic Empire]]
[[Category:7th-century Turkic people]]

Tartışma:Ashina Jiesheshuai

2019-09-29T21:47:19Z

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "'''Ashina Jieshe'er''' ({{zh|t=阿史那結社爾}} / {{zh|s=阿史那结社尔}}<ref name="oldt3">''Old Book of Tang'' Vol. 3</ref> Pinyin: āshǐnà j..."

Ashina Jiesheshuai

2019-09-29T21:46:41Z

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Tartışma:Ashide

2019-09-29T21:45:01Z

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'''Ashide''' - one of the dominant general and empress clan of [[Turkic Khaganate]].

==The origin==
Ashide led his descent from some ancient [[khagan]].<ref>Pulleyblank E.A Sogdian Colony in Inner Mongolia. — ТР. Vol. 41, 1952, Р.332.</ref>

== The representatives of clan Ashide==
The baga-tarkhan (military leader) of four [[Göktürk]] [[khagan]]s - [[Tonyukuk]] was Ashide clan origin.
And from Ashide was mother of Chinese warlord - [[An Lushan]].

==[[Tamga]] Ashide==
[[File:AshideUsunA-shi-de.gif]]

==Ashide and Ashina==
Historian [[S.G.Kjyashtorny]] said that originally [[Ashina tribe|Ashina]] and Ashide together were dual system, so well known among the Turkic and [[Mongolian peoples]].<ref>Абрамзон С.М. Формы родоплеменной организации у кочевников Средней Азии. — ТИЭ. Н. сер. Т. 14. М., 1951. ↑ Жданко Т.А. Очерки исторической этнографии каракалпаков. М.-Л., 1950 (ТИЭ, н. сер., т. 9).</ref><ref>Жданко Т.А. Очерки исторической этнографии каракалпаков. М.-Л., 1950 (ТИЭ, н. сер., т. 9).</ref>

Chiefs Ashide bore the title Irkin (Erkin) common to tribal leaders in the Turkic Khaganate. However, their particular position is determined by kinship with the dynasty; no coincidence that one of Irkin Ashide tegin held the title - 'the prince of the royal family, prince'. Ashide clan was not is one root, so in the ''[[Book of Tang|Tang Shu]]'' mentioned Da Ashide and Bayan Ashide; their tamgas differ from tamgas of Ashide.<ref>Liu Mau-tsai. Die chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken. 1-2. Weisbaden, 1958. (101/102)</ref>

To the end of the 7th-8th centuries, probably be more correct to speak about Ashide as one of the tribes of the khaganate, which together with Ashina was the main military and political support of Turkic dynasty. Ashide leaders initiated the liberation revolt of the Turkuts (679-682) against [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>Кляшторный.Г. Древнетюркская надпись на каменном изваянии из Чойрэна//СНВ. Вып. XXII. М.: 1980. С. 90-102</ref>

== Genetics (Data of Y-DNA) ==
In 2015-2016 yy. in Fudan University (Shanghai), headed by ethnogenomist Shao-Qing Wen (文少卿) in China were tested to determine the Y-DNA haplogroup the representatives from aristocratic Turkic clan Ashide.

Subclade of clan Ashide: [[Haplogroup Q-M242|Q1a]]-L53.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/23316012/Wen_S.-Q._Muratov_B.A._Suyunov_R.R._The_haplogroups_of_the_representatives_from_ancient_Turkic_clans_-_Ashina_and_Ashide_BEHPS_ISSN_2410-1788_Volume_3_2_1_2_March_2016_P.154-157 Wen S.-Q., Muratov B.A., Suyunov R.R. The haplogroups of the representatives from ancient Turkic clans - Ashina and Ashide//BEHPS, {{ISSN|2410-1788}}, Volume 3, №2[1,2<nowiki>]</nowiki>, March 2016, P.154-157.]</ref>

==[[Ethnonym]]==

In ancient Chinese texts "Ashide" is shaped 阿史德, for example: 阿史德等 (translation: "They [clan of] Ashide"). Availability Form "Ashina" indicates the semantic aspect of the data forms. Character 阿 has semantics "prefix names, clan of"; Character semantics 史 has "historical, ancient '; Character semantics 德 has "a blessing and happiness." Therefore, the shape 阿史德 can translate as "the dear old [race] happiness." As can be seen, the name or semantics of Göktürks (referred hieroglyph 德 ["happiness"]). On Proto-Altaic language semantics "respected" - * p "ĕro; on the Proto-Turkic language - * er. On Proto-Altaic language semantics" ancient "- * bằǯá; on the Proto-Turkic language - * baja. On Proto-Altaic language semantics" happiness "- * kùt" á ; on Proto-Turkic language - * kut. As can be seen, the shape 阿史德 praaltaysky translated into the language as follows: "* p" ĕro bằǯá * kùt "á"; on Turkic language - "* er baja kut". Therefore, the token on Proto-Turkic language "kut" was the name of one of the dominant clan - Turkuts.

In the body of Talas inscriptions has reported Qutlugh clan. "Qutluγ (a) oγulan ïn ulatïq" - "to raise a son [of the clan] Qutlugh" (written monument Talas IX); "Qutluγ Özünčü esiz Özüge" - "Ozunchu [clan of] Qutlugh left without master Ozuge" (written monument Talas IX).

Consequently, the comparative analysis Old Chinese and Turkic languages, as well as analysis of the housing Talas written sources allows the following conclusions:

1. Form 阿史德 ["Ashide"] is the semantic aspect.

2. In the form 阿史德 ["Ashide"] hieroglyph 德 is the name of one of the dominant clan of Turkuts.

3. Form 阿史德 ["Ashide"] translated into Turkic language follows "* er baja kut" - "dear old [race] happiness"

4. Character 德 [kut] means the token "Qutlugh" - "Happy", where the affix "meadow" is the affix of belonging, referred to the original form, for example "+ molecules meadow" - "having a slave"

5. One of the dominant clan of Turkuts ("Ashide") called "Qutlugh|Kutlug"

{{Göktürks}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
# Азат Абдысадыр уулу: Первые из тюрков. Тюркютские роды "Ашина" и "Ашидэ"
# Кляшторный.Г. Древнетюркская надпись на каменном изваянии из Чойрэна//СНВ. Вып. XXII. М.: 1980. С. 90-102.

[[Category:Military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Göktürks]]

Tartışma:Ashide

2019-09-29T21:44:26Z

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "'''Ashide''' - one of the dominant general and empress clan of Turkic Khaganate. ==The origin== Ashide led his descent from some ancient khagan.<ref>Pulleyblank E.A Sogdia..."

Ashide

2019-09-29T21:44:03Z

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Ashide

2019-09-29T21:43:25Z

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "'''Ashide''' - one of the dominant general and empress clan of Turkic Khaganate. ==The origin== Ashide led his descent from some ancient khagan.<ref>Pulleyblank E.A Sogdia..."

Tartışma:Ashina (disambiguation)

2019-09-29T21:41:57Z

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'''Ashina''' may refer to:
*[[Ashina (clan)]], a ruling dynasty of the ancient Göktürk empires
*[[Asena]], a mythical female wolf found in old Turkic mythology
*[[Ashina clan]], one of the Japanese clans
'''Places'''
*[[Ashina District, Hiroshima]], is a former Japanese district
*Ashina is a [[Japanese surname]]
'''Actor / Actress'''
*[[Sei Ashina]], Japanese actress
{{disambig|surname}}

Tartışma:Ashina (disambiguation)

2019-09-29T21:41:37Z

Admin: Yeni sayfa: "'''Ashina''' may refer to: *Ashina (clan), a ruling dynasty of the ancient Göktürk empires *Asena, a mythical female wolf found in old Turkic mythology *Ashina clan, o..."

Ashina (disambiguation)

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Tartışma:Kimekler

2019-09-29T18:14:45Z

Admin: "Tartışma:Kimekler" koruma altında alındı ([değiştir=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz) [Taşı=Yalnızca hizmetlilere izin verilir] (süresiz)) [kademeli]

[[Dosya:E7536-Irtysh-at-cherlak.jpg|thumb|250px|Yemek bozkırlarında bulunan [[İrtiş Irmağı|Ertiş Irmağı]]]]
'''Kimekler''' veya '''Yemaek''', ([[Çince]]: 基马克 veya 基馬克, ''jīmǎkè''), Kore kaynakların'da Yemaek olarak geçerler. Mançurya bölgesin'de MÖ 1. yüzyıl ile MS 10. yüzyıla kadar Koguryo(Goguryeo) devletin'de varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir. Yemaek halkı MS 1. yüzyılda Ye ve Maek olan iki kabile'nin birleşmesinden oluşmuştur. Çin kaynaların'da Mançurya'da yaşayan Yemek(Yemaek) adlı bir kabile M.S 916 yılında batıya göç etmiştir. Yemek (Kimek) kabilesi İrtiş nehrine varacaklardır.

Her ortaçağ tarihçisi Kimeklere Kimek derken, Kaşgarî Yemek demektedir. Öyle ise, Kimek/Yemek/Yemeak okunmasında ve yazılmasında bir fark yoktur (ya da Kaşgarî neden “Yemek” yazdı?)Kimek oluş efsanesinde İrtiş Nehri’nde ortaya çıkan (börü) ejderha (ki uslu bir ejderdir) (Cirlot, 1962; J. Chevalier, 1969) bu bezek Türk mitoloji kavramlarına uymaz. Çin ve Japon mitolojisine özgüdür (Ögel, 1948).

=== Kimekler'in adının Şehname'de geçmesi (MS 977 ila 1010) ===
Kimekler, İrtiş Nehrine Mançurya'dan geldiklerinde ilk defa Şehname'de geçerler. Şehname MS 977 ila 1010 arasında yazılmıştır. Bazı kaynaklarda batı Kimekler'in Göktürkler'de yaşadığı söylensede bu bir tahmindir. Göktürk ve Türgiş kaynaklarında Kimekler yer almaz. Kimekler ilk defa 11. yüzyılda tarihe geçmişlerdir. Yemek kabilesinin göç etme sebebi Mançurya dağındaki bir yanardağ faciasıdır. Yanardağ faciasından büyük yara alan Kimekler dağılırlar. Kimekler'in yenilgisini gören bu büyük fırsatı kaçırmayan Kitan Moğolları, Kimeklere saldırırlar. Göç olayı bu şekilde başlamış olur. Kimek(Yemaek)lerin devleti yanardağ faaliyeti'nin gerçekleştiği zaman Balhae devletiydi. MS 926 yılında Balhae devleti Kitanlar tarafından yıkılmış oldu. 11. yüzyılda [[Asya]]'nın doğusundan batısına doğru sürekli göç ettiklerinden boy birliğine dayalı yapıları bozulmuştur. Birlikleri bozulunca [[Kıpçaklar]]'ın egemenliğine girdiler. Kumanlar, Kimekler'in devamıdır. Kumanlar ilk defa 12. yüzyılda tarihe geçmişlerdir. Kumanlar'ın ortaya çıkmasıyla Kimekler tarih sahnesinden yok olmuşlardır. Kumanlar(Kimek), Moğollar ile yapılan Kalka Nehri Savaşı (MS 1223) bozgunundan sonra Balkan topraklarına gelmişlerdir. Bizans hakimiyetine girmişler ve 2. Bulgar devletini kurmuşlardır.

=== [http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/egenin-gizli-samuraylari-686002/ Trakya ve Anadolu'da Japon genleri bulundu!] ===
Kimekler veya Kumanlar Ege ve Trakya bölgesine yerleşmişlerdir. Kimekler, Oğuz boylarıyla karışmışlardır. TÜBİTAK'ın bir kan hastalığıyla ilgili veri toplamak için yaptığı araştırma, tarihi bir dedektifliğe döndü. Trakya ve Ege'de yerli halka karışan Kumanlar(Kimek)'da Japonya'ya ait olan (HemoglobinUB2) bulunmuştur.

== [[Pomaklar|Pomak]] sıfatı ==
Osmanlı'nın yardımcı kuvvetleri Yamaklar([[:en:Yamaks|Yamaks]]);

Bilindiği üzere Osmanlı’nın toprak düzeni tımar-has ve zeamet düzenidir. Osmanlı ordusunun bir kısmı barış zamanlarında topraklarını işlerler. Savaş zamanında savaşa giderlerdi. Osmanlı askeri düzeninde “Eşkinci ve Yamak” teşkilatı vardır. 30 kişilik gruplara ayrılan askerlerin 5 tanesi Eşkinci 25 tanesine Yamak denirdi. Eşkinciler savaşa giderler Yamaklar ise onların askeri harcamalarını karşılardı. Eşkincilere başka bir isim olarak “Ellici” denirdi. Savaşa gidenler 50 akçe alır ve bu harcamaları Yamak kalanlar tarafından karşılanırdı. Osmanlının kullandığı eski yazıda yamak kelimesi giderek “Pamak” olarak okunmuş ve bu da Halk ağzında Pomak kelimesine dönüşmüştür. Çünkü Orta Rodoplar şivesinde “a” harfi “oa” sesine dönüşür.

Bunu destekleyen en önemli veri Yamak kelimesinin anlamıdır. “Yemak” yardım eden veya yardımcı demektir.[[Pomaklar|[12]]] Kumanlar'ın Yamak boyu, Balkan topraklarına yerleşmiştir.

=== Kimekler'in [[Divân-ı Lügati't-Türk]]'te adının geçmesi ! ===
Ortaçağa özgü Çin coğrafyacılardan ''Yemek'' (Kimek), ayrıca ''Chumuhun'' ve ''Üeban'' (''Yūēban'') gibi etnik grupların kim oldukları bilinmiyordu, Arap ve Fars coğrafyacıları; bütün bu adların Yemek (''Kimek'') boyu olduğunu yazmışlardır.<ref>[http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot27.htm Gumilev, L.N. "''Ancient Turks''", Moscow, Science, 1967, Ch.27]</ref>. Uygur döneminde, Çu boylarının içinde çekirdek boyu oluşturan Yemekleri (''Kimek'') [[Arap]] ve [[Fars]] kaynaklarından tanınmışlardır.<ref>S.A. Pletneva, "Kipchaks", sayfa 26.</ref> Yemek boy adından erken İslâm kaynakları da bahsetmektedir. Yemek asıllı kimseler [[Abbasî]] [[Halife]]sinin gulâmları (memlûk) arasında bulunmuştur.<ref>P. Golden, "Kıpçak Kabileleri Üzerine Notlar: Kimek ve Yemekler", Türkler, Cilt II, sayfa 762.</ref>

[[Kâşgarlı Mahmud]], [[Divân-ı Lügati't-Türk]]'te;

"''Rûm ülkesine en yakın olan boy Beçenek'dir; sonra Kıpçak, Oğuz, Yemek, Başgırt, Basmıl, Kay(Kayı), Yabaku, Tatar, Kırkız (Kırgız) gelir. Kırgızlar Çin ülkesine yakındırlar.''".<ref>Atalay, Besim (2006). Divanü Lügati't - Türk. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. ISBN 975-16-0405-2, Cilt I, sayfa 28.</ref> tüm Türk boy ve oymakların yaşam alanları tanımlanır.

Ayrıca;

"''Çomul boyunun kendilerinden bulunduğu çöl halkı ayrı bir dile sahiptir, Türkçeyi iyi bilirler. Kay, Yabaku, Tatar, Basmıl boyları da böyledir. Her boyun ayrı bir ağzı vardır; bununla beraber Türkçeyi de iyi konuşurlar. Kırgız, Kıpçak, Oğuz, Toxsı (Tukhs)<ref>http://www.kroraina.com/hudud/index.html Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World.</ref>, Yağma, Çiğil, Uğrak, Çaruk boylarının öztürkçe olarak yalnız bir dilleri vardır. Yemeklerle Başgırtların dilleri bunlara yakındır. .... Dillerin en yeğnisi Oğuzların, en doğrusu da Toxsi ile Yağmaların dilidir.''"<ref>Atalay, Besim (2006). Divanü Lügati't - Türk. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. ISBN 975-16-0405-2, Cilt I, sayfa 30.</ref>

"'''آرتِس''' [[İrtiş Irmağı|Ertiş]]" "''Yemek" kırlarında bulunan bir ırmağın adı.......''."<ref>Atalay, Besim (2006). Divanü Lügati't - Türk. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. ISBN 975-16-0405-2, Cilt I, sayfa 97.</ref> ve "''.... Bunun gibi Çiğiller ve başka Türklerce '''ﺫ'''‎ (Dhāl) olarak söylenen bu harfi "Rus" ve "Rum" ülkelerine kadar uzanan Bulgar, Suvar, Yemek, Kıfçak boyları, hep birden ('''ز''' z ) olarak söylerler. Öbür Türkler "ayak"a "'''اَذَق''' adhak ", bunlar "'''اَزَق''' azak " derler.''"<ref>Atalay, Besim (2006). Divanü Lügati't - Türk. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. ISBN 975-16-0405-2, Cilt I, sayfa 32.</ref> gibi Türk boy ve oymakların dilleri hakkında bilgi verilir.

== Notlar ==
{{Kaynakça}}
== Kaynakça ==
* Atalay, Besim (2006). Divanü Lügati't - Türk. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. ISBN 975-16-0405-2
* Haber Kaynağı (Ege'nin Gizli Samurayları) Anadolu ve Trakya'da Japon geni bulundu ! [Http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/egenin-gizli-samuraylari-686002/ (http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/egenin-gizli-samuraylari-686002/)]
* Kitap: Sekiz Türk Boyu Üzerine Bazı Gözlemler / Yazar: Sencer Divitçioğlu
*Sercan Ahincanov - Kıpçaklar & Türk Halklarının Katalizör Boyu, Selenge Yayınları, 2014, s.150
== Dış bağlantılar ==
{{Türk halkları}}

[[Kategori:Tarihteki Türk halkları]]

Tartışma:Kimekler

2019-09-29T18:14:30Z

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Kimekler

2019-09-29T18:14:12Z

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Tartışma:Ashina

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{{Other uses|Ashina (disambiguation)}}
{{for|the Japanese clan|Ashina clan}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup|reason=Redundant sections (e.g. 2 etymology sections with similar content)|date=June 2016}}
{{copy edit|date=June 2016}}
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The '''Ashina''' ({{zh|c=阿史那|p=Āshǐnà|w=A-shih-na}}; [[Middle Chinese]]: ([[Guangyun]]) {{IPA-ltc|ʔɑʃi̯ə˥nɑ˩|}}), also spelled Asen, Asena, or Açina, was a tribe and the ruling dynasty of the ancient [[Turkic peoples]]. They rose to prominence in the mid-[[6th century]] when their leader, [[Bumin Qaghan]], revolted against the [[Rouran Khaganate]]. The two main branches of the family, one descended from Bumin and the other from his brother [[Istemi]], ruled over the eastern and western parts of the [[Göktürks|Göktürk]] confederation, respectively.

== Origin ==
Researchers such as H.W. Haussig,<ref name="Haussig Н 1979">Haussig Н.W. Byzantinische Qullen über Mittelasien in ihrer historischen Aussage // Prolegomena to the sources on the history of pre-Islamic Central Asia. Budapest, 1979. S. 55–56.</ref> S.G. Kljyashtorny,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/klashtorny-sg-1965.htm Кляшторный С.Г. Проблемы ранней истории племени тÿрк (ашина). // Новое в советской археологии. / МИА № 130. М.: 1965. С. 278-281.]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Kjyashtorny S.G. The Royal Clan of the Turks and the Problem of its Designation//Post-Soviet Central Asia. Edited by Touraj Atabaki and John O'Kane. Tauris Academic Studies. London*New York in association with IIAS. The international Institute for Asian Studies. Leiden-Amsterdam, P.366-369.</ref> A.N. Bernstamm,<ref name="rgo-sib.ru">[http://www.rgo-sib.ru/book/kniga/159.htm Бернштам А.Н. Никита Яковлевич Бичурин (Иакинф) и его труд "Собрание сведений..." М.-Л., Наука, 1950.]</ref> C. V. Findley,<ref name="Findley 39">C. V. Findley 39.</ref> B.A. Muratov,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014">Муратов Б.А. ДНК-генеалогия тюркоязычных народов Урала, Волги и Кавказа. Том 4, серия «Этногеномика и ДНК-генеалогия», ЭИ Проект «Суюн». Vila do Conde, Lidergraf, 2014, илл. ISBN 978-5-9904583-2-1.</ref> R.R. Suyunov,<ref>[http://suyun.info/index.php?p=07082014_2 Муратов Б.А., Суюнов Р.Р. Саки-динлины, аорсы, Ашина и потомки кланов Дешти-Кипчака по данным ДНК-генеалогии//Вестник Академии ДНК-генеалогии (Бостон, США) → Том 7, №8, Август 2014, стр. 1198-1226.]</ref> D.G. Savinov,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1988.htm Савинов Д.Г. Владение Цигу древнетюркских генеалогических преданий и таштыкская культура. // Историко-культурные связи народов Южной Сибири. Абакан: 1988. С. 64-74.]</ref> S.P. Guschin,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014"/> Rona-Tas<ref name="Róna-Tas 280">Róna-Tas 280.</ref> and R.N. Frye<ref>[http://www.richardfrye.org/files/Turks_in_Transoxiana.pdf Frye Richard N. Turks in Transoxiana]</ref> have pointed out that the origin of the Ashina is from [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]]. They have put forward this version of the following arguments:

=== Genetics (Data of Y-DNA) ===
During 2015-2016, the Fudan University (Shanghai), headed by ethnogenesist Shao-Qing Wen (文少卿) in [[China]] conducted tests to determine the Y-DNA haplogroup of the representatives of the Turkic clan Ashina (creators and managers Turkic Khanate in the VI-VII centuries) and [[Ashide]](阿史德: another dominant clan which produced empresses, so called [[Khatun]]s, and supreme military leaders).

Subclade of clan Ashina: [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]]-Z93, Z94+, Z2123-, Y2632-.(Ashide: [[Haplogroup Q-L53|Q1a-L53]])<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/23316012/Wen_S.-Q._Muratov_B.A._Suyunov_R.R._The_haplogroups_of_the_representatives_from_ancient_Turkic_clans_-_Ashina_and_Ashide_BEHPS_ISSN_2410-1788_Volume_3_2_1_2_March_2016_P.154-157 Wen S.-Q., Muratov B.A., Suyunov R.R. The haplogroups of the representatives from ancient Turkic clans - Ashina and Ashide//BEHPS, {{ISSN|2410-1788}}, Volume 3, №2[1,2<nowiki>]</nowiki>, March 2016, P.154-157.]</ref> In this research, 6 R-Z94 applicants, who identifies themselves as descendants of the Ashina clan and whose ancestors are known to be originated from [[Gaochang]](高昌), are listed as the descendants of the Ashina, with four of them from China having a surname Shi(史) and two of them from Pashtun Afganistan and Bulgaria.

=== Etymology ===
Findley assumes that the name Ashina comes from one of the [[Saka languages]] of central Asia and means "blue" or ''gök'' in Turkic. The color is identified with the east, so that Göktürk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East".<ref name="Findley 39"/> This idea is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of [[Saka]] origin".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

H.W. Haussig<ref name="Haussig Н 1979"/> and S.G. Kljyashtorny<ref name="ReferenceA"/> suggest an association between the name and the compound "kindred of Ashin" ''ahşaẽna'' - Old Persian, which can get quite satisfactory etymological development. This is so even in East Turkestan - then the desired form would be in the Sogdian '''xs' yn' k'' (-әhšēnē) "blue, dark"; Khotan-Saka (Brahmi) ''āşşeiņa'' (-āşşena) "blue", where a long -ā- emerged as development ahş-> āşş-; in Tocharian A āśna- "blue, dark" (from Khotan-Saka and Sogdian). The Saka etymology ''ashina'' (<āşşeiņa ~ āşşena) with the value "blue" (the color of the sky) is phonetically and semantically flawless. There is a textual support for this version in the ancient runic inscriptions of the Turks.

In the large Orkhon inscriptions, in the story of the first Kagan, people living in the newly created empire, are named ''kök türk'' - translated as "Celestial Turks". Without touching the numerous interpretations ''kök'' may have in this combination, note it's perfect semantic match with the reconstructed value of the name Ashina. An explicit semantic calque suggests knowledge of its original meaning and foreign origin, which is compatible with the multi-ethnic, multi-cultural nature of the
First Turkic khanate, which entailed the loss, however, of the popularity of "national character", in the words of L. Bazin, as was the political and cultural environment of the Otyuken regime of the era of Bilge Kagan.

The name Ashina was recorded in Ancient Arab chronicles in the form - ''Sha - ne''.<ref>Гумилёв Л.Н. Древние тюрки. М.-Л., Наука, 1967.</ref>

=== Writing ===

The Ashina writing system was taken from Sogdian language. The letters used in the construction of the memorial stele describing the heroic exploits of the members of the ruling kagan kind, were Sogdian. Thus the main inscription on the stele Bugutskoy set up in honour of one of the rulers of the First Turkic khanate, is a written Sogdian letter. A Sogdian inscription is found on a broadsword discovered in the burial of an ancient Turkic warrior at the monument at Jolene in the Altai Mountains.

During the period of the Second Eastern Turk, ancient Turkic runic writing spread, which was also influenced by Sogdian. Runes are widespread among the nomadic Turkic peoples in the early Middle Ages.

=== Funeral rite ===
Tanshu describes the funeral rites of the Ashina as follows: "The body of the deceased lived in a tent. Sons, grandchildren and relatives of both sexes slaughter horses and sheep, and as they spread around in front of the tent, sacrifice; they ride on horseback seven times around the tent, and then, at the entrance to the tent slit their own faces with a knife weeping, and spill their blood forward; pouring blood and tears collectively. They do so seven times and it is over. Later in the chosen day they take the horse on which the deceased used to ride, and the things that he used, and burn them along with the corpse: the ashes are then collected and buried in a certain season into the grave. Those who died in the spring and summer, are buried when the leaves on the trees and plants begin to turn yellow and fall; those who died in the fall or winter are buried when the flowers begin to unfold. On the day of the funeral, as well as on the day of his death, the family offers a sacrifice, rides horses and slit their face. The building, which was built on the grave, is decorated with the portrait of the face of the dead man and with the description of battles in which he was as in the continuation of life. Usually they put one stone for every man he killed, they may have a different number of such stones, up to a hundred or even a thousand. when bringing sheep and horses as a sacrifice to a single, they hang their heads on the milestones."

According to D. G. Savinov, no archaeological monument is fully consistent with the description given by I. Bichurin, neither South Siberia nor Central Asia is known yet, although many of its elements are found already in the early Turkic time. According to D. G.Savinov this may be for several reasons:
# Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open;
# The source is a compilation in character, and burial rituals and funeral cycle from various sources are listed in a unified description;
# 'Tukye' funeral rites in the form in which it is recorded in written sources, developed later on the basis of the various components present in some of the archaeological sites of Southern Siberia of early Turkic time.

It is certain that the rite of cremation was adopted among Turkic Hagan and a very narrow ruling stratum of kaganates. It was inherent in, it is the "prince of the tribe," Ashin, who will consider Indo-European origin. Rite of cremation did not spread among the common people of Turkic. This may well be at the origin of the other ethnic groups of the ruling family.

As a result of the use of the rite described Tanshu, of a very narrow class of people (aristocracy), Savinova's assumption most likely is true, on the grounds that the Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open.<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1984-03.htm Савинов Д.Г. Народы Южной Сибири в древнетюркскую эпоху Глава II. Раннетюркское время 1. Древнетюркские генеалогические предания и археологические памятники раннетюркского времени (с. 31-40)]</ref>

Almost all of the elements of the funeral rites of the Ashina have analogues in the Indo-European rites, in particular the Slavic rites. About individual incision Al Bakr can be quoted: "Wives of the same dead cut their hands and faces with knives." Chinese source said that on the day of the funeral, as well as in the day of his death, family used to ride horses. There is likely to have in mind something like Slavic funeral feast. "The building was built on the grave" is an analogue of the Slavic Domowina. Burial of the ashes of the deceased in the vessel (the tomb of Kul Tigin and his wife) as is recorded by the Slav's "Tale of Bygone Years", for example where it says: "burned, and after collecting the bones, put them in a small container."

=== Analysis of written sources and traditions ===
S. G. Kljyashtorny studied the legends of the Ashina clan in comparison with historical evidence. The dynastic chronicle "Sui Shu" carries information that is realistic at its basis, the historiographical value of which now seems undeniable, "and offered to share the early history of the tribes Tÿrk of two consecutive periods: Gansu- Gaochan when the ancestors of the Turks Ashina formed from Posthun and local Iranian tribes on the territory of Eastern Turkestan (III c. BC - 460 AD), and the Altai, when the established Turkic ethnic group moved into the territory of the Mongolian Altai (460- 552 AD.)"

Another Orientalist, Yu. A. Zuev, also points out the origin of the Saka-Wusun Ashina.

In particular, he drew attention to the similarity of the legends about the origin of the [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]] and Ashina.

So in particular Yu. A. Zuev notes:

{|border="1" cellpadding="17"
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"|[[Wusun]]
!style="background:#efefef;"|Ashina
|-
| 1 Annals determines the location of the ancient Wusun lived "between the Qilian and Dunhuang".
| 1 Ashina were to the west of Shihan - Shara-Nora, i.e. in the same area.
|-
| 2 Wusun constituted "a small principality of the western boundary of the [[Xiongnu]]."
| 2 In all versions of the legend, Ashina is a separate branch from the west sea, west to the Xiongnu.
|-
| 3 The Wusun were broken by the [[Yuezhi]] neighbouring tribe, and on their land only a newborn prince survived.
| 3 Ashina too were broken by their neighbours, and then only one boy survived.
|-
| 4 To help the baby came the ancestral totems of the Wusun - wolf and raven, which saved him from death.
| 4. The Ashina boy was saved by a wolf. In the tradition of the crows, but such a gap is filled by the tamgha list, which shows the Ashina tamgha is the Raven.
|-
| 5. The Wusun boy was carried away to the east, in a bid by the ''shanyu'' of the Xiongnu, and was educated there. In the tradition of the Wusun the boy is helped by the gods.
| 5 The ancestors of the Ashina - a boy and a wolf, were carried away by the gods, and they are in the east of the Shara-Nora in Inner Mongolia.
|-
| 6 After a few years the fight between Wusun and Yuezhi breaks out again, which ended in the defeat of the last.
| 6 When he learned that the boy was alive, hostile princes again send an army to destroy the Ashina and with him the totem tribe. However, this hostile plot fails.
|-
| 7 Wusun migrate north-west from the former place of residence, in the Seven Rivers.
| 7 The same course of action is followed by an Ashina. Bid Ashina Helu was on the Talas river.
|-
| 8 The Wusun acquired power and expanded their territory. The first Usun prince had ten sons.
| 8 The same number of children is found in the Ashina legend. But this version of the ten sons was artificially pegged onto the fact of the existence of the ten tribes (He's OK) of the Western Turkic Khanate.
|-
|}

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the Wusun had a family relationship with the ruling clan Ashina in the First Turkic Empire.

Also Orientalists A. N. Bernstamm, D. G. Savinov and others argue about the Saka-Wusun origin of the Ashina clan.

They point out that according to the "Sui Shu" the Ashina ancestors were some "mixed hu (northwestern barbarian) ethnos". A.N. Bernshtamm in the preface to "Collection of information" by N. Bichurin 1950 noted that the Chinese term "hu" - barbarians, i.e. "Not Chinese", had been identified with the name of the Turks. However, according to Bernshtamm, in Chinese, especially in areas of East Turkestan and Central Asia, as a rule (with a few exceptions), this term is understood as not just the Turkic tribes but also the settled, mainly Sogdian population.<ref name="rgo-sib.ru"/>

Sogdians played a huge role in the political, cultural, economic and trade activities of the Turkish Empire. They have, for example, performed important diplomatic missions with rulers, led embassies to the court of Iranian shahs, controlled trade silk. Sogdian preachers engaged in spreading Manichaeism, Christianity (Nestorianism), and Buddhism among the nomads.

These circumstances lead to the conclusion that the tribe Ashina formed in Hexi Pinlyane as delivery of various Indo-European ("mixed hu"). In this area, during the formation of the tribe (III c. BC - 460 AD), the Indo-European population was predominant and, consequently, the Iranian and Tocharian languages. In ethnogenesis of Ashina, that which also follows from the testimony of the Chinese sources, also participated the element of Hunnish childbirth. After the defeat of the state Tszyuytsyuyev in Hexi, the Ashina fled to Gaochang, where after 460 AD they fell under the rule of Juan-Juan and were relocated to the southern spurs of the Altai. Ashina were artisans and they were mainly engaged in metallurgy.

As suggested by D. G. Savinov, in the new places of settlement, including the territory of their newly created possessions, Ashina faced local tribes, the native proto-cultural substrate. Apparently, this time may include the first acculturation processes, initiating the formation of the ancient Turkic historical and cultural complex. Since the beginning of the active military and political activities the Ashina were joined by a variety of Turkic peoples. The name of the new state was Tÿrk (helmet, based on the geographical features of the Altai), and respectively, the population of the state has adopted the name of the Turks. The word became the name of the Ashina ruling dynasty.

A detailed study of the origin of Ashina is conducted by sinologist S. P. Guschin. He notes that from the legend of the origin of Ashina, we know that "Tukyue ancestors come from a reigning house, who lived to the north of the Huns." The title ''saki'' tribes in Chinese sounds like - "Shohei" 索诃, which coincides with the characters about the "reigning house with" 索國.

In the Chinese dictionary, the dialectal reading of character "Shohei" is given in the form of «saak» 索. Also in Chinese phonetic bases character 索 = sāk / sâk, is set in its old reading.

[[File:Ashina tamga.png|thumb|Tamga of Ashina - The Raven]]

=== Tamga Ashina ===

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the presence of crows as the ancient tribal totem of Wusun is doubtful. According to Wusun legend, the ancestors were Wusun raven and the wolf. This fact is reflected in the [[tamga]] of Wusun, which depicts the raven. Tamga Ashina also meant a raven. According to Zuev the gold (or Kagan’s) clan of Ashina tribe was called Shar-Duly, "Golden/Red Raven", "Golden bird Duli"(Middle Persian).

=== Origins and legends ===

According to the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', the Ashina were related to the northern tribes of the [[Xiongnu]], in particular they were of [[Tiele people|Tiele]] tribe by ancestral lineage.<ref>Rachel Lung, Interpreters in Early Imperial China, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, p.48</ref><ref>Duan: "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", 1988, pp.39-41</ref> As early as the 7th century, four theories about their mythical origins were recorded by the ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', ''[[Book of Sui]]'' and ''[[Youyang Zazu]]'':<ref name=ashina>Xue 39-85</ref>

*Ashina was one of ten sons born to a [[grey wolf|grey she-wolf]] (see [[Asena]]) in the north of [[Gaochang]].<ref name=zhoushu>''[[Zhoushu]]'', vol. 50 {{cite web|url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/cho5.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084245/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw:80/ccw/02/cho5.htm |archivedate=2007-10-11 |df= }}</ref>
*The ancestor of the Ashina was a man from the Suo nation (north of [[Xiongnu]]) whose mother was a [[wolf]], and a season goddess.<ref name=zhoushu/>
*The Ashina were mixture stocks from the Pingliang commandery of eastern [[Gansu]].<ref>''[[Suishu]]'', vol. 84 [http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/swa9.htm]</ref>
*The Ashina descended from a skilled [[Archery|archer]] named Shemo, who had once fallen in love with a sea goddess west of [[Ashide]] cave.<ref>''[[Youyang Zazu]]'', vol. 4 [http://www.oa18.com/read/classic/best/xyzz/007.htm]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

These stories were sometimes pieced together to form a chronologically coherent narrative of early Ashina history. However, as the ''Book of Zhou'', the ''Book of Sui'', and the ''Youyang Zazu'' were all written around the same time, during early [[Tang Dynasty]], whether they could truly be considered chronological or rather should be considered competing versions of the Ashina's origin is debatable.<ref name=ashina/> These stories also have parallels in folktales and legends of other Turkic peoples, for instance, the [[Uyghurs]] and the [[Wusun]].

The record of Turks in [[Zhoushu]] (written in the first half of the 7th century) describes the usage of gold in Turks around the mid-5th century: "(The Turks) inlaid gold sculpture of wolf head on their flag; their military men were called Fuli, that is, wolf in Chinese. It is because they are descendant of the wolf, and naming so is for not forgetting their ancestors."<ref name=zhoushu/>

== History ==

The name Ashina first appeared in the Chinese records of the 6th century.<ref name=ashina/> The [[Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]] infers that between the years 265 and 460< AD or BC? > the Ashina had been part of various late [[Xiongnu]] confederations. By about 460 they were subjugated by the Rouran, who ousted them from [[Xinjiang]] into the [[Altay Mountains]], where the Ashina gradually emerged as the leaders of the early Turkic confederation, known as the [[Göktürk]]s.<ref>Klyashtorny ''passim''.</ref> By the 550s, [[Bumin Khan]] established the [[Göktürk Empire]], which flourished until the 630s and from 680s until 740s. The [[Orkhon Valley]] was the centre of the Ashina power.

Multiple members of the Ashina clan [[Turks in the Tang military|served as generals]] in the [[Tang Dynasty]] military. The general Ashina She'er led a [[campaign against Kucha|Tang campaign against Kucha]] and [[Tang campaign against Karasahr|against Karasahr]] in 648.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=99}} His brother, Ashina Zhong, was also a Tang general.{{sfn|Skaff|2009|p=188}} Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen joined [[Su Dingfang]]'s [[Conquest of the Western Turks|military expedition]] against the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]] in 657.{{sfn|Skaff|2009|p=183}}

After the collapse of the Göktürk empire from the [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]], branches of the Ashina clan moved westward to Europe where they became the [[Khagan|kaghans]] of the [[Khazars]]<ref>Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov, André Wink, Nomads in the Sedentary World, Routledge, 2001, p.89</ref><ref>Frederik Coene, The Caucasus: An Introduction, Taylor & Francis, 2009, p.109</ref> and possibly other nomadic peoples with Turkic roots. According to Marquart<name spelling changed in 1922>, the Ashina clan constituted a noble caste throughout the [[steppes]]. Similarly, the [[Bashkir people|Bashkir]] historian and Turkolog [[Zeki Validi Togan]] described them as a "desert aristocracy" that provided rulers for a number of [[Eurasia]]n [[nomadic empire]]s. Accounts of the Göktürk and [[Khazar]] [[khaganate]]s suggest that the Ashina clan was accorded sacred, perhaps quasi-[[divinity|divine]] status in the [[shaman]]ic religion practiced by the steppe nomads in the first century CE.

A relevant example of the special status of this wolf clan is demonstrated by Mongolian history. The [[Chonos tribe|Chonos]], whose name translates as "wolves", were held in such esteem by Mongolian warlords that when [[Jamukha]] in the late 12th century took prisoners of war from the wolf-tribe, during the subsequent victory decapitation ritual he executed them by boiling to avoid the taboo of letting wolf blood mingle with the Earth.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} According to [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din]], the [[Chono people|Chonos]] came to Mongolia from [[Ergenekun]].

== See also ==
*[[Asen dynasty]]
*[[Asena]]
*[[Ashide]]
*[[Chonos tribe]]
*[[Oghuz Turks]]
*[[Turkmens]](on the Y-DNA of Turkmens)
*[[Timeline of Turks (500-1300)]]
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[Turks in the Tang military]]
*[[Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples]]

== Etymology ==
The Ashina probably comes from one of the [[Iranian languages]] of central Asia and means "blue", ''kok'' in [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], the colour identified with the east, so that Gokturk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East". "The term ''bori'', used to identify the ruler's retinue as 'wolves', probably also derived from one of the Iranian languages", Carter Vaughin Findley has observed.<ref>Findley 39.</ref>

His opinion is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it highly plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of Iranian origin, almost certainly [[Saka]]".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

Former Dr. Zhu Xueyuan derives the name from the related [[Manchu]] word ''[[Aisin]]'' and the early tribe ''[[Wusun]]'' ('''Asin''' or '''Osin''') pronounced earlier in [[archaic Chinese]], a group of people which he highly considered as a [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] people. Zhu asserted that the Xiongnu's tribe Juqu was evidently related to Juji (old pronouncing of [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]]), and that the [[Yuezhi]] was belonged to another Tungusic tribe named Wuzhe, which could all ultimately traced back to the roots of [[Sushen]].<ref>Zhu 68-91.</ref>
The question has recently been renewed by the new reading of the Bugut inscription by a Japanese team: on this [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] inscription, the oldest inscription of the First Turkic empire, the name of the dynasty is clearly written [[Ashinas]]. It is not clear if the previous etymologies can be accepted as they did not took into account this final -s.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*Findley, Carter Vaughin. ''The Turks in World History''. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-517726-6.
* Golden, Peter. ''An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East'', Harrassowitz, 1992.
*{{cite book| last=Grousset | first = René |title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia|year=1970|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1| ref=harv}}
*[http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/085/212.htm Klyashtorny, Sergei. "Орхонские тюрки" ("Orhon Turks").]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''The [[Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]]'' 2nd ed. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1950-1958.
*[[András Róna-Tas|Róna-Tas, András]]. ''Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages''. Central European University Press, 1999. ISBN 963-9116-48-3. Page 280.
*{{cite book|first=Jonathan Karem|last= Skaff|editor=Nicola Di Cosmo|title=Military Culture in Imperial China|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03109-8|ref=harv}}
* Zhu, Xueyuan. ''The Origins of Northern China's Ethnicities''. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 2004. ISBN 7-101-03336-9.
* Xue, Zongzheng. ''A History of Turks''. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press, 1992. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8.

== External links ==
* {{ru icon}} [http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot03.htm Lev Gumilev about the Ashina clan]

{{Göktürks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashina (Clan)}}
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Royal families]]
[[Category:Groups connected to the Khazars]]
[[Category:Göktürks]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]

Tartışma:Ashina

2019-09-29T18:09:55Z

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Tartışma:Ashina

2019-09-29T18:08:56Z

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{{Other uses|Ashina (disambiguation)}}
{{for|the Japanese clan|Ashina clan}}
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The '''Ashina''' ({{zh|c=阿史那|p=Āshǐnà|w=A-shih-na}}; [[Middle Chinese]]: ([[Guangyun]]) {{IPA-ltc|ʔɑʃi̯ə˥nɑ˩|}}), also spelled Asen, Asena, or Açina, was a tribe and the ruling dynasty of the ancient [[Turkic peoples]]. They rose to prominence in the mid-[[6th century]] when their leader, [[Bumin Qaghan]], revolted against the [[Rouran Khaganate]]. The two main branches of the family, one descended from Bumin and the other from his brother [[Istemi]], ruled over the eastern and western parts of the [[Göktürks|Göktürk]] confederation, respectively.

== Origin ==
Researchers such as H.W. Haussig,<ref name="Haussig Н 1979">Haussig Н.W. Byzantinische Qullen über Mittelasien in ihrer historischen Aussage // Prolegomena to the sources on the history of pre-Islamic Central Asia. Budapest, 1979. S. 55–56.</ref> S.G. Kljyashtorny,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/klashtorny-sg-1965.htm Кляшторный С.Г. Проблемы ранней истории племени тÿрк (ашина). // Новое в советской археологии. / МИА № 130. М.: 1965. С. 278-281.]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Kjyashtorny S.G. The Royal Clan of the Turks and the Problem of its Designation//Post-Soviet Central Asia. Edited by Touraj Atabaki and John O'Kane. Tauris Academic Studies. London*New York in association with IIAS. The international Institute for Asian Studies. Leiden-Amsterdam, P.366-369.</ref> A.N. Bernstamm,<ref name="rgo-sib.ru">[http://www.rgo-sib.ru/book/kniga/159.htm Бернштам А.Н. Никита Яковлевич Бичурин (Иакинф) и его труд "Собрание сведений..." М.-Л., Наука, 1950.]</ref> C. V. Findley,<ref name="Findley 39">C. V. Findley 39.</ref> B.A. Muratov,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014">Муратов Б.А. ДНК-генеалогия тюркоязычных народов Урала, Волги и Кавказа. Том 4, серия «Этногеномика и ДНК-генеалогия», ЭИ Проект «Суюн». Vila do Conde, Lidergraf, 2014, илл. ISBN 978-5-9904583-2-1.</ref> R.R. Suyunov,<ref>[http://suyun.info/index.php?p=07082014_2 Муратов Б.А., Суюнов Р.Р. Саки-динлины, аорсы, Ашина и потомки кланов Дешти-Кипчака по данным ДНК-генеалогии//Вестник Академии ДНК-генеалогии (Бостон, США) → Том 7, №8, Август 2014, стр. 1198-1226.]</ref> D.G. Savinov,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1988.htm Савинов Д.Г. Владение Цигу древнетюркских генеалогических преданий и таштыкская культура. // Историко-культурные связи народов Южной Сибири. Абакан: 1988. С. 64-74.]</ref> S.P. Guschin,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014"/> Rona-Tas<ref name="Róna-Tas 280">Róna-Tas 280.</ref> and R.N. Frye<ref>[http://www.richardfrye.org/files/Turks_in_Transoxiana.pdf Frye Richard N. Turks in Transoxiana]</ref> have pointed out that the origin of the Ashina is from [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]]. They have put forward this version of the following arguments:

=== Genetics (Data of Y-DNA) ===
During 2015-2016, the Fudan University (Shanghai), headed by ethnogenesist Shao-Qing Wen (文少卿) in [[China]] conducted tests to determine the Y-DNA haplogroup of the representatives of the Turkic clan Ashina (creators and managers Turkic Khanate in the VI-VII centuries) and [[Ashide]](阿史德: another dominant clan which produced empresses, so called [[Khatun]]s, and supreme military leaders).

Subclade of clan Ashina: [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]]-Z93, Z94+, Z2123-, Y2632-.(Ashide: [[Haplogroup Q-L53|Q1a-L53]])<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/23316012/Wen_S.-Q._Muratov_B.A._Suyunov_R.R._The_haplogroups_of_the_representatives_from_ancient_Turkic_clans_-_Ashina_and_Ashide_BEHPS_ISSN_2410-1788_Volume_3_2_1_2_March_2016_P.154-157 Wen S.-Q., Muratov B.A., Suyunov R.R. The haplogroups of the representatives from ancient Turkic clans - Ashina and Ashide//BEHPS, {{ISSN|2410-1788}}, Volume 3, №2[1,2<nowiki>]</nowiki>, March 2016, P.154-157.]</ref> In this research, 6 R-Z94 applicants, who identifies themselves as descendants of the Ashina clan and whose ancestors are known to be originated from [[Gaochang]](高昌), are listed as the descendants of the Ashina, with four of them from China having a surname Shi(史) and two of them from Pashtun Afganistan and Bulgaria.

=== Etymology ===
Findley assumes that the name Ashina comes from one of the [[Saka languages]] of central Asia and means "blue" or ''gök'' in Turkic. The color is identified with the east, so that Göktürk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East".<ref name="Findley 39"/> This idea is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of [[Saka]] origin".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

H.W. Haussig<ref name="Haussig Н 1979"/> and S.G. Kljyashtorny<ref name="ReferenceA"/> suggest an association between the name and the compound "kindred of Ashin" ''ahşaẽna'' - Old Persian, which can get quite satisfactory etymological development. This is so even in East Turkestan - then the desired form would be in the Sogdian '''xs' yn' k'' (-әhšēnē) "blue, dark"; Khotan-Saka (Brahmi) ''āşşeiņa'' (-āşşena) "blue", where a long -ā- emerged as development ahş-> āşş-; in Tocharian A āśna- "blue, dark" (from Khotan-Saka and Sogdian). The Saka etymology ''ashina'' (<āşşeiņa ~ āşşena) with the value "blue" (the color of the sky) is phonetically and semantically flawless. There is a textual support for this version in the ancient runic inscriptions of the Turks.

In the large Orkhon inscriptions, in the story of the first Kagan, people living in the newly created empire, are named ''kök türk'' - translated as "Celestial Turks". Without touching the numerous interpretations ''kök'' may have in this combination, note it's perfect semantic match with the reconstructed value of the name Ashina. An explicit semantic calque suggests knowledge of its original meaning and foreign origin, which is compatible with the multi-ethnic, multi-cultural nature of the
First Turkic khanate, which entailed the loss, however, of the popularity of "national character", in the words of L. Bazin, as was the political and cultural environment of the Otyuken regime of the era of Bilge Kagan.

The name Ashina was recorded in Ancient Arab chronicles in the form - ''Sha - ne''.<ref>Гумилёв Л.Н. Древние тюрки. М.-Л., Наука, 1967.</ref>

=== Writing ===

The Ashina writing system was taken from Sogdian language. The letters used in the construction of the memorial stele describing the heroic exploits of the members of the ruling kagan kind, were Sogdian. Thus the main inscription on the stele Bugutskoy set up in honour of one of the rulers of the First Turkic khanate, is a written Sogdian letter. A Sogdian inscription is found on a broadsword discovered in the burial of an ancient Turkic warrior at the monument at Jolene in the Altai Mountains.

During the period of the Second Eastern Turk, ancient Turkic runic writing spread, which was also influenced by Sogdian. Runes are widespread among the nomadic Turkic peoples in the early Middle Ages.

=== Funeral rite ===
Tanshu describes the funeral rites of the Ashina as follows: "The body of the deceased lived in a tent. Sons, grandchildren and relatives of both sexes slaughter horses and sheep, and as they spread around in front of the tent, sacrifice; they ride on horseback seven times around the tent, and then, at the entrance to the tent slit their own faces with a knife weeping, and spill their blood forward; pouring blood and tears collectively. They do so seven times and it is over. Later in the chosen day they take the horse on which the deceased used to ride, and the things that he used, and burn them along with the corpse: the ashes are then collected and buried in a certain season into the grave. Those who died in the spring and summer, are buried when the leaves on the trees and plants begin to turn yellow and fall; those who died in the fall or winter are buried when the flowers begin to unfold. On the day of the funeral, as well as on the day of his death, the family offers a sacrifice, rides horses and slit their face. The building, which was built on the grave, is decorated with the portrait of the face of the dead man and with the description of battles in which he was as in the continuation of life. Usually they put one stone for every man he killed, they may have a different number of such stones, up to a hundred or even a thousand. when bringing sheep and horses as a sacrifice to a single, they hang their heads on the milestones."

According to D. G. Savinov, no archaeological monument is fully consistent with the description given by I. Bichurin, neither South Siberia nor Central Asia is known yet, although many of its elements are found already in the early Turkic time. According to D. G.Savinov this may be for several reasons:
# Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open;
# The source is a compilation in character, and burial rituals and funeral cycle from various sources are listed in a unified description;
# 'Tukye' funeral rites in the form in which it is recorded in written sources, developed later on the basis of the various components present in some of the archaeological sites of Southern Siberia of early Turkic time.

It is certain that the rite of cremation was adopted among Turkic Hagan and a very narrow ruling stratum of kaganates. It was inherent in, it is the "prince of the tribe," Ashin, who will consider Indo-European origin. Rite of cremation did not spread among the common people of Turkic. This may well be at the origin of the other ethnic groups of the ruling family.

As a result of the use of the rite described Tanshu, of a very narrow class of people (aristocracy), Savinova's assumption most likely is true, on the grounds that the Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open.<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1984-03.htm Савинов Д.Г. Народы Южной Сибири в древнетюркскую эпоху Глава II. Раннетюркское время 1. Древнетюркские генеалогические предания и археологические памятники раннетюркского времени (с. 31-40)]</ref>

Almost all of the elements of the funeral rites of the Ashina have analogues in the Indo-European rites, in particular the Slavic rites. About individual incision Al Bakr can be quoted: "Wives of the same dead cut their hands and faces with knives." Chinese source said that on the day of the funeral, as well as in the day of his death, family used to ride horses. There is likely to have in mind something like Slavic funeral feast. "The building was built on the grave" is an analogue of the Slavic Domowina. Burial of the ashes of the deceased in the vessel (the tomb of Kul Tigin and his wife) as is recorded by the Slav's "Tale of Bygone Years", for example where it says: "burned, and after collecting the bones, put them in a small container."

=== Analysis of written sources and traditions ===
S. G. Kljyashtorny studied the legends of the Ashina clan in comparison with historical evidence. The dynastic chronicle "Sui Shu" carries information that is realistic at its basis, the historiographical value of which now seems undeniable, "and offered to share the early history of the tribes Tÿrk of two consecutive periods: Gansu- Gaochan when the ancestors of the Turks Ashina formed from Posthun and local Iranian tribes on the territory of Eastern Turkestan (III c. BC - 460 AD), and the Altai, when the established Turkic ethnic group moved into the territory of the Mongolian Altai (460- 552 AD.)"

Another Orientalist, Yu. A. Zuev, also points out the origin of the Saka-Wusun Ashina.

In particular, he drew attention to the similarity of the legends about the origin of the [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]] and Ashina.

So in particular Yu. A. Zuev notes:

{|border="1" cellpadding="17"
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"|[[Wusun]]
!style="background:#efefef;"|Ashina
|-
| 1 Annals determines the location of the ancient Wusun lived "between the Qilian and Dunhuang".
| 1 Ashina were to the west of Shihan - Shara-Nora, i.e. in the same area.
|-
| 2 Wusun constituted "a small principality of the western boundary of the [[Xiongnu]]."
| 2 In all versions of the legend, Ashina is a separate branch from the west sea, west to the Xiongnu.
|-
| 3 The Wusun were broken by the [[Yuezhi]] neighbouring tribe, and on their land only a newborn prince survived.
| 3 Ashina too were broken by their neighbours, and then only one boy survived.
|-
| 4 To help the baby came the ancestral totems of the Wusun - wolf and raven, which saved him from death.
| 4. The Ashina boy was saved by a wolf. In the tradition of the crows, but such a gap is filled by the tamgha list, which shows the Ashina tamgha is the Raven.
|-
| 5. The Wusun boy was carried away to the east, in a bid by the ''shanyu'' of the Xiongnu, and was educated there. In the tradition of the Wusun the boy is helped by the gods.
| 5 The ancestors of the Ashina - a boy and a wolf, were carried away by the gods, and they are in the east of the Shara-Nora in Inner Mongolia.
|-
| 6 After a few years the fight between Wusun and Yuezhi breaks out again, which ended in the defeat of the last.
| 6 When he learned that the boy was alive, hostile princes again send an army to destroy the Ashina and with him the totem tribe. However, this hostile plot fails.
|-
| 7 Wusun migrate north-west from the former place of residence, in the Seven Rivers.
| 7 The same course of action is followed by an Ashina. Bid Ashina Helu was on the Talas river.
|-
| 8 The Wusun acquired power and expanded their territory. The first Usun prince had ten sons.
| 8 The same number of children is found in the Ashina legend. But this version of the ten sons was artificially pegged onto the fact of the existence of the ten tribes (He's OK) of the Western Turkic Khanate.
|-
|}

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the Wusun had a family relationship with the ruling clan Ashina in the First Turkic Empire.

Also Orientalists A. N. Bernstamm, D. G. Savinov and others argue about the Saka-Wusun origin of the Ashina clan.

They point out that according to the "Sui Shu" the Ashina ancestors were some "mixed hu (northwestern barbarian) ethnos". A.N. Bernshtamm in the preface to "Collection of information" by N. Bichurin 1950 noted that the Chinese term "hu" - barbarians, i.e. "Not Chinese", had been identified with the name of the Turks. However, according to Bernshtamm, in Chinese, especially in areas of East Turkestan and Central Asia, as a rule (with a few exceptions), this term is understood as not just the Turkic tribes but also the settled, mainly Sogdian population.<ref name="rgo-sib.ru"/>

Sogdians played a huge role in the political, cultural, economic and trade activities of the Turkish Empire. They have, for example, performed important diplomatic missions with rulers, led embassies to the court of Iranian shahs, controlled trade silk. Sogdian preachers engaged in spreading Manichaeism, Christianity (Nestorianism), and Buddhism among the nomads.

These circumstances lead to the conclusion that the tribe Ashina formed in Hexi Pinlyane as delivery of various Indo-European ("mixed hu"). In this area, during the formation of the tribe (III c. BC - 460 AD), the Indo-European population was predominant and, consequently, the Iranian and Tocharian languages. In ethnogenesis of Ashina, that which also follows from the testimony of the Chinese sources, also participated the element of Hunnish childbirth. After the defeat of the state Tszyuytsyuyev in Hexi, the Ashina fled to Gaochang, where after 460 AD they fell under the rule of Juan-Juan and were relocated to the southern spurs of the Altai. Ashina were artisans and they were mainly engaged in metallurgy.

As suggested by D. G. Savinov, in the new places of settlement, including the territory of their newly created possessions, Ashina faced local tribes, the native proto-cultural substrate. Apparently, this time may include the first acculturation processes, initiating the formation of the ancient Turkic historical and cultural complex. Since the beginning of the active military and political activities the Ashina were joined by a variety of Turkic peoples. The name of the new state was Tÿrk (helmet, based on the geographical features of the Altai), and respectively, the population of the state has adopted the name of the Turks. The word became the name of the Ashina ruling dynasty.

A detailed study of the origin of Ashina is conducted by sinologist S. P. Guschin. He notes that from the legend of the origin of Ashina, we know that "Tukyue ancestors come from a reigning house, who lived to the north of the Huns." The title ''saki'' tribes in Chinese sounds like - "Shohei" 索诃, which coincides with the characters about the "reigning house with" 索國.

In the Chinese dictionary, the dialectal reading of character "Shohei" is given in the form of «saak» 索. Also in Chinese phonetic bases character 索 = sāk / sâk, is set in its old reading.

[[File:Ashina tamga.png|thumb|Tamga of Ashina - The Raven]]

=== Tamga Ashina ===

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the presence of crows as the ancient tribal totem of Wusun is doubtful. According to Wusun legend, the ancestors were Wusun raven and the wolf. This fact is reflected in the [[tamga]] of Wusun, which depicts the raven. Tamga Ashina also meant a raven. According to Zuev the gold (or Kagan’s) clan of Ashina tribe was called Shar-Duly, "Golden/Red Raven", "Golden bird Duli"(Middle Persian).

=== Origins and legends ===

According to the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', the Ashina were related to the northern tribes of the [[Xiongnu]], in particular they were of [[Tiele people|Tiele]] tribe by ancestral lineage.<ref>Rachel Lung, Interpreters in Early Imperial China, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, p.48</ref><ref>Duan: "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", 1988, pp.39-41</ref> As early as the 7th century, four theories about their mythical origins were recorded by the ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', ''[[Book of Sui]]'' and ''[[Youyang Zazu]]'':<ref name=ashina>Xue 39-85</ref>

*Ashina was one of ten sons born to a [[grey wolf|grey she-wolf]] (see [[Asena]]) in the north of [[Gaochang]].<ref name=zhoushu>''[[Zhoushu]]'', vol. 50 {{cite web|url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/cho5.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084245/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw:80/ccw/02/cho5.htm |archivedate=2007-10-11 |df= }}</ref>
*The ancestor of the Ashina was a man from the Suo nation (north of [[Xiongnu]]) whose mother was a [[wolf]], and a season goddess.<ref name=zhoushu/>
*The Ashina were mixture stocks from the Pingliang commandery of eastern [[Gansu]].<ref>''[[Suishu]]'', vol. 84 [http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/swa9.htm]</ref>
*The Ashina descended from a skilled [[Archery|archer]] named Shemo, who had once fallen in love with a sea goddess west of [[Ashide]] cave.<ref>''[[Youyang Zazu]]'', vol. 4 [http://www.oa18.com/read/classic/best/xyzz/007.htm]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

These stories were sometimes pieced together to form a chronologically coherent narrative of early Ashina history. However, as the ''Book of Zhou'', the ''Book of Sui'', and the ''Youyang Zazu'' were all written around the same time, during early [[Tang Dynasty]], whether they could truly be considered chronological or rather should be considered competing versions of the Ashina's origin is debatable.<ref name=ashina/> These stories also have parallels in folktales and legends of other Turkic peoples, for instance, the [[Uyghurs]] and the [[Wusun]].

The record of Turks in [[Zhoushu]] (written in the first half of the 7th century) describes the usage of gold in Turks around the mid-5th century: "(The Turks) inlaid gold sculpture of wolf head on their flag; their military men were called Fuli, that is, wolf in Chinese. It is because they are descendant of the wolf, and naming so is for not forgetting their ancestors."<ref name=zhoushu/>

== History ==

The name Ashina first appeared in the Chinese records of the 6th century.<ref name=ashina/> The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia infers that between the years 265 and 460 the Ashina had been part of various late Xiongnu confederations. By about 460 they were subjugated by the Rouran, who ousted them from Xinjiang into the Altay Mountains, where the Ashina gradually emerged as the leaders of the early Turkic confederation, known as the Göktürks.<ref>Klyashtorny passim.</ref> By the 550s, Bumin Khan established the Göktürk Empire, which flourished until the 630s and from 680s until 740s. The Orkhon Valley was the centre of the Ashina power.

Multiple members of the Ashina clan [[Turks in the Tang military|served as generals]] in the [[Tang Dynasty]] military. The general Ashina She'er led a [[campaign against Kucha|Tang campaign against Kucha]] and [[Tang campaign against Karasahr|against Karasahr]] in 648.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=99}} His brother, Ashina Zhong, was also a Tang general.{{sfn|Skaff|2009|p=188}} Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen joined [[Su Dingfang]]'s [[Conquest of the Western Turks|military expedition]] against the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]] in 657.{{sfn|Skaff|2009|p=183}}

After the collapse of the Göktürk empire from the [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]], branches of the Ashina clan moved westward to Europe where they became the [[Khagan|kaghans]] of the [[Khazars]]<ref>Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov, André Wink, Nomads in the Sedentary World, Routledge, 2001, p.89</ref><ref>Frederik Coene, The Caucasus: An Introduction, Taylor & Francis, 2009, p.109</ref> and possibly other nomadic peoples with Turkic roots. According to Marquart<name spelling changed in 1922>, the Ashina clan constituted a noble caste throughout the [[steppes]]. Similarly, the [[Bashkir people|Bashkir]] historian and Turkolog [[Zeki Validi Togan]] described them as a "desert aristocracy" that provided rulers for a number of [[Eurasia]]n [[nomadic empire]]s. Accounts of the Göktürk and [[Khazar]] [[khaganate]]s suggest that the Ashina clan was accorded sacred, perhaps quasi-[[divinity|divine]] status in the [[shaman]]ic religion practiced by the steppe nomads in the first century CE.

A relevant example of the special status of this wolf clan is demonstrated by Mongolian history. The [[Chonos tribe|Chonos]], whose name translates as "wolves", were held in such esteem by Mongolian warlords that when [[Jamukha]] in the late 12th century took prisoners of war from the wolf-tribe, during the subsequent victory decapitation ritual he executed them by boiling to avoid the taboo of letting wolf blood mingle with the Earth.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} According to [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din]], the [[Chono people|Chonos]] came to Mongolia from [[Ergenekun]].

== See also ==
*[[Asen dynasty]]
*[[Asena]]
*[[Ashide]]
*[[Chonos tribe]]
*[[Oghuz Turks]]
*[[Turkmens]](on the Y-DNA of Turkmens)
*[[Timeline of Turks (500-1300)]]
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[Turks in the Tang military]]
*[[Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples]]

== Etymology ==
The Ashina probably comes from one of the [[Iranian languages]] of central Asia and means "blue", ''kok'' in [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], the colour identified with the east, so that Gokturk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East". "The term ''bori'', used to identify the ruler's retinue as 'wolves', probably also derived from one of the Iranian languages", Carter Vaughin Findley has observed.<ref>Findley 39.</ref>

His opinion is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it highly plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of Iranian origin, almost certainly [[Saka]]".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

Former Dr. Zhu Xueyuan derives the name from the related [[Manchu]] word ''[[Aisin]]'' and the early tribe ''[[Wusun]]'' ('''Asin''' or '''Osin''') pronounced earlier in [[archaic Chinese]], a group of people which he highly considered as a [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] people. Zhu asserted that the Xiongnu's tribe Juqu was evidently related to Juji (old pronouncing of [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]]), and that the [[Yuezhi]] was belonged to another Tungusic tribe named Wuzhe, which could all ultimately traced back to the roots of [[Sushen]].<ref>Zhu 68-91.</ref>
The question has recently been renewed by the new reading of the Bugut inscription by a Japanese team: on this [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] inscription, the oldest inscription of the First Turkic empire, the name of the dynasty is clearly written [[Ashinas]]. It is not clear if the previous etymologies can be accepted as they did not took into account this final -s.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*Findley, Carter Vaughin. ''The Turks in World History''. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-517726-6.
* Golden, Peter. ''An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East'', Harrassowitz, 1992.
*{{cite book| last=Grousset | first = René |title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia|year=1970|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1| ref=harv}}
*[http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/085/212.htm Klyashtorny, Sergei. "Орхонские тюрки" ("Orhon Turks").]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''The [[Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]]'' 2nd ed. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1950-1958.
*[[András Róna-Tas|Róna-Tas, András]]. ''Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages''. Central European University Press, 1999. ISBN 963-9116-48-3. Page 280.
*{{cite book|first=Jonathan Karem|last= Skaff|editor=Nicola Di Cosmo|title=Military Culture in Imperial China|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03109-8|ref=harv}}
* Zhu, Xueyuan. ''The Origins of Northern China's Ethnicities''. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 2004. ISBN 7-101-03336-9.
* Xue, Zongzheng. ''A History of Turks''. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press, 1992. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8.

== External links ==
* {{ru icon}} [http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot03.htm Lev Gumilev about the Ashina clan]

{{Göktürks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashina (Clan)}}
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Royal families]]
[[Category:Groups connected to the Khazars]]
[[Category:Göktürks]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]

Tartışma:Ashina

2019-09-29T17:58:25Z

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The '''Ashina''' ({{zh|c=阿史那|p=Āshǐnà|w=A-shih-na}}; [[Middle Chinese]]: ([[Guangyun]]) {{IPA-ltc|ʔɑʃi̯ə˥nɑ˩|}}), also spelled Asen, Asena, or Açina, was a tribe and the ruling dynasty of the ancient [[Turkic peoples]]. They rose to prominence in the mid-[[6th century]] when their leader, [[Bumin Qaghan]], revolted against the [[Rouran Khaganate]]. The two main branches of the family, one descended from Bumin and the other from his brother [[Istemi]], ruled over the eastern and western parts of the [[Göktürks|Göktürk]] confederation, respectively.

== Origin ==
Researchers such as H.W. Haussig,<ref name="Haussig Н 1979">Haussig Н.W. Byzantinische Qullen über Mittelasien in ihrer historischen Aussage // Prolegomena to the sources on the history of pre-Islamic Central Asia. Budapest, 1979. S. 55–56.</ref> S.G. Kljyashtorny,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/klashtorny-sg-1965.htm Кляшторный С.Г. Проблемы ранней истории племени тÿрк (ашина). // Новое в советской археологии. / МИА № 130. М.: 1965. С. 278-281.]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Kjyashtorny S.G. The Royal Clan of the Turks and the Problem of its Designation//Post-Soviet Central Asia. Edited by Touraj Atabaki and John O'Kane. Tauris Academic Studies. London*New York in association with IIAS. The international Institute for Asian Studies. Leiden-Amsterdam, P.366-369.</ref> A.N. Bernstamm,<ref name="rgo-sib.ru">[http://www.rgo-sib.ru/book/kniga/159.htm Бернштам А.Н. Никита Яковлевич Бичурин (Иакинф) и его труд "Собрание сведений..." М.-Л., Наука, 1950.]</ref> C. V. Findley,<ref name="Findley 39">C. V. Findley 39.</ref> B.A. Muratov,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014">Муратов Б.А. ДНК-генеалогия тюркоязычных народов Урала, Волги и Кавказа. Том 4, серия «Этногеномика и ДНК-генеалогия», ЭИ Проект «Суюн». Vila do Conde, Lidergraf, 2014, илл. ISBN 978-5-9904583-2-1.</ref> R.R. Suyunov,<ref>[http://suyun.info/index.php?p=07082014_2 Муратов Б.А., Суюнов Р.Р. Саки-динлины, аорсы, Ашина и потомки кланов Дешти-Кипчака по данным ДНК-генеалогии//Вестник Академии ДНК-генеалогии (Бостон, США) → Том 7, №8, Август 2014, стр. 1198-1226.]</ref> D.G. Savinov,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1988.htm Савинов Д.Г. Владение Цигу древнетюркских генеалогических преданий и таштыкская культура. // Историко-культурные связи народов Южной Сибири. Абакан: 1988. С. 64-74.]</ref> S.P. Guschin,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014"/> Rona-Tas<ref name="Róna-Tas 280">Róna-Tas 280.</ref> and R.N. Frye<ref>[http://www.richardfrye.org/files/Turks_in_Transoxiana.pdf Frye Richard N. Turks in Transoxiana]</ref> have pointed out that the origin of the Ashina is from [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]]. They have put forward this version of the following arguments:

=== Genetics (Data of Y-DNA) ===
During 2015-2016, the Fudan University (Shanghai), headed by ethnogenesist Shao-Qing Wen (文少卿) in [[China]] conducted tests to determine the Y-DNA haplogroup of the representatives of the Turkic clan Ashina (creators and managers Turkic Khanate in the VI-VII centuries) and [[Ashide]](阿史德: another dominant clan which produced empresses, so called [[Khatun]]s, and supreme military leaders).

Subclade of clan Ashina: [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]]-Z93, Z94+, Z2123-, Y2632-.(Ashide: [[Haplogroup Q-L53|Q1a-L53]])<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/23316012/Wen_S.-Q._Muratov_B.A._Suyunov_R.R._The_haplogroups_of_the_representatives_from_ancient_Turkic_clans_-_Ashina_and_Ashide_BEHPS_ISSN_2410-1788_Volume_3_2_1_2_March_2016_P.154-157 Wen S.-Q., Muratov B.A., Suyunov R.R. The haplogroups of the representatives from ancient Turkic clans - Ashina and Ashide//BEHPS, {{ISSN|2410-1788}}, Volume 3, №2[1,2<nowiki>]</nowiki>, March 2016, P.154-157.]</ref> In this research, 6 R-Z94 applicants, who identifies themselves as descendants of the Ashina clan and whose ancestors are known to be originated from [[Gaochang]](高昌), are listed as the descendants of the Ashina, with four of them from China having a surname Shi(史) and two of them from Pashtun Afganistan and Bulgaria.

=== Etymology ===
Findley assumes that the name Ashina comes from one of the [[Saka languages]] of central Asia and means "blue" or ''gök'' in Turkic. The color is identified with the east, so that Göktürk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East".<ref name="Findley 39"/> This idea is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of [[Saka]] origin".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

H.W. Haussig<ref name="Haussig Н 1979"/> and S.G. Kljyashtorny<ref name="ReferenceA"/> suggest an association between the name and the compound "kindred of Ashin" ''ahşaẽna'' - Old Persian, which can get quite satisfactory etymological development. This is so even in East Turkestan - then the desired form would be in the Sogdian '''xs' yn' k'' (-әhšēnē) "blue, dark"; Khotan-Saka (Brahmi) ''āşşeiņa'' (-āşşena) "blue", where a long -ā- emerged as development ahş-> āşş-; in Tocharian A āśna- "blue, dark" (from Khotan-Saka and Sogdian). The Saka etymology ''ashina'' (<āşşeiņa ~ āşşena) with the value "blue" (the color of the sky) is phonetically and semantically flawless. There is a textual support for this version in the ancient runic inscriptions of the Turks.

In the large Orkhon inscriptions, in the story of the first Kagan, people living in the newly created empire, are named ''kök türk'' - translated as "Celestial Turks". Without touching the numerous interpretations ''kök'' may have in this combination, note it's perfect semantic match with the reconstructed value of the name Ashina. An explicit semantic calque suggests knowledge of its original meaning and foreign origin, which is compatible with the multi-ethnic, multi-cultural nature of the
First Turkic khanate, which entailed the loss, however, of the popularity of "national character", in the words of L. Bazin, as was the political and cultural environment of the Otyuken regime of the era of Bilge Kagan.

The name Ashina was recorded in Ancient Arab chronicles in the form - ''Sha - ne''.<ref>Гумилёв Л.Н. Древние тюрки. М.-Л., Наука, 1967.</ref>

=== Writing ===

The Ashina writing system was taken from Sogdian language. The letters used in the construction of the memorial stele describing the heroic exploits of the members of the ruling kagan kind, were Sogdian. Thus the main inscription on the stele Bugutskoy set up in honour of one of the rulers of the First Turkic khanate, is a written Sogdian letter. A Sogdian inscription is found on a broadsword discovered in the burial of an ancient Turkic warrior at the monument at Jolene in the Altai Mountains.

During the period of the Second Eastern Turk, ancient Turkic runic writing spread, which was also influenced by Sogdian. Runes are widespread among the nomadic Turkic peoples in the early Middle Ages.

=== Funeral rite ===
Tanshu describes the funeral rites of the Ashina as follows: "The body of the deceased lived in a tent. Sons, grandchildren and relatives of both sexes slaughter horses and sheep, and as they spread around in front of the tent, sacrifice; they ride on horseback seven times around the tent, and then, at the entrance to the tent slit their own faces with a knife weeping, and spill their blood forward; pouring blood and tears collectively. They do so seven times and it is over. Later in the chosen day they take the horse on which the deceased used to ride, and the things that he used, and burn them along with the corpse: the ashes are then collected and buried in a certain season into the grave. Those who died in the spring and summer, are buried when the leaves on the trees and plants begin to turn yellow and fall; those who died in the fall or winter are buried when the flowers begin to unfold. On the day of the funeral, as well as on the day of his death, the family offers a sacrifice, rides horses and slit their face. The building, which was built on the grave, is decorated with the portrait of the face of the dead man and with the description of battles in which he was as in the continuation of life. Usually they put one stone for every man he killed, they may have a different number of such stones, up to a hundred or even a thousand. when bringing sheep and horses as a sacrifice to a single, they hang their heads on the milestones."

According to D. G. Savinov, no archaeological monument is fully consistent with the description given by I. Bichurin, neither South Siberia nor Central Asia is known yet, although many of its elements are found already in the early Turkic time. According to D. G.Savinov this may be for several reasons:
# Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open;
# The source is a compilation in character, and burial rituals and funeral cycle from various sources are listed in a unified description;
# 'Tukye' funeral rites in the form in which it is recorded in written sources, developed later on the basis of the various components present in some of the archaeological sites of Southern Siberia of early Turkic time.

It is certain that the rite of cremation was adopted among Turkic Hagan and a very narrow ruling stratum of kaganates. It was inherent in, it is the "prince of the tribe," Ashin, who will consider Indo-European origin. Rite of cremation did not spread among the common people of Turkic. This may well be at the origin of the other ethnic groups of the ruling family.

As a result of the use of the rite described Tanshu, of a very narrow class of people (aristocracy), Savinova's assumption most likely is true, on the grounds that the Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open.<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1984-03.htm Савинов Д.Г. Народы Южной Сибири в древнетюркскую эпоху Глава II. Раннетюркское время 1. Древнетюркские генеалогические предания и археологические памятники раннетюркского времени (с. 31-40)]</ref>

Almost all of the elements of the funeral rites of the Ashina have analogues in the Indo-European rites, in particular the Slavic rites. About individual incision Al Bakr can be quoted: "Wives of the same dead cut their hands and faces with knives." Chinese source said that on the day of the funeral, as well as in the day of his death, family used to ride horses. There is likely to have in mind something like Slavic funeral feast. "The building was built on the grave" is an analogue of the Slavic Domowina. Burial of the ashes of the deceased in the vessel (the tomb of Kul Tigin and his wife) as is recorded by the Slav's "Tale of Bygone Years", for example where it says: "burned, and after collecting the bones, put them in a small container."

=== Analysis of written sources and traditions ===
S. G. Kljyashtorny studied the legends of the Ashina clan in comparison with historical evidence. The dynastic chronicle "Sui Shu" carries information that is realistic at its basis, the historiographical value of which now seems undeniable, "and offered to share the early history of the tribes Tÿrk of two consecutive periods: Gansu- Gaochan when the ancestors of the Turks Ashina formed from Posthun and local Iranian tribes on the territory of Eastern Turkestan (III c. BC - 460 AD), and the Altai, when the established Turkic ethnic group moved into the territory of the Mongolian Altai (460- 552 AD.)"

Another Orientalist, Yu. A. Zuev, also points out the origin of the Saka-Wusun Ashina.

In particular, he drew attention to the similarity of the legends about the origin of the [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]] and Ashina.

So in particular Yu. A. Zuev notes:

{|border="1" cellpadding="17"
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"|[[Wusun]]
!style="background:#efefef;"|Ashina
|-
| 1 Annals determines the location of the ancient Wusun lived "between the Qilian and Dunhuang".
| 1 Ashina were to the west of Shihan - Shara-Nora, i.e. in the same area.
|-
| 2 Wusun constituted "a small principality of the western boundary of the [[Xiongnu]]."
| 2 In all versions of the legend, Ashina is a separate branch from the west sea, west to the Xiongnu.
|-
| 3 The Wusun were broken by the [[Yuezhi]] neighbouring tribe, and on their land only a newborn prince survived.
| 3 Ashina too were broken by their neighbours, and then only one boy survived.
|-
| 4 To help the baby came the ancestral totems of the Wusun - wolf and raven, which saved him from death.
| 4. The Ashina boy was saved by a wolf. In the tradition of the crows, but such a gap is filled by the tamgha list, which shows the Ashina tamgha is the Raven.
|-
| 5. The Wusun boy was carried away to the east, in a bid by the ''shanyu'' of the Xiongnu, and was educated there. In the tradition of the Wusun the boy is helped by the gods.
| 5 The ancestors of the Ashina - a boy and a wolf, were carried away by the gods, and they are in the east of the Shara-Nora in Inner Mongolia.
|-
| 6 After a few years the fight between Wusun and Yuezhi breaks out again, which ended in the defeat of the last.
| 6 When he learned that the boy was alive, hostile princes again send an army to destroy the Ashina and with him the totem tribe. However, this hostile plot fails.
|-
| 7 Wusun migrate north-west from the former place of residence, in the Seven Rivers.
| 7 The same course of action is followed by an Ashina. Bid Ashina Helu was on the Talas river.
|-
| 8 The Wusun acquired power and expanded their territory. The first Usun prince had ten sons.
| 8 The same number of children is found in the Ashina legend. But this version of the ten sons was artificially pegged onto the fact of the existence of the ten tribes (He's OK) of the Western Turkic Khanate.
|-
|}

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the Wusun had a family relationship with the ruling clan Ashina in the First Turkic Empire.

Also Orientalists A. N. Bernstamm, D. G. Savinov and others argue about the Saka-Wusun origin of the Ashina clan.

They point out that according to the "Sui Shu" the Ashina ancestors were some "mixed hu (northwestern barbarian) ethnos". A.N. Bernshtamm in the preface to "Collection of information" by N. Bichurin 1950 noted that the Chinese term "hu" - barbarians, i.e. "Not Chinese", had been identified with the name of the Turks. However, according to Bernshtamm, in Chinese, especially in areas of East Turkestan and Central Asia, as a rule (with a few exceptions), this term is understood as not just the Turkic tribes but also the settled, mainly Sogdian population.<ref name="rgo-sib.ru"/>

Sogdians played a huge role in the political, cultural, economic and trade activities of the Turkish Empire. They have, for example, performed important diplomatic missions with rulers, led embassies to the court of Iranian shahs, controlled trade silk. Sogdian preachers engaged in spreading Manichaeism, Christianity (Nestorianism), and Buddhism among the nomads.

These circumstances lead to the conclusion that the tribe Ashina formed in Hexi Pinlyane as delivery of various Indo-European ("mixed hu"). In this area, during the formation of the tribe (III c. BC - 460 AD), the Indo-European population was predominant and, consequently, the Iranian and Tocharian languages. In ethnogenesis of Ashina, that which also follows from the testimony of the Chinese sources, also participated the element of Hunnish childbirth. After the defeat of the state Tszyuytsyuyev in Hexi, the Ashina fled to Gaochang, where after 460 AD they fell under the rule of Juan-Juan and were relocated to the southern spurs of the Altai. Ashina were artisans and they were mainly engaged in metallurgy.

As suggested by D. G. Savinov, in the new places of settlement, including the territory of their newly created possessions, Ashina faced local tribes, the native proto-cultural substrate. Apparently, this time may include the first acculturation processes, initiating the formation of the ancient Turkic historical and cultural complex. Since the beginning of the active military and political activities the Ashina were joined by a variety of Turkic peoples. The name of the new state was Tÿrk (helmet, based on the geographical features of the Altai), and respectively, the population of the state has adopted the name of the Turks. The word became the name of the Ashina ruling dynasty.

A detailed study of the origin of Ashina is conducted by sinologist S. P. Guschin. He notes that from the legend of the origin of Ashina, we know that "Tukyue ancestors come from a reigning house, who lived to the north of the Huns." The title ''saki'' tribes in Chinese sounds like - "Shohei" 索诃, which coincides with the characters about the "reigning house with" 索國.

In the Chinese dictionary, the dialectal reading of character "Shohei" is given in the form of «saak» 索. Also in Chinese phonetic bases character 索 = sāk / sâk, is set in its old reading.

[[File:Ashina tamga.png|thumb|Tamga of Ashina - The Raven]]

=== Tamga Ashina ===

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the presence of crows as the ancient tribal totem of Wusun is doubtful. According to Wusun legend, the ancestors were Wusun raven and the wolf. This fact is reflected in the [[tamga]] of Wusun, which depicts the raven. Tamga Ashina also meant a raven. According to Zuev the gold (or Kagan’s) clan of Ashina tribe was called Shar-Duly, "Golden/Red Raven", "Golden bird Duli"(Middle Persian).

=== Origins and legends ===

According to the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', the Ashina were related to the northern tribes of the [[Xiongnu]], in particular they were of [[Tiele people|Tiele]] tribe by ancestral lineage.<ref>Rachel Lung, Interpreters in Early Imperial China, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, p.48</ref><ref>Duan: "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", 1988, pp.39-41</ref> As early as the 7th century, four theories about their mythical origins were recorded by the ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', ''[[Book of Sui]]'' and ''[[Youyang Zazu]]'':<ref name=ashina>Xue 39-85</ref>

*Ashina was one of ten sons born to a [[grey wolf|grey she-wolf]] (see [[Asena]]) in the north of [[Gaochang]].<ref name=zhoushu>''[[Zhoushu]]'', vol. 50 {{cite web|url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/cho5.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084245/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw:80/ccw/02/cho5.htm |archivedate=2007-10-11 |df= }}</ref>
*The ancestor of the Ashina was a man from the Suo nation (north of [[Xiongnu]]) whose mother was a [[wolf]], and a season goddess.<ref name=zhoushu/>
*The Ashina were mixture stocks from the Pingliang commandery of eastern [[Gansu]].<ref>''[[Suishu]]'', vol. 84 [http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/swa9.htm]</ref>
*The Ashina descended from a skilled [[Archery|archer]] named Shemo, who had once fallen in love with a sea goddess west of [[Ashide]] cave.<ref>''[[Youyang Zazu]]'', vol. 4 [http://www.oa18.com/read/classic/best/xyzz/007.htm]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

These stories were sometimes pieced together to form a chronologically coherent narrative of early Ashina history. However, as the ''Book of Zhou'', the ''Book of Sui'', and the ''Youyang Zazu'' were all written around the same time, during early [[Tang Dynasty]], whether they could truly be considered chronological or rather should be considered competing versions of the Ashina's origin is debatable.<ref name=ashina/> These stories also have parallels in folktales and legends of other Turkic peoples, for instance, the [[Uyghurs]] and the [[Wusun]].

The record of Turks in [[Zhoushu]] (written in the first half of the 7th century) describes the usage of gold in Turks around the mid-5th century: "(The Turks) inlaid gold sculpture of wolf head on their flag; their military men were called Fuli, that is, wolf in Chinese. It is because they are descendant of the wolf, and naming so is for not forgetting their ancestors."<ref name=zhoushu/>

== History ==

The name Ashina first appeared in the Chinese records of the 6th century.<ref name=ashina/> The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia infers that between the years 265 and 460 the Ashina had been part of various late Xiongnu confederations. By about 460 they were subjugated by the Rouran, who ousted them from Xinjiang into the Altay Mountains, where the Ashina gradually emerged as the leaders of the early Turkic confederation, known as the Göktürks.<ref>Klyashtorny passim.</ref> By the 550s, Bumin Khan established the Göktürk Empire, which flourished until the 630s and from 680s until 740s. The Orkhon Valley was the centre of the Ashina power.

Multiple members of the Ashina clan [[Turks in the Tang military|served as generals]] in the [[Tang Dynasty]] military. The general Ashina She'er led a [[campaign against Kucha|Tang campaign against Kucha]] and [[Tang campaign against Karasahr|against Karasahr]] in 648.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=99}} His brother, Ashina Zhong, was also a Tang general.{{sfn|Skaff|2009|p=188}} Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen joined [[Su Dingfang]]'s [[Conquest of the Western Turks|military expedition]] against the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]] in 657.{{sfn|Skaff|2009|p=183}}

After the collapse of the Göktürk empire from the Uyghurs, branches of the Ashina clan moved westward to Europe where they became the kaghans of the Khazars<ref>Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov, André Wink, Nomads in the Sedentary World, Routledge, 2001, p.89</ref><ref>Frederik Coene, The Caucasus: An Introduction, Taylor & Francis, 2009, p.109</ref> and possibly other nomadic peoples with Turkic roots. According to Marquart, the Ashina clan constituted a noble caste throughout the steppes. Similarly, the Bashkir historian and Turkolog Zeki Validi Togan described them as a "desert aristocracy" that provided rulers for a number of Eurasian nomadic empires. Accounts of the Göktürk and Khazar khaganates suggest that the Ashina clan was accorded sacred, perhaps quasi-divine status in the shamanic religion practiced by the steppe nomads in the first century CE.

A relevant example of the special status of this wolf clan is demonstrated by Mongolian history. The [[Chonos tribe|Chonos]], whose name translates as "wolves", were held in such esteem by Mongolian warlords that when [[Jamukha]] in the late 12th century took prisoners of war from the wolf-tribe, during the subsequent victory decapitation ritual he executed them by boiling to avoid the taboo of letting wolf blood mingle with the Earth.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} According to [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din]], the [[Chono people|Chonos]] came to Mongolia from [[Ergenekun]].

== See also ==
*[[Asen dynasty]]
*[[Asena]]
*[[Ashide]]
*[[Chonos tribe]]
*[[Oghuz Turks]]
*[[Turkmens]](on the Y-DNA of Turkmens)
*[[Timeline of Turks (500-1300)]]
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[Turks in the Tang military]]
*[[Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples]]

== Etymology ==
The Ashina probably comes from one of the [[Iranian languages]] of central Asia and means "blue", ''kok'' in [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], the colour identified with the east, so that Gokturk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East". "The term ''bori'', used to identify the ruler's retinue as 'wolves', probably also derived from one of the Iranian languages", Carter Vaughin Findley has observed.<ref>Findley 39.</ref>

His opinion is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it highly plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of Iranian origin, almost certainly [[Saka]]".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

Former Dr. Zhu Xueyuan derives the name from the related [[Manchu]] word ''[[Aisin]]'' and the early tribe ''[[Wusun]]'' ('''Asin''' or '''Osin''') pronounced earlier in [[archaic Chinese]], a group of people which he highly considered as a [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] people. Zhu asserted that the Xiongnu's tribe Juqu was evidently related to Juji (old pronouncing of [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]]), and that the [[Yuezhi]] was belonged to another Tungusic tribe named Wuzhe, which could all ultimately traced back to the roots of [[Sushen]].<ref>Zhu 68-91.</ref>
The question has recently been renewed by the new reading of the Bugut inscription by a Japanese team: on this [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] inscription, the oldest inscription of the First Turkic empire, the name of the dynasty is clearly written [[Ashinas]]. It is not clear if the previous etymologies can be accepted as they did not took into account this final -s.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*Findley, Carter Vaughin. ''The Turks in World History''. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-517726-6.
* Golden, Peter. ''An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East'', Harrassowitz, 1992.
*{{cite book| last=Grousset | first = René |title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia|year=1970|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1| ref=harv}}
*[http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/085/212.htm Klyashtorny, Sergei. "Орхонские тюрки" ("Orhon Turks").]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''The [[Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]]'' 2nd ed. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1950-1958.
*[[András Róna-Tas|Róna-Tas, András]]. ''Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages''. Central European University Press, 1999. ISBN 963-9116-48-3. Page 280.
*{{cite book|first=Jonathan Karem|last= Skaff|editor=Nicola Di Cosmo|title=Military Culture in Imperial China|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03109-8|ref=harv}}
* Zhu, Xueyuan. ''The Origins of Northern China's Ethnicities''. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 2004. ISBN 7-101-03336-9.
* Xue, Zongzheng. ''A History of Turks''. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press, 1992. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8.

== External links ==
* {{ru icon}} [http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot03.htm Lev Gumilev about the Ashina clan]

{{Göktürks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashina (Clan)}}
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Royal families]]
[[Category:Groups connected to the Khazars]]
[[Category:Göktürks]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]

Tartışma:Ashina

2019-09-29T17:56:55Z

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The '''Ashina''' ({{zh|c=阿史那|p=Āshǐnà|w=A-shih-na}}; [[Middle Chinese]]: ([[Guangyun]]) {{IPA-ltc|ʔɑʃi̯ə˥nɑ˩|}}), also spelled Asen, Asena, or Açina, was a tribe and the ruling dynasty of the ancient [[Turkic peoples]]. They rose to prominence in the mid-[[6th century]] when their leader, [[Bumin Qaghan]], revolted against the [[Rouran Khaganate]]. The two main branches of the family, one descended from Bumin and the other from his brother [[Istemi]], ruled over the eastern and western parts of the [[Göktürks|Göktürk]] confederation, respectively.

== Origin ==
Researchers such as H.W. Haussig,<ref name="Haussig Н 1979">Haussig Н.W. Byzantinische Qullen über Mittelasien in ihrer historischen Aussage // Prolegomena to the sources on the history of pre-Islamic Central Asia. Budapest, 1979. S. 55–56.</ref> S.G. Kljyashtorny,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/klashtorny-sg-1965.htm Кляшторный С.Г. Проблемы ранней истории племени тÿрк (ашина). // Новое в советской археологии. / МИА № 130. М.: 1965. С. 278-281.]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Kjyashtorny S.G. The Royal Clan of the Turks and the Problem of its Designation//Post-Soviet Central Asia. Edited by Touraj Atabaki and John O'Kane. Tauris Academic Studies. London*New York in association with IIAS. The international Institute for Asian Studies. Leiden-Amsterdam, P.366-369.</ref> A.N. Bernstamm,<ref name="rgo-sib.ru">[http://www.rgo-sib.ru/book/kniga/159.htm Бернштам А.Н. Никита Яковлевич Бичурин (Иакинф) и его труд "Собрание сведений..." М.-Л., Наука, 1950.]</ref> C. V. Findley,<ref name="Findley 39">C. V. Findley 39.</ref> B.A. Muratov,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014">Муратов Б.А. ДНК-генеалогия тюркоязычных народов Урала, Волги и Кавказа. Том 4, серия «Этногеномика и ДНК-генеалогия», ЭИ Проект «Суюн». Vila do Conde, Lidergraf, 2014, илл. ISBN 978-5-9904583-2-1.</ref> R.R. Suyunov,<ref>[http://suyun.info/index.php?p=07082014_2 Муратов Б.А., Суюнов Р.Р. Саки-динлины, аорсы, Ашина и потомки кланов Дешти-Кипчака по данным ДНК-генеалогии//Вестник Академии ДНК-генеалогии (Бостон, США) → Том 7, №8, Август 2014, стр. 1198-1226.]</ref> D.G. Savinov,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1988.htm Савинов Д.Г. Владение Цигу древнетюркских генеалогических преданий и таштыкская культура. // Историко-культурные связи народов Южной Сибири. Абакан: 1988. С. 64-74.]</ref> S.P. Guschin,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014"/> Rona-Tas<ref name="Róna-Tas 280">Róna-Tas 280.</ref> and R.N. Frye<ref>[http://www.richardfrye.org/files/Turks_in_Transoxiana.pdf Frye Richard N. Turks in Transoxiana]</ref> have pointed out that the origin of the Ashina is from [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]]. They have put forward this version of the following arguments:

=== Genetics (Data of Y-DNA) ===
During 2015-2016, the Fudan University (Shanghai), headed by ethnogenesist Shao-Qing Wen (文少卿) in [[China]] conducted tests to determine the Y-DNA haplogroup of the representatives of the Turkic clan Ashina (creators and managers Turkic Khanate in the VI-VII centuries) and [[Ashide]](阿史德: another dominant clan which produced empresses, so called [[Khatun]]s, and supreme military leaders).

Subclade of clan Ashina: [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]]-Z93, Z94+, Z2123-, Y2632-.(Ashide: [[Haplogroup Q-L53|Q1a-L53]])<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/23316012/Wen_S.-Q._Muratov_B.A._Suyunov_R.R._The_haplogroups_of_the_representatives_from_ancient_Turkic_clans_-_Ashina_and_Ashide_BEHPS_ISSN_2410-1788_Volume_3_2_1_2_March_2016_P.154-157 Wen S.-Q., Muratov B.A., Suyunov R.R. The haplogroups of the representatives from ancient Turkic clans - Ashina and Ashide//BEHPS, {{ISSN|2410-1788}}, Volume 3, №2[1,2<nowiki>]</nowiki>, March 2016, P.154-157.]</ref> In this research, 6 R-Z94 applicants, who identifies themselves as descendants of the Ashina clan and whose ancestors are known to be originated from [[Gaochang]](高昌), are listed as the descendants of the Ashina, with four of them from China having a surname Shi(史) and two of them from Pashtun Afganistan and Bulgaria.

=== Etymology ===
Findley assumes that the name Ashina comes from one of the [[Saka languages]] of central Asia and means "blue" or ''gök'' in Turkic. The color is identified with the east, so that Göktürk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East".<ref name="Findley 39"/> This idea is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of [[Saka]] origin".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

H.W. Haussig<ref name="Haussig Н 1979"/> and S.G. Kljyashtorny<ref name="ReferenceA"/> suggest an association between the name and the compound "kindred of Ashin" ''ahşaẽna'' - Old Persian, which can get quite satisfactory etymological development. This is so even in East Turkestan - then the desired form would be in the Sogdian '''xs' yn' k'' (-әhšēnē) "blue, dark"; Khotan-Saka (Brahmi) ''āşşeiņa'' (-āşşena) "blue", where a long -ā- emerged as development ahş-> āşş-; in Tocharian A āśna- "blue, dark" (from Khotan-Saka and Sogdian). The Saka etymology ''ashina'' (<āşşeiņa ~ āşşena) with the value "blue" (the color of the sky) is phonetically and semantically flawless. There is a textual support for this version in the ancient runic inscriptions of the Turks.

In the large Orkhon inscriptions, in the story of the first Kagan, people living in the newly created empire, are named ''kök türk'' - translated as "Celestial Turks". Without touching the numerous interpretations ''kök'' may have in this combination, note it's perfect semantic match with the reconstructed value of the name Ashina. An explicit semantic calque suggests knowledge of its original meaning and foreign origin, which is compatible with the multi-ethnic, multi-cultural nature of the
First Turkic khanate, which entailed the loss, however, of the popularity of "national character", in the words of L. Bazin, as was the political and cultural environment of the Otyuken regime of the era of Bilge Kagan.

The name Ashina was recorded in Ancient Arab chronicles in the form - ''Sha - ne''.<ref>Гумилёв Л.Н. Древние тюрки. М.-Л., Наука, 1967.</ref>

=== Writing ===

The Ashina writing system was taken from Sogdian language. The letters used in the construction of the memorial stele describing the heroic exploits of the members of the ruling kagan kind, were Sogdian. Thus the main inscription on the stele Bugutskoy set up in honour of one of the rulers of the First Turkic khanate, is a written Sogdian letter. A Sogdian inscription is found on a broadsword discovered in the burial of an ancient Turkic warrior at the monument at Jolene in the Altai Mountains.

During the period of the Second Eastern Turk, ancient Turkic runic writing spread, which was also influenced by Sogdian. Runes are widespread among the nomadic Turkic peoples in the early Middle Ages.

=== Funeral rite ===
Tanshu describes the funeral rites of the Ashina as follows: "The body of the deceased lived in a tent. Sons, grandchildren and relatives of both sexes slaughter horses and sheep, and as they spread around in front of the tent, sacrifice; they ride on horseback seven times around the tent, and then, at the entrance to the tent slit their own faces with a knife weeping, and spill their blood forward; pouring blood and tears collectively. They do so seven times and it is over. Later in the chosen day they take the horse on which the deceased used to ride, and the things that he used, and burn them along with the corpse: the ashes are then collected and buried in a certain season into the grave. Those who died in the spring and summer, are buried when the leaves on the trees and plants begin to turn yellow and fall; those who died in the fall or winter are buried when the flowers begin to unfold. On the day of the funeral, as well as on the day of his death, the family offers a sacrifice, rides horses and slit their face. The building, which was built on the grave, is decorated with the portrait of the face of the dead man and with the description of battles in which he was as in the continuation of life. Usually they put one stone for every man he killed, they may have a different number of such stones, up to a hundred or even a thousand. when bringing sheep and horses as a sacrifice to a single, they hang their heads on the milestones."

According to D. G. Savinov, no archaeological monument is fully consistent with the description given by I. Bichurin, neither South Siberia nor Central Asia is known yet, although many of its elements are found already in the early Turkic time. According to D. G.Savinov this may be for several reasons:
# Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open;
# The source is a compilation in character, and burial rituals and funeral cycle from various sources are listed in a unified description;
# 'Tukye' funeral rites in the form in which it is recorded in written sources, developed later on the basis of the various components present in some of the archaeological sites of Southern Siberia of early Turkic time.

It is certain that the rite of cremation was adopted among Turkic Hagan and a very narrow ruling stratum of kaganates. It was inherent in, it is the "prince of the tribe," Ashin, who will consider Indo-European origin. Rite of cremation did not spread among the common people of Turkic. This may well be at the origin of the other ethnic groups of the ruling family.

As a result of the use of the rite described Tanshu, of a very narrow class of people (aristocracy), Savinova's assumption most likely is true, on the grounds that the Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open.<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1984-03.htm Савинов Д.Г. Народы Южной Сибири в древнетюркскую эпоху Глава II. Раннетюркское время 1. Древнетюркские генеалогические предания и археологические памятники раннетюркского времени (с. 31-40)]</ref>

Almost all of the elements of the funeral rites of the Ashina have analogues in the Indo-European rites, in particular the Slavic rites. About individual incision Al Bakr can be quoted: "Wives of the same dead cut their hands and faces with knives." Chinese source said that on the day of the funeral, as well as in the day of his death, family used to ride horses. There is likely to have in mind something like Slavic funeral feast. "The building was built on the grave" is an analogue of the Slavic Domowina. Burial of the ashes of the deceased in the vessel (the tomb of Kul Tigin and his wife) as is recorded by the Slav's "Tale of Bygone Years", for example where it says: "burned, and after collecting the bones, put them in a small container."

=== Analysis of written sources and traditions ===
S. G. Kljyashtorny studied the legends of the Ashina clan in comparison with historical evidence. The dynastic chronicle "Sui Shu" carries information that is realistic at its basis, the historiographical value of which now seems undeniable, "and offered to share the early history of the tribes Tÿrk of two consecutive periods: Gansu- Gaochan when the ancestors of the Turks Ashina formed from Posthun and local Iranian tribes on the territory of Eastern Turkestan (III c. BC - 460 AD), and the Altai, when the established Turkic ethnic group moved into the territory of the Mongolian Altai (460- 552 AD.)"

Another Orientalist, Yu. A. Zuev, also points out the origin of the Saka-Wusun Ashina.

In particular, he drew attention to the similarity of the legends about the origin of the [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]] and Ashina.

So in particular Yu. A. Zuev notes:

{|border="1" cellpadding="17"
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"|[[Wusun]]
!style="background:#efefef;"|Ashina
|-
| 1 Annals determines the location of the ancient Wusun lived "between the Qilian and Dunhuang".
| 1 Ashina were to the west of Shihan - Shara-Nora, i.e. in the same area.
|-
| 2 Wusun constituted "a small principality of the western boundary of the [[Xiongnu]]."
| 2 In all versions of the legend, Ashina is a separate branch from the west sea, west to the Xiongnu.
|-
| 3 The Wusun were broken by the [[Yuezhi]] neighbouring tribe, and on their land only a newborn prince survived.
| 3 Ashina too were broken by their neighbours, and then only one boy survived.
|-
| 4 To help the baby came the ancestral totems of the Wusun - wolf and raven, which saved him from death.
| 4. The Ashina boy was saved by a wolf. In the tradition of the crows, but such a gap is filled by the tamgha list, which shows the Ashina tamgha is the Raven.
|-
| 5. The Wusun boy was carried away to the east, in a bid by the ''shanyu'' of the Xiongnu, and was educated there. In the tradition of the Wusun the boy is helped by the gods.
| 5 The ancestors of the Ashina - a boy and a wolf, were carried away by the gods, and they are in the east of the Shara-Nora in Inner Mongolia.
|-
| 6 After a few years the fight between Wusun and Yuezhi breaks out again, which ended in the defeat of the last.
| 6 When he learned that the boy was alive, hostile princes again send an army to destroy the Ashina and with him the totem tribe. However, this hostile plot fails.
|-
| 7 Wusun migrate north-west from the former place of residence, in the Seven Rivers.
| 7 The same course of action is followed by an Ashina. Bid Ashina Helu was on the Talas river.
|-
| 8 The Wusun acquired power and expanded their territory. The first Usun prince had ten sons.
| 8 The same number of children is found in the Ashina legend. But this version of the ten sons was artificially pegged onto the fact of the existence of the ten tribes (He's OK) of the Western Turkic Khanate.
|-
|}

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the Wusun had a family relationship with the ruling clan Ashina in the First Turkic Empire.

Also Orientalists A. N. Bernstamm, D. G. Savinov and others argue about the Saka-Wusun origin of the Ashina clan.

They point out that according to the "Sui Shu" the Ashina ancestors were some "mixed hu (northwestern barbarian) ethnos". A.N. Bernshtamm in the preface to "Collection of information" by N. Bichurin 1950 noted that the Chinese term "hu" - barbarians, i.e. "Not Chinese", had been identified with the name of the Turks. However, according to Bernshtamm, in Chinese, especially in areas of East Turkestan and Central Asia, as a rule (with a few exceptions), this term is understood as not just the Turkic tribes but also the settled, mainly Sogdian population.<ref name="rgo-sib.ru"/>

Sogdians played a huge role in the political, cultural, economic and trade activities of the Turkish Empire. They have, for example, performed important diplomatic missions with rulers, led embassies to the court of Iranian shahs, controlled trade silk. Sogdian preachers engaged in spreading Manichaeism, Christianity (Nestorianism), and Buddhism among the nomads.

These circumstances lead to the conclusion that the tribe Ashina formed in Hexi Pinlyane as delivery of various Indo-European ("mixed hu"). In this area, during the formation of the tribe (III c. BC - 460 AD), the Indo-European population was predominant and, consequently, the Iranian and Tocharian languages. In ethnogenesis of Ashina, that which also follows from the testimony of the Chinese sources, also participated the element of Hunnish childbirth. After the defeat of the state Tszyuytsyuyev in Hexi, the Ashina fled to Gaochang, where after 460 AD they fell under the rule of Juan-Juan and were relocated to the southern spurs of the Altai. Ashina were artisans and they were mainly engaged in metallurgy.

As suggested by D. G. Savinov, in the new places of settlement, including the territory of their newly created possessions, Ashina faced local tribes, the native proto-cultural substrate. Apparently, this time may include the first acculturation processes, initiating the formation of the ancient Turkic historical and cultural complex. Since the beginning of the active military and political activities the Ashina were joined by a variety of Turkic peoples. The name of the new state was Tÿrk (helmet, based on the geographical features of the Altai), and respectively, the population of the state has adopted the name of the Turks. The word became the name of the Ashina ruling dynasty.

A detailed study of the origin of Ashina is conducted by sinologist S. P. Guschin. He notes that from the legend of the origin of Ashina, we know that "Tukyue ancestors come from a reigning house, who lived to the north of the Huns." The title ''saki'' tribes in Chinese sounds like - "Shohei" 索诃, which coincides with the characters about the "reigning house with" 索國.

In the Chinese dictionary, the dialectal reading of character "Shohei" is given in the form of «saak» 索. Also in Chinese phonetic bases character 索 = sāk / sâk, is set in its old reading.

[[File:Ashina tamga.png|thumb|Tamga of Ashina - The Raven]]

=== Tamga Ashina ===

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the presence of crows as the ancient tribal totem of Wusun is doubtful. According to Wusun legend, the ancestors were Wusun raven and the wolf. This fact is reflected in the [[tamga]] of Wusun, which depicts the raven. Tamga Ashina also meant a raven. According to Zuev the gold (or Kagan’s) clan of Ashina tribe was called Shar-Duly, "Golden/Red Raven", "Golden bird Duli"(Middle Persian).

=== Origins and legends ===

According to the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', the Ashina were related to the northern tribes of the [[Xiongnu]], in particular they were of [[Tiele people|Tiele]] tribe by ancestral lineage.<ref>Rachel Lung, Interpreters in Early Imperial China, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, p.48</ref><ref>Duan: "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", 1988, pp.39-41</ref> As early as the 7th century, four theories about their mythical origins were recorded by the ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', ''[[Book of Sui]]'' and ''[[Youyang Zazu]]'':<ref name=ashina>Xue 39-85</ref>

*Ashina was one of ten sons born to a [[grey wolf|grey she-wolf]] (see [[Asena]]) in the north of [[Gaochang]].<ref name=zhoushu>''[[Zhoushu]]'', vol. 50 {{cite web|url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/cho5.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084245/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw:80/ccw/02/cho5.htm |archivedate=2007-10-11 |df= }}</ref>
*The ancestor of the Ashina was a man from the Suo nation (north of [[Xiongnu]]) whose mother was a [[wolf]], and a season goddess.<ref name=zhoushu/>
*The Ashina were mixture stocks from the Pingliang commandery of eastern [[Gansu]].<ref>''[[Suishu]]'', vol. 84 [http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/swa9.htm]</ref>
*The Ashina descended from a skilled [[Archery|archer]] named Shemo, who had once fallen in love with a sea goddess west of [[Ashide]] cave.<ref>''[[Youyang Zazu]]'', vol. 4 [http://www.oa18.com/read/classic/best/xyzz/007.htm]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

These stories were sometimes pieced together to form a chronologically coherent narrative of early Ashina history. However, as the ''Book of Zhou'', the ''Book of Sui'', and the ''Youyang Zazu'' were all written around the same time, during early [[Tang Dynasty]], whether they could truly be considered chronological or rather should be considered competing versions of the Ashina's origin is debatable.<ref name=ashina/> These stories also have parallels in folktales and legends of other Turkic peoples, for instance, the [[Uyghurs]] and the [[Wusun]].

The record of Turks in [[Zhoushu]] (written in the first half of the 7th century) describes the usage of gold in Turks around the mid-5th century: "(The Turks) inlaid gold sculpture of wolf head on their flag; their military men were called Fuli, that is, wolf in Chinese. It is because they are descendant of the wolf, and naming so is for not forgetting their ancestors."<ref name=zhoushu/>

== History ==

The name Ashina first appeared in the Chinese records of the 6th century.<ref name=ashina/> The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia infers that between the years 265 and 460 the Ashina had been part of various late Xiongnu confederations. By about 460 they were subjugated by the Rouran, who ousted them from Xinjiang into the Altay Mountains, where the Ashina gradually emerged as the leaders of the early Turkic confederation, known as the Göktürks.<ref>Klyashtorny passim.</ref> By the 550s, Bumin Khan established the Göktürk Empire, which flourished until the 630s and from 680s until 740s. The Orkhon Valley was the centre of the Ashina power.

Multiple members of the Ashina clan [[Turks in the Tang military|served as generals]] in the [[Tang Dynasty]] military. The general Ashina She'er led a [[campaign against Kucha|Tang campaign against Kucha]] and [[Tang campaign against Karasahr|against Karasahr]] in 648.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=99}} His brother, Ashina Zhong, was also a Tang general.{{sfn|Skaff|2009|p=188}} Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen joined [[Su Dingfang]]'s [[Conquest of the Western Turks|military expedition]] against the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]] in 657.{{sfn|Skaff|2009|p=183}}

After the collapse of the Göktürk empire from the Uyghurs, branches of the Ashina clan moved westward to Europe where they became the kaghans of the Khazars<ref>Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov, André Wink, Nomads in the Sedentary World, Routledge, 2001, p.89</ref><ref>Frederik Coene, The Caucasus: An Introduction, Taylor & Francis, 2009, p.109</ref> and possibly other nomadic peoples with Turkic roots. According to Marquart, the Ashina clan constituted a noble caste throughout the steppes. Similarly, the Bashkir historian and Turkolog Zeki Validi Togan described them as a "desert aristocracy" that provided rulers for a number of Eurasian nomadic empires. Accounts of the Göktürk and Khazar khaganates suggest that the Ashina clan was accorded sacred, perhaps quasi-divine status in the shamanic religion practiced by the steppe nomads in the first century CE.

A relevant example of the special status of this wolf clan is demonstrated by Mongolian history. The Chonos, whose name translates as "wolves", were held in such esteem by Mongolian warlords that when Jamukha in the late 12th century took prisoners of war from the wolf-tribe, during the subsequent victory decapitation ritual he executed them by boiling to avoid the taboo of letting wolf blood mingle with the Earth.Şablon:Citation needed According to Rashid-al-Din, the Chonos came to Mongolia from Ergenekun.

== See also ==
*[[Asen dynasty]]
*[[Asena]]
*[[Ashide]]
*[[Chonos tribe]]
*[[Oghuz Turks]]
*[[Turkmens]](on the Y-DNA of Turkmens)
*[[Timeline of Turks (500-1300)]]
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[Turks in the Tang military]]
*[[Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples]]

== Etymology ==
The Ashina probably comes from one of the [[Iranian languages]] of central Asia and means "blue", ''kok'' in [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], the colour identified with the east, so that Gokturk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East". "The term ''bori'', used to identify the ruler's retinue as 'wolves', probably also derived from one of the Iranian languages", Carter Vaughin Findley has observed.<ref>Findley 39.</ref>

His opinion is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it highly plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of Iranian origin, almost certainly [[Saka]]".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

Former Dr. Zhu Xueyuan derives the name from the related [[Manchu]] word ''[[Aisin]]'' and the early tribe ''[[Wusun]]'' ('''Asin''' or '''Osin''') pronounced earlier in [[archaic Chinese]], a group of people which he highly considered as a [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] people. Zhu asserted that the Xiongnu's tribe Juqu was evidently related to Juji (old pronouncing of [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]]), and that the [[Yuezhi]] was belonged to another Tungusic tribe named Wuzhe, which could all ultimately traced back to the roots of [[Sushen]].<ref>Zhu 68-91.</ref>
The question has recently been renewed by the new reading of the Bugut inscription by a Japanese team: on this [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] inscription, the oldest inscription of the First Turkic empire, the name of the dynasty is clearly written [[Ashinas]]. It is not clear if the previous etymologies can be accepted as they did not took into account this final -s.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*Findley, Carter Vaughin. ''The Turks in World History''. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-517726-6.
* Golden, Peter. ''An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East'', Harrassowitz, 1992.
*{{cite book| last=Grousset | first = René |title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia|year=1970|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1| ref=harv}}
*[http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/085/212.htm Klyashtorny, Sergei. "Орхонские тюрки" ("Orhon Turks").]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''The [[Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]]'' 2nd ed. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1950-1958.
*[[András Róna-Tas|Róna-Tas, András]]. ''Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages''. Central European University Press, 1999. ISBN 963-9116-48-3. Page 280.
*{{cite book|first=Jonathan Karem|last= Skaff|editor=Nicola Di Cosmo|title=Military Culture in Imperial China|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03109-8|ref=harv}}
* Zhu, Xueyuan. ''The Origins of Northern China's Ethnicities''. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 2004. ISBN 7-101-03336-9.
* Xue, Zongzheng. ''A History of Turks''. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press, 1992. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8.

== External links ==
* {{ru icon}} [http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot03.htm Lev Gumilev about the Ashina clan]

{{Göktürks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashina (Clan)}}
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Royal families]]
[[Category:Groups connected to the Khazars]]
[[Category:Göktürks]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]

Tartışma:Ashina

2019-09-29T17:54:46Z

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The '''Ashina''' ({{zh|c=阿史那|p=Āshǐnà|w=A-shih-na}}; [[Middle Chinese]]: ([[Guangyun]]) {{IPA-ltc|ʔɑʃi̯ə˥nɑ˩|}}), also spelled Asen, Asena, or Açina, was a tribe and the ruling dynasty of the ancient [[Turkic peoples]]. They rose to prominence in the mid-[[6th century]] when their leader, [[Bumin Qaghan]], revolted against the [[Rouran Khaganate]]. The two main branches of the family, one descended from Bumin and the other from his brother [[Istemi]], ruled over the eastern and western parts of the [[Göktürks|Göktürk]] confederation, respectively.

== Origin ==
Researchers such as H.W. Haussig,<ref name="Haussig Н 1979">Haussig Н.W. Byzantinische Qullen über Mittelasien in ihrer historischen Aussage // Prolegomena to the sources on the history of pre-Islamic Central Asia. Budapest, 1979. S. 55–56.</ref> S.G. Kljyashtorny,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/klashtorny-sg-1965.htm Кляшторный С.Г. Проблемы ранней истории племени тÿрк (ашина). // Новое в советской археологии. / МИА № 130. М.: 1965. С. 278-281.]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Kjyashtorny S.G. The Royal Clan of the Turks and the Problem of its Designation//Post-Soviet Central Asia. Edited by Touraj Atabaki and John O'Kane. Tauris Academic Studies. London*New York in association with IIAS. The international Institute for Asian Studies. Leiden-Amsterdam, P.366-369.</ref> A.N. Bernstamm,<ref name="rgo-sib.ru">[http://www.rgo-sib.ru/book/kniga/159.htm Бернштам А.Н. Никита Яковлевич Бичурин (Иакинф) и его труд "Собрание сведений..." М.-Л., Наука, 1950.]</ref> C. V. Findley,<ref name="Findley 39">C. V. Findley 39.</ref> B.A. Muratov,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014">Муратов Б.А. ДНК-генеалогия тюркоязычных народов Урала, Волги и Кавказа. Том 4, серия «Этногеномика и ДНК-генеалогия», ЭИ Проект «Суюн». Vila do Conde, Lidergraf, 2014, илл. ISBN 978-5-9904583-2-1.</ref> R.R. Suyunov,<ref>[http://suyun.info/index.php?p=07082014_2 Муратов Б.А., Суюнов Р.Р. Саки-динлины, аорсы, Ашина и потомки кланов Дешти-Кипчака по данным ДНК-генеалогии//Вестник Академии ДНК-генеалогии (Бостон, США) → Том 7, №8, Август 2014, стр. 1198-1226.]</ref> D.G. Savinov,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1988.htm Савинов Д.Г. Владение Цигу древнетюркских генеалогических преданий и таштыкская культура. // Историко-культурные связи народов Южной Сибири. Абакан: 1988. С. 64-74.]</ref> S.P. Guschin,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014"/> Rona-Tas<ref name="Róna-Tas 280">Róna-Tas 280.</ref> and R.N. Frye<ref>[http://www.richardfrye.org/files/Turks_in_Transoxiana.pdf Frye Richard N. Turks in Transoxiana]</ref> have pointed out that the origin of the Ashina is from [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]]. They have put forward this version of the following arguments:

=== Genetics (Data of Y-DNA) ===
During 2015-2016, the Fudan University (Shanghai), headed by ethnogenesist Shao-Qing Wen (文少卿) in [[China]] conducted tests to determine the Y-DNA haplogroup of the representatives of the Turkic clan Ashina (creators and managers Turkic Khanate in the VI-VII centuries) and [[Ashide]](阿史德: another dominant clan which produced empresses, so called [[Khatun]]s, and supreme military leaders).

Subclade of clan Ashina: [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]]-Z93, Z94+, Z2123-, Y2632-.(Ashide: [[Haplogroup Q-L53|Q1a-L53]])<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/23316012/Wen_S.-Q._Muratov_B.A._Suyunov_R.R._The_haplogroups_of_the_representatives_from_ancient_Turkic_clans_-_Ashina_and_Ashide_BEHPS_ISSN_2410-1788_Volume_3_2_1_2_March_2016_P.154-157 Wen S.-Q., Muratov B.A., Suyunov R.R. The haplogroups of the representatives from ancient Turkic clans - Ashina and Ashide//BEHPS, {{ISSN|2410-1788}}, Volume 3, №2[1,2<nowiki>]</nowiki>, March 2016, P.154-157.]</ref> In this research, 6 R-Z94 applicants, who identifies themselves as descendants of the Ashina clan and whose ancestors are known to be originated from [[Gaochang]](高昌), are listed as the descendants of the Ashina, with four of them from China having a surname Shi(史) and two of them from Pashtun Afganistan and Bulgaria.

=== Etymology ===
Findley assumes that the name Ashina comes from one of the [[Saka languages]] of central Asia and means "blue" or ''gök'' in Turkic. The color is identified with the east, so that Göktürk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East".<ref name="Findley 39"/> This idea is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of [[Saka]] origin".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

H.W. Haussig<ref name="Haussig Н 1979"/> and S.G. Kljyashtorny<ref name="ReferenceA"/> suggest an association between the name and the compound "kindred of Ashin" ''ahşaẽna'' - Old Persian, which can get quite satisfactory etymological development. This is so even in East Turkestan - then the desired form would be in the Sogdian '''xs' yn' k'' (-әhšēnē) "blue, dark"; Khotan-Saka (Brahmi) ''āşşeiņa'' (-āşşena) "blue", where a long -ā- emerged as development ahş-> āşş-; in Tocharian A āśna- "blue, dark" (from Khotan-Saka and Sogdian). The Saka etymology ''ashina'' (<āşşeiņa ~ āşşena) with the value "blue" (the color of the sky) is phonetically and semantically flawless. There is a textual support for this version in the ancient runic inscriptions of the Turks.

In the large Orkhon inscriptions, in the story of the first Kagan, people living in the newly created empire, are named ''kök türk'' - translated as "Celestial Turks". Without touching the numerous interpretations ''kök'' may have in this combination, note it's perfect semantic match with the reconstructed value of the name Ashina. An explicit semantic calque suggests knowledge of its original meaning and foreign origin, which is compatible with the multi-ethnic, multi-cultural nature of the
First Turkic khanate, which entailed the loss, however, of the popularity of "national character", in the words of L. Bazin, as was the political and cultural environment of the Otyuken regime of the era of Bilge Kagan.

The name Ashina was recorded in Ancient Arab chronicles in the form - ''Sha - ne''.<ref>Гумилёв Л.Н. Древние тюрки. М.-Л., Наука, 1967.</ref>

=== Writing ===

The Ashina writing system was taken from Sogdian language. The letters used in the construction of the memorial stele describing the heroic exploits of the members of the ruling kagan kind, were Sogdian. Thus the main inscription on the stele Bugutskoy set up in honour of one of the rulers of the First Turkic khanate, is a written Sogdian letter. A Sogdian inscription is found on a broadsword discovered in the burial of an ancient Turkic warrior at the monument at Jolene in the Altai Mountains.

During the period of the Second Eastern Turk, ancient Turkic runic writing spread, which was also influenced by Sogdian. Runes are widespread among the nomadic Turkic peoples in the early Middle Ages.

=== Funeral rite ===
Tanshu describes the funeral rites of the Ashina as follows: "The body of the deceased lived in a tent. Sons, grandchildren and relatives of both sexes slaughter horses and sheep, and as they spread around in front of the tent, sacrifice; they ride on horseback seven times around the tent, and then, at the entrance to the tent slit their own faces with a knife weeping, and spill their blood forward; pouring blood and tears collectively. They do so seven times and it is over. Later in the chosen day they take the horse on which the deceased used to ride, and the things that he used, and burn them along with the corpse: the ashes are then collected and buried in a certain season into the grave. Those who died in the spring and summer, are buried when the leaves on the trees and plants begin to turn yellow and fall; those who died in the fall or winter are buried when the flowers begin to unfold. On the day of the funeral, as well as on the day of his death, the family offers a sacrifice, rides horses and slit their face. The building, which was built on the grave, is decorated with the portrait of the face of the dead man and with the description of battles in which he was as in the continuation of life. Usually they put one stone for every man he killed, they may have a different number of such stones, up to a hundred or even a thousand. when bringing sheep and horses as a sacrifice to a single, they hang their heads on the milestones."

According to D. G. Savinov, no archaeological monument is fully consistent with the description given by I. Bichurin, neither South Siberia nor Central Asia is known yet, although many of its elements are found already in the early Turkic time. According to D. G.Savinov this may be for several reasons:
# Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open;
# The source is a compilation in character, and burial rituals and funeral cycle from various sources are listed in a unified description;
# 'Tukye' funeral rites in the form in which it is recorded in written sources, developed later on the basis of the various components present in some of the archaeological sites of Southern Siberia of early Turkic time.

It is certain that the rite of cremation was adopted among Turkic Hagan and a very narrow ruling stratum of kaganates. It was inherent in, it is the "prince of the tribe," Ashin, who will consider Indo-European origin. Rite of cremation did not spread among the common people of Turkic. This may well be at the origin of the other ethnic groups of the ruling family.

As a result of the use of the rite described Tanshu, of a very narrow class of people (aristocracy), Savinova's assumption most likely is true, on the grounds that the Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open.<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1984-03.htm Савинов Д.Г. Народы Южной Сибири в древнетюркскую эпоху Глава II. Раннетюркское время 1. Древнетюркские генеалогические предания и археологические памятники раннетюркского времени (с. 31-40)]</ref>

Almost all of the elements of the funeral rites of the Ashina have analogues in the Indo-European rites, in particular the Slavic rites. About individual incision Al Bakr can be quoted: "Wives of the same dead cut their hands and faces with knives." Chinese source said that on the day of the funeral, as well as in the day of his death, family used to ride horses. There is likely to have in mind something like Slavic funeral feast. "The building was built on the grave" is an analogue of the Slavic Domowina. Burial of the ashes of the deceased in the vessel (the tomb of Kul Tigin and his wife) as is recorded by the Slav's "Tale of Bygone Years", for example where it says: "burned, and after collecting the bones, put them in a small container."

=== Analysis of written sources and traditions ===
S. G. Kljyashtorny studied the legends of the Ashina clan in comparison with historical evidence. The dynastic chronicle "Sui Shu" carries information that is realistic at its basis, the historiographical value of which now seems undeniable, "and offered to share the early history of the tribes Tÿrk of two consecutive periods: Gansu- Gaochan when the ancestors of the Turks Ashina formed from Posthun and local Iranian tribes on the territory of Eastern Turkestan (III c. BC - 460 AD), and the Altai, when the established Turkic ethnic group moved into the territory of the Mongolian Altai (460- 552 AD.)"

Another Orientalist, Yu. A. Zuev, also points out the origin of the Saka-Wusun Ashina.

In particular, he drew attention to the similarity of the legends about the origin of the [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]] and Ashina.

So in particular Yu. A. Zuev notes:

{|border="1" cellpadding="17"
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"|[[Wusun]]
!style="background:#efefef;"|Ashina
|-
| 1 Annals determines the location of the ancient Wusun lived "between the Qilian and Dunhuang".
| 1 Ashina were to the west of Shihan - Shara-Nora, i.e. in the same area.
|-
| 2 Wusun constituted "a small principality of the western boundary of the [[Xiongnu]]."
| 2 In all versions of the legend, Ashina is a separate branch from the west sea, west to the Xiongnu.
|-
| 3 The Wusun were broken by the [[Yuezhi]] neighbouring tribe, and on their land only a newborn prince survived.
| 3 Ashina too were broken by their neighbours, and then only one boy survived.
|-
| 4 To help the baby came the ancestral totems of the Wusun - wolf and raven, which saved him from death.
| 4. The Ashina boy was saved by a wolf. In the tradition of the crows, but such a gap is filled by the tamgha list, which shows the Ashina tamgha is the Raven.
|-
| 5. The Wusun boy was carried away to the east, in a bid by the ''shanyu'' of the Xiongnu, and was educated there. In the tradition of the Wusun the boy is helped by the gods.
| 5 The ancestors of the Ashina - a boy and a wolf, were carried away by the gods, and they are in the east of the Shara-Nora in Inner Mongolia.
|-
| 6 After a few years the fight between Wusun and Yuezhi breaks out again, which ended in the defeat of the last.
| 6 When he learned that the boy was alive, hostile princes again send an army to destroy the Ashina and with him the totem tribe. However, this hostile plot fails.
|-
| 7 Wusun migrate north-west from the former place of residence, in the Seven Rivers.
| 7 The same course of action is followed by an Ashina. Bid Ashina Helu was on the Talas river.
|-
| 8 The Wusun acquired power and expanded their territory. The first Usun prince had ten sons.
| 8 The same number of children is found in the Ashina legend. But this version of the ten sons was artificially pegged onto the fact of the existence of the ten tribes (He's OK) of the Western Turkic Khanate.
|-
|}

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the Wusun had a family relationship with the ruling clan Ashina in the First Turkic Empire.

Also Orientalists A. N. Bernstamm, D. G. Savinov and others argue about the Saka-Wusun origin of the Ashina clan.

They point out that according to the "Sui Shu" the Ashina ancestors were some "mixed hu (northwestern barbarian) ethnos". A.N. Bernshtamm in the preface to "Collection of information" by N. Bichurin 1950 noted that the Chinese term "hu" - barbarians, i.e. "Not Chinese", had been identified with the name of the Turks. However, according to Bernshtamm, in Chinese, especially in areas of East Turkestan and Central Asia, as a rule (with a few exceptions), this term is understood as not just the Turkic tribes but also the settled, mainly Sogdian population.<ref name="rgo-sib.ru"/>

Sogdians played a huge role in the political, cultural, economic and trade activities of the Turkish Empire. They have, for example, performed important diplomatic missions with rulers, led embassies to the court of Iranian shahs, controlled trade silk. Sogdian preachers engaged in spreading Manichaeism, Christianity (Nestorianism), and Buddhism among the nomads.

These circumstances lead to the conclusion that the tribe Ashina formed in Hexi Pinlyane as delivery of various Indo-European ("mixed hu"). In this area, during the formation of the tribe (III c. BC - 460 AD), the Indo-European population was predominant and, consequently, the Iranian and Tocharian languages. In ethnogenesis of Ashina, that which also follows from the testimony of the Chinese sources, also participated the element of Hunnish childbirth. After the defeat of the state Tszyuytsyuyev in Hexi, the Ashina fled to Gaochang, where after 460 AD they fell under the rule of Juan-Juan and were relocated to the southern spurs of the Altai. Ashina were artisans and they were mainly engaged in metallurgy.

As suggested by D. G. Savinov, in the new places of settlement, including the territory of their newly created possessions, Ashina faced local tribes, the native proto-cultural substrate. Apparently, this time may include the first acculturation processes, initiating the formation of the ancient Turkic historical and cultural complex. Since the beginning of the active military and political activities the Ashina were joined by a variety of Turkic peoples. The name of the new state was Tÿrk (helmet, based on the geographical features of the Altai), and respectively, the population of the state has adopted the name of the Turks. The word became the name of the Ashina ruling dynasty.

A detailed study of the origin of Ashina is conducted by sinologist S. P. Guschin. He notes that from the legend of the origin of Ashina, we know that "Tukyue ancestors come from a reigning house, who lived to the north of the Huns." The title ''saki'' tribes in Chinese sounds like - "Shohei" 索诃, which coincides with the characters about the "reigning house with" 索國.

In the Chinese dictionary, the dialectal reading of character "Shohei" is given in the form of «saak» 索. Also in Chinese phonetic bases character 索 = sāk / sâk, is set in its old reading.

[[File:Ashina tamga.png|thumb|Tamga of Ashina - The Raven]]

=== Tamga Ashina ===

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the presence of crows as the ancient tribal totem of Wusun is doubtful. According to Wusun legend, the ancestors were Wusun raven and the wolf. This fact is reflected in the [[tamga]] of Wusun, which depicts the raven. Tamga Ashina also meant a raven. According to Zuev the gold (or Kagan’s) clan of Ashina tribe was called Shar-Duly, "Golden/Red Raven", "Golden bird Duli"(Middle Persian).

=== Origins and legends ===

According to the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', the Ashina were related to the northern tribes of the [[Xiongnu]], in particular they were of [[Tiele people|Tiele]] tribe by ancestral lineage.<ref>Rachel Lung, Interpreters in Early Imperial China, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, p.48</ref><ref>Duan: "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", 1988, pp.39-41</ref> As early as the 7th century, four theories about their mythical origins were recorded by the ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', ''[[Book of Sui]]'' and ''[[Youyang Zazu]]'':<ref name=ashina>Xue 39-85</ref>

*Ashina was one of ten sons born to a [[grey wolf|grey she-wolf]] (see [[Asena]]) in the north of [[Gaochang]].<ref name=zhoushu>''[[Zhoushu]]'', vol. 50 {{cite web|url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/cho5.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084245/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw:80/ccw/02/cho5.htm |archivedate=2007-10-11 |df= }}</ref>
*The ancestor of the Ashina was a man from the Suo nation (north of [[Xiongnu]]) whose mother was a [[wolf]], and a season goddess.<ref name=zhoushu/>
*The Ashina were mixture stocks from the Pingliang commandery of eastern [[Gansu]].<ref>''[[Suishu]]'', vol. 84 [http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/swa9.htm]</ref>
*The Ashina descended from a skilled [[Archery|archer]] named Shemo, who had once fallen in love with a sea goddess west of [[Ashide]] cave.<ref>''[[Youyang Zazu]]'', vol. 4 [http://www.oa18.com/read/classic/best/xyzz/007.htm]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

These stories were sometimes pieced together to form a chronologically coherent narrative of early Ashina history. However, as the ''Book of Zhou'', the ''Book of Sui'', and the ''Youyang Zazu'' were all written around the same time, during early [[Tang Dynasty]], whether they could truly be considered chronological or rather should be considered competing versions of the Ashina's origin is debatable.<ref name=ashina/> These stories also have parallels in folktales and legends of other Turkic peoples, for instance, the [[Uyghurs]] and the [[Wusun]].

The record of Turks in [[Zhoushu]] (written in the first half of the 7th century) describes the usage of gold in Turks around the mid-5th century: "(The Turks) inlaid gold sculpture of wolf head on their flag; their military men were called Fuli, that is, wolf in Chinese. It is because they are descendant of the wolf, and naming so is for not forgetting their ancestors."<ref name=zhoushu/>

== History ==

The name Ashina first appeared in the Chinese records of the 6th century.<ref name=ashina/> The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia infers that between the years 265 and 460 the Ashina had been part of various late Xiongnu confederations. By about 460 they were subjugated by the Rouran, who ousted them from Xinjiang into the Altay Mountains, where the Ashina gradually emerged as the leaders of the early Turkic confederation, known as the Göktürks.<ref>Klyashtorny passim.</ref> By the 550s, Bumin Khan established the Göktürk Empire, which flourished until the 630s and from 680s until 740s. The Orkhon Valley was the centre of the Ashina power.

Multiple members of the Ashina clan served as generals in the Tang Dynasty military. The general Ashina She'er led a Tang campaign against Kucha and against Karasahr in 648.Şablon:Sfn His brother, Ashina Zhong, was also a Tang general.Şablon:Sfn Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen joined Su Dingfang's military expedition against the Western Turkic Khaganate in 657.Şablon:Sfn

After the collapse of the Göktürk empire from the Uyghurs, branches of the Ashina clan moved westward to Europe where they became the kaghans of the Khazars<ref>Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov, André Wink, Nomads in the Sedentary World, Routledge, 2001, p.89</ref><ref>Frederik Coene, The Caucasus: An Introduction, Taylor & Francis, 2009, p.109</ref> and possibly other nomadic peoples with Turkic roots. According to Marquart, the Ashina clan constituted a noble caste throughout the steppes. Similarly, the Bashkir historian and Turkolog Zeki Validi Togan described them as a "desert aristocracy" that provided rulers for a number of Eurasian nomadic empires. Accounts of the Göktürk and Khazar khaganates suggest that the Ashina clan was accorded sacred, perhaps quasi-divine status in the shamanic religion practiced by the steppe nomads in the first century CE.

A relevant example of the special status of this wolf clan is demonstrated by Mongolian history. The Chonos, whose name translates as "wolves", were held in such esteem by Mongolian warlords that when Jamukha in the late 12th century took prisoners of war from the wolf-tribe, during the subsequent victory decapitation ritual he executed them by boiling to avoid the taboo of letting wolf blood mingle with the Earth.Şablon:Citation needed According to Rashid-al-Din, the Chonos came to Mongolia from Ergenekun.

== See also ==
*[[Asen dynasty]]
*[[Asena]]
*[[Ashide]]
*[[Chonos tribe]]
*[[Oghuz Turks]]
*[[Turkmens]](on the Y-DNA of Turkmens)
*[[Timeline of Turks (500-1300)]]
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[Turks in the Tang military]]
*[[Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples]]

== Etymology ==
The Ashina probably comes from one of the [[Iranian languages]] of central Asia and means "blue", ''kok'' in [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], the colour identified with the east, so that Gokturk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East". "The term ''bori'', used to identify the ruler's retinue as 'wolves', probably also derived from one of the Iranian languages", Carter Vaughin Findley has observed.<ref>Findley 39.</ref>

His opinion is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it highly plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of Iranian origin, almost certainly [[Saka]]".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

Former Dr. Zhu Xueyuan derives the name from the related [[Manchu]] word ''[[Aisin]]'' and the early tribe ''[[Wusun]]'' ('''Asin''' or '''Osin''') pronounced earlier in [[archaic Chinese]], a group of people which he highly considered as a [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] people. Zhu asserted that the Xiongnu's tribe Juqu was evidently related to Juji (old pronouncing of [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]]), and that the [[Yuezhi]] was belonged to another Tungusic tribe named Wuzhe, which could all ultimately traced back to the roots of [[Sushen]].<ref>Zhu 68-91.</ref>
The question has recently been renewed by the new reading of the Bugut inscription by a Japanese team: on this [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] inscription, the oldest inscription of the First Turkic empire, the name of the dynasty is clearly written [[Ashinas]]. It is not clear if the previous etymologies can be accepted as they did not took into account this final -s.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*Findley, Carter Vaughin. ''The Turks in World History''. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-517726-6.
* Golden, Peter. ''An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East'', Harrassowitz, 1992.
*{{cite book| last=Grousset | first = René |title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia|year=1970|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1| ref=harv}}
*[http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/085/212.htm Klyashtorny, Sergei. "Орхонские тюрки" ("Orhon Turks").]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''The [[Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]]'' 2nd ed. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1950-1958.
*[[András Róna-Tas|Róna-Tas, András]]. ''Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages''. Central European University Press, 1999. ISBN 963-9116-48-3. Page 280.
*{{cite book|first=Jonathan Karem|last= Skaff|editor=Nicola Di Cosmo|title=Military Culture in Imperial China|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03109-8|ref=harv}}
* Zhu, Xueyuan. ''The Origins of Northern China's Ethnicities''. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 2004. ISBN 7-101-03336-9.
* Xue, Zongzheng. ''A History of Turks''. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press, 1992. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8.

== External links ==
* {{ru icon}} [http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot03.htm Lev Gumilev about the Ashina clan]

{{Göktürks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashina (Clan)}}
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Royal families]]
[[Category:Groups connected to the Khazars]]
[[Category:Göktürks]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]

Tartışma:Ashina

2019-09-29T17:30:49Z

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The '''Ashina''' ({{zh|c=阿史那|p=Āshǐnà|w=A-shih-na}}; [[Middle Chinese]]: ([[Guangyun]]) {{IPA-ltc|ʔɑʃi̯ə˥nɑ˩|}}), also spelled Asen, Asena, or Açina, was a tribe and the ruling dynasty of the ancient [[Turkic peoples]]. They rose to prominence in the mid-[[6th century]] when their leader, [[Bumin Qaghan]], revolted against the [[Rouran Khaganate]]. The two main branches of the family, one descended from Bumin and the other from his brother [[Istemi]], ruled over the eastern and western parts of the [[Göktürks|Göktürk]] confederation, respectively.

== Origin ==
Researchers such as H.W. Haussig,<ref name="Haussig Н 1979">Haussig Н.W. Byzantinische Qullen über Mittelasien in ihrer historischen Aussage // Prolegomena to the sources on the history of pre-Islamic Central Asia. Budapest, 1979. S. 55–56.</ref> S.G. Kljyashtorny,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/klashtorny-sg-1965.htm Кляшторный С.Г. Проблемы ранней истории племени тÿрк (ашина). // Новое в советской археологии. / МИА № 130. М.: 1965. С. 278-281.]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Kjyashtorny S.G. The Royal Clan of the Turks and the Problem of its Designation//Post-Soviet Central Asia. Edited by Touraj Atabaki and John O'Kane. Tauris Academic Studies. London*New York in association with IIAS. The international Institute for Asian Studies. Leiden-Amsterdam, P.366-369.</ref> A.N. Bernstamm,<ref name="rgo-sib.ru">[http://www.rgo-sib.ru/book/kniga/159.htm Бернштам А.Н. Никита Яковлевич Бичурин (Иакинф) и его труд "Собрание сведений..." М.-Л., Наука, 1950.]</ref> C. V. Findley,<ref name="Findley 39">C. V. Findley 39.</ref> B.A. Muratov,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014">Муратов Б.А. ДНК-генеалогия тюркоязычных народов Урала, Волги и Кавказа. Том 4, серия «Этногеномика и ДНК-генеалогия», ЭИ Проект «Суюн». Vila do Conde, Lidergraf, 2014, илл. ISBN 978-5-9904583-2-1.</ref> R.R. Suyunov,<ref>[http://suyun.info/index.php?p=07082014_2 Муратов Б.А., Суюнов Р.Р. Саки-динлины, аорсы, Ашина и потомки кланов Дешти-Кипчака по данным ДНК-генеалогии//Вестник Академии ДНК-генеалогии (Бостон, США) → Том 7, №8, Август 2014, стр. 1198-1226.]</ref> D.G. Savinov,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1988.htm Савинов Д.Г. Владение Цигу древнетюркских генеалогических преданий и таштыкская культура. // Историко-культурные связи народов Южной Сибири. Абакан: 1988. С. 64-74.]</ref> S.P. Guschin,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014"/> Rona-Tas<ref name="Róna-Tas 280">Róna-Tas 280.</ref> and R.N. Frye<ref>[http://www.richardfrye.org/files/Turks_in_Transoxiana.pdf Frye Richard N. Turks in Transoxiana]</ref> have pointed out that the origin of the Ashina is from [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]]. They have put forward this version of the following arguments:

=== Genetics (Data of Y-DNA) ===
During 2015-2016, the Fudan University (Shanghai), headed by ethnogenesist Shao-Qing Wen (文少卿) in [[China]] conducted tests to determine the Y-DNA haplogroup of the representatives of the Turkic clan Ashina (creators and managers Turkic Khanate in the VI-VII centuries) and [[Ashide]](阿史德: another dominant clan which produced empresses, so called [[Khatun]]s, and supreme military leaders).

Subclade of clan Ashina: [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]]-Z93, Z94+, Z2123-, Y2632-.(Ashide: [[Haplogroup Q-L53|Q1a-L53]])<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/23316012/Wen_S.-Q._Muratov_B.A._Suyunov_R.R._The_haplogroups_of_the_representatives_from_ancient_Turkic_clans_-_Ashina_and_Ashide_BEHPS_ISSN_2410-1788_Volume_3_2_1_2_March_2016_P.154-157 Wen S.-Q., Muratov B.A., Suyunov R.R. The haplogroups of the representatives from ancient Turkic clans - Ashina and Ashide//BEHPS, {{ISSN|2410-1788}}, Volume 3, №2[1,2<nowiki>]</nowiki>, March 2016, P.154-157.]</ref> In this research, 6 R-Z94 applicants, who identifies themselves as descendants of the Ashina clan and whose ancestors are known to be originated from [[Gaochang]](高昌), are listed as the descendants of the Ashina, with four of them from China having a surname Shi(史) and two of them from Pashtun Afganistan and Bulgaria.

=== Etymology ===
Findley assumes that the name Ashina comes from one of the [[Saka languages]] of central Asia and means "blue" or ''gök'' in Turkic. The color is identified with the east, so that Göktürk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East".<ref name="Findley 39"/> This idea is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of [[Saka]] origin".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

H.W. Haussig<ref name="Haussig Н 1979"/> and S.G. Kljyashtorny<ref name="ReferenceA"/> suggest an association between the name and the compound "kindred of Ashin" ''ahşaẽna'' - Old Persian, which can get quite satisfactory etymological development. This is so even in East Turkestan - then the desired form would be in the Sogdian '''xs' yn' k'' (-әhšēnē) "blue, dark"; Khotan-Saka (Brahmi) ''āşşeiņa'' (-āşşena) "blue", where a long -ā- emerged as development ahş-> āşş-; in Tocharian A āśna- "blue, dark" (from Khotan-Saka and Sogdian). The Saka etymology ''ashina'' (<āşşeiņa ~ āşşena) with the value "blue" (the color of the sky) is phonetically and semantically flawless. There is a textual support for this version in the ancient runic inscriptions of the Turks.

In the large Orkhon inscriptions, in the story of the first Kagan, people living in the newly created empire, are named ''kök türk'' - translated as "Celestial Turks". Without touching the numerous interpretations ''kök'' may have in this combination, note it's perfect semantic match with the reconstructed value of the name Ashina. An explicit semantic calque suggests knowledge of its original meaning and foreign origin, which is compatible with the multi-ethnic, multi-cultural nature of the
First Turkic khanate, which entailed the loss, however, of the popularity of "national character", in the words of L. Bazin, as was the political and cultural environment of the Otyuken regime of the era of Bilge Kagan.

The name Ashina was recorded in Ancient Arab chronicles in the form - ''Sha - ne''.<ref>Гумилёв Л.Н. Древние тюрки. М.-Л., Наука, 1967.</ref>

=== Writing ===

The Ashina writing system was taken from Sogdian language. The letters used in the construction of the memorial stele describing the heroic exploits of the members of the ruling kagan kind, were Sogdian. Thus the main inscription on the stele Bugutskoy set up in honour of one of the rulers of the First Turkic khanate, is a written Sogdian letter. A Sogdian inscription is found on a broadsword discovered in the burial of an ancient Turkic warrior at the monument at Jolene in the Altai Mountains.

During the period of the Second Eastern Turk, ancient Turkic runic writing spread, which was also influenced by Sogdian. Runes are widespread among the nomadic Turkic peoples in the early Middle Ages.

=== Funeral rite ===
Tanshu describes the funeral rites of the Ashina as follows: "The body of the deceased lived in a tent. Sons, grandchildren and relatives of both sexes slaughter horses and sheep, and as they spread around in front of the tent, sacrifice; they ride on horseback seven times around the tent, and then, at the entrance to the tent slit their own faces with a knife weeping, and spill their blood forward; pouring blood and tears collectively. They do so seven times and it is over. Later in the chosen day they take the horse on which the deceased used to ride, and the things that he used, and burn them along with the corpse: the ashes are then collected and buried in a certain season into the grave. Those who died in the spring and summer, are buried when the leaves on the trees and plants begin to turn yellow and fall; those who died in the fall or winter are buried when the flowers begin to unfold. On the day of the funeral, as well as on the day of his death, the family offers a sacrifice, rides horses and slit their face. The building, which was built on the grave, is decorated with the portrait of the face of the dead man and with the description of battles in which he was as in the continuation of life. Usually they put one stone for every man he killed, they may have a different number of such stones, up to a hundred or even a thousand. when bringing sheep and horses as a sacrifice to a single, they hang their heads on the milestones."

According to D. G. Savinov, no archaeological monument is fully consistent with the description given by I. Bichurin, neither South Siberia nor Central Asia is known yet, although many of its elements are found already in the early Turkic time. According to D. G.Savinov this may be for several reasons:
# Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open;
# The source is a compilation in character, and burial rituals and funeral cycle from various sources are listed in a unified description;
# 'Tukye' funeral rites in the form in which it is recorded in written sources, developed later on the basis of the various components present in some of the archaeological sites of Southern Siberia of early Turkic time.

It is certain that the rite of cremation was adopted among Turkic Hagan and a very narrow ruling stratum of kaganates. It was inherent in, it is the "prince of the tribe," Ashin, who will consider Indo-European origin. Rite of cremation did not spread among the common people of Turkic. This may well be at the origin of the other ethnic groups of the ruling family.

As a result of the use of the rite described Tanshu, of a very narrow class of people (aristocracy), Savinova's assumption most likely is true, on the grounds that the Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open.<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1984-03.htm Савинов Д.Г. Народы Южной Сибири в древнетюркскую эпоху Глава II. Раннетюркское время 1. Древнетюркские генеалогические предания и археологические памятники раннетюркского времени (с. 31-40)]</ref>

Almost all of the elements of the funeral rites of the Ashina have analogues in the Indo-European rites, in particular the Slavic rites. About individual incision Al Bakr can be quoted: "Wives of the same dead cut their hands and faces with knives." Chinese source said that on the day of the funeral, as well as in the day of his death, family used to ride horses. There is likely to have in mind something like Slavic funeral feast. "The building was built on the grave" is an analogue of the Slavic Domowina. Burial of the ashes of the deceased in the vessel (the tomb of Kul Tigin and his wife) as is recorded by the Slav's "Tale of Bygone Years", for example where it says: "burned, and after collecting the bones, put them in a small container."

=== Analysis of written sources and traditions ===
S. G. Kljyashtorny studied the legends of the Ashina clan in comparison with historical evidence. The dynastic chronicle "Sui Shu" carries information that is realistic at its basis, the historiographical value of which now seems undeniable, "and offered to share the early history of the tribes Tÿrk of two consecutive periods: Gansu- Gaochan when the ancestors of the Turks Ashina formed from Posthun and local Iranian tribes on the territory of Eastern Turkestan (III c. BC - 460 AD), and the Altai, when the established Turkic ethnic group moved into the territory of the Mongolian Altai (460- 552 AD.)"

Another Orientalist, Yu. A. Zuev, also points out the origin of the Saka-Wusun Ashina.

In particular, he drew attention to the similarity of the legends about the origin of the [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]] and Ashina.

So in particular Yu. A. Zuev notes:

{|border="1" cellpadding="17"
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"|[[Wusun]]
!style="background:#efefef;"|Ashina
|-
| 1 Annals determines the location of the ancient Wusun lived "between the Qilian and Dunhuang".
| 1 Ashina were to the west of Shihan - Shara-Nora, i.e. in the same area.
|-
| 2 Wusun constituted "a small principality of the western boundary of the [[Xiongnu]]."
| 2 In all versions of the legend, Ashina is a separate branch from the west sea, west to the Xiongnu.
|-
| 3 The Wusun were broken by the [[Yuezhi]] neighbouring tribe, and on their land only a newborn prince survived.
| 3 Ashina too were broken by their neighbours, and then only one boy survived.
|-
| 4 To help the baby came the ancestral totems of the Wusun - wolf and raven, which saved him from death.
| 4. The Ashina boy was saved by a wolf. In the tradition of the crows, but such a gap is filled by the tamgha list, which shows the Ashina tamgha is the Raven.
|-
| 5. The Wusun boy was carried away to the east, in a bid by the ''shanyu'' of the Xiongnu, and was educated there. In the tradition of the Wusun the boy is helped by the gods.
| 5 The ancestors of the Ashina - a boy and a wolf, were carried away by the gods, and they are in the east of the Shara-Nora in Inner Mongolia.
|-
| 6 After a few years the fight between Wusun and Yuezhi breaks out again, which ended in the defeat of the last.
| 6 When he learned that the boy was alive, hostile princes again send an army to destroy the Ashina and with him the totem tribe. However, this hostile plot fails.
|-
| 7 Wusun migrate north-west from the former place of residence, in the Seven Rivers.
| 7 The same course of action is followed by an Ashina. Bid Ashina Helu was on the Talas river.
|-
| 8 The Wusun acquired power and expanded their territory. The first Usun prince had ten sons.
| 8 The same number of children is found in the Ashina legend. But this version of the ten sons was artificially pegged onto the fact of the existence of the ten tribes (He's OK) of the Western Turkic Khanate.
|-
|}

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the Wusun had a family relationship with the ruling clan Ashina in the First Turkic Empire.

Also Orientalists A. N. Bernstamm, D. G. Savinov and others argue about the Saka-Wusun origin of the Ashina clan.

They point out that according to the "Sui Shu" the Ashina ancestors were some "mixed hu (northwestern barbarian) ethnos". A.N. Bernshtamm in the preface to "Collection of information" by N. Bichurin 1950 noted that the Chinese term "hu" - barbarians, i.e. "Not Chinese", had been identified with the name of the Turks. However, according to Bernshtamm, in Chinese, especially in areas of East Turkestan and Central Asia, as a rule (with a few exceptions), this term is understood as not just the Turkic tribes but also the settled, mainly Sogdian population.<ref name="rgo-sib.ru"/>

Sogdians played a huge role in the political, cultural, economic and trade activities of the Turkish Empire. They have, for example, performed important diplomatic missions with rulers, led embassies to the court of Iranian shahs, controlled trade silk. Sogdian preachers engaged in spreading Manichaeism, Christianity (Nestorianism), and Buddhism among the nomads.

These circumstances lead to the conclusion that the tribe Ashina formed in Hexi Pinlyane as delivery of various Indo-European ("mixed hu"). In this area, during the formation of the tribe (III c. BC - 460 AD), the Indo-European population was predominant and, consequently, the Iranian and Tocharian languages. In ethnogenesis of Ashina, that which also follows from the testimony of the Chinese sources, also participated the element of Hunnish childbirth. After the defeat of the state Tszyuytsyuyev in Hexi, the Ashina fled to Gaochang, where after 460 AD they fell under the rule of Juan-Juan and were relocated to the southern spurs of the Altai. Ashina were artisans and they were mainly engaged in metallurgy.

As suggested by D. G. Savinov, in the new places of settlement, including the territory of their newly created possessions, Ashina faced local tribes, the native proto-cultural substrate. Apparently, this time may include the first acculturation processes, initiating the formation of the ancient Turkic historical and cultural complex. Since the beginning of the active military and political activities the Ashina were joined by a variety of Turkic peoples. The name of the new state was Tÿrk (helmet, based on the geographical features of the Altai), and respectively, the population of the state has adopted the name of the Turks. The word became the name of the Ashina ruling dynasty.

A detailed study of the origin of Ashina is conducted by sinologist S. P. Guschin. He notes that from the legend of the origin of Ashina, we know that "Tukyue ancestors come from a reigning house, who lived to the north of the Huns." The title ''saki'' tribes in Chinese sounds like - "Shohei" 索诃, which coincides with the characters about the "reigning house with" 索國.

In the Chinese dictionary, the dialectal reading of character "Shohei" is given in the form of «saak» 索. Also in Chinese phonetic bases character 索 = sāk / sâk, is set in its old reading.

[[File:Ashina tamga.png|thumb|Tamga of Ashina - The Raven]]

=== Tamga Ashina ===

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the presence of crows as the ancient tribal totem of Wusun is doubtful. According to Wusun legend, the ancestors were Wusun raven and the wolf. This fact is reflected in the [[tamga]] of Wusun, which depicts the raven. Tamga Ashina also meant a raven. According to Zuev the gold (or Kagan’s) clan of Ashina tribe was called Shar-Duly, "Golden/Red Raven", "Golden bird Duli"(Middle Persian).

=== Origins and legends ===

According to the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', the Ashina were related to the northern tribes of the [[Xiongnu]], in particular they were of [[Tiele people|Tiele]] tribe by ancestral lineage.<ref>Rachel Lung, Interpreters in Early Imperial China, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, p.48</ref><ref>Duan: "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", 1988, pp.39-41</ref> As early as the 7th century, four theories about their mythical origins were recorded by the ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', ''[[Book of Sui]]'' and ''[[Youyang Zazu]]'':<ref name=ashina>Xue 39-85</ref>

*Ashina was one of ten sons born to a [[grey wolf|grey she-wolf]] (see [[Asena]]) in the north of [[Gaochang]].<ref name=zhoushu>''[[Zhoushu]]'', vol. 50 {{cite web|url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/cho5.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084245/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw:80/ccw/02/cho5.htm |archivedate=2007-10-11 |df= }}</ref>
*The ancestor of the Ashina was a man from the Suo nation (north of [[Xiongnu]]) whose mother was a [[wolf]], and a season goddess.<ref name=zhoushu/>
*The Ashina were mixture stocks from the Pingliang commandery of eastern [[Gansu]].<ref>''[[Suishu]]'', vol. 84 [http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/swa9.htm]</ref>
*The Ashina descended from a skilled [[Archery|archer]] named Shemo, who had once fallen in love with a sea goddess west of [[Ashide]] cave.<ref>''[[Youyang Zazu]]'', vol. 4 [http://www.oa18.com/read/classic/best/xyzz/007.htm]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

These stories were sometimes pieced together to form a chronologically coherent narrative of early Ashina history. However, as the ''Book of Zhou'', the ''Book of Sui'', and the ''Youyang Zazu'' were all written around the same time, during early [[Tang Dynasty]], whether they could truly be considered chronological or rather should be considered competing versions of the Ashina's origin is debatable.<ref name=ashina/> These stories also have parallels in folktales and legends of other Turkic peoples, for instance, the [[Uyghurs]] and the [[Wusun]].

The record of Turks in [[Zhoushu]] (written in the first half of the 7th century) describes the usage of gold in Turks around the mid-5th century: "(The Turks) inlaid gold sculpture of wolf head on their flag; their military men were called Fuli, that is, wolf in Chinese. It is because they are descendant of the wolf, and naming so is for not forgetting their ancestors."<ref name=zhoushu/>

== History ==

The name Ashina

== See also ==
*[[Asen dynasty]]
*[[Asena]]
*[[Ashide]]
*[[Chonos tribe]]
*[[Oghuz Turks]]
*[[Turkmens]](on the Y-DNA of Turkmens)
*[[Timeline of Turks (500-1300)]]
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[Turks in the Tang military]]
*[[Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples]]

== Etymology ==
The Ashina probably comes from one of the [[Iranian languages]] of central Asia and means "blue", ''kok'' in [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], the colour identified with the east, so that Gokturk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East". "The term ''bori'', used to identify the ruler's retinue as 'wolves', probably also derived from one of the Iranian languages", Carter Vaughin Findley has observed.<ref>Findley 39.</ref>

His opinion is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it highly plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of Iranian origin, almost certainly [[Saka]]".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

Former Dr. Zhu Xueyuan derives the name from the related [[Manchu]] word ''[[Aisin]]'' and the early tribe ''[[Wusun]]'' ('''Asin''' or '''Osin''') pronounced earlier in [[archaic Chinese]], a group of people which he highly considered as a [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] people. Zhu asserted that the Xiongnu's tribe Juqu was evidently related to Juji (old pronouncing of [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]]), and that the [[Yuezhi]] was belonged to another Tungusic tribe named Wuzhe, which could all ultimately traced back to the roots of [[Sushen]].<ref>Zhu 68-91.</ref>
The question has recently been renewed by the new reading of the Bugut inscription by a Japanese team: on this [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] inscription, the oldest inscription of the First Turkic empire, the name of the dynasty is clearly written [[Ashinas]]. It is not clear if the previous etymologies can be accepted as they did not took into account this final -s.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*Findley, Carter Vaughin. ''The Turks in World History''. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-517726-6.
* Golden, Peter. ''An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East'', Harrassowitz, 1992.
*{{cite book| last=Grousset | first = René |title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia|year=1970|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1| ref=harv}}
*[http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/085/212.htm Klyashtorny, Sergei. "Орхонские тюрки" ("Orhon Turks").]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''The [[Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]]'' 2nd ed. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1950-1958.
*[[András Róna-Tas|Róna-Tas, András]]. ''Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages''. Central European University Press, 1999. ISBN 963-9116-48-3. Page 280.
*{{cite book|first=Jonathan Karem|last= Skaff|editor=Nicola Di Cosmo|title=Military Culture in Imperial China|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03109-8|ref=harv}}
* Zhu, Xueyuan. ''The Origins of Northern China's Ethnicities''. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 2004. ISBN 7-101-03336-9.
* Xue, Zongzheng. ''A History of Turks''. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press, 1992. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8.

== External links ==
* {{ru icon}} [http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot03.htm Lev Gumilev about the Ashina clan]

{{Göktürks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashina (Clan)}}
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Royal families]]
[[Category:Groups connected to the Khazars]]
[[Category:Göktürks]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]

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{{Other uses|Ashina (disambiguation)}}
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The '''Ashina''' ({{zh|c=阿史那|p=Āshǐnà|w=A-shih-na}}; [[Middle Chinese]]: ([[Guangyun]]) {{IPA-ltc|ʔɑʃi̯ə˥nɑ˩|}}), also spelled Asen, Asena, or Açina, was a tribe and the ruling dynasty of the ancient [[Turkic peoples]]. They rose to prominence in the mid-[[6th century]] when their leader, [[Bumin Qaghan]], revolted against the [[Rouran Khaganate]]. The two main branches of the family, one descended from Bumin and the other from his brother [[Istemi]], ruled over the eastern and western parts of the [[Göktürks|Göktürk]] confederation, respectively.

== Origin ==
Researchers such as H.W. Haussig,<ref name="Haussig Н 1979">Haussig Н.W. Byzantinische Qullen über Mittelasien in ihrer historischen Aussage // Prolegomena to the sources on the history of pre-Islamic Central Asia. Budapest, 1979. S. 55–56.</ref> S.G. Kljyashtorny,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/klashtorny-sg-1965.htm Кляшторный С.Г. Проблемы ранней истории племени тÿрк (ашина). // Новое в советской археологии. / МИА № 130. М.: 1965. С. 278-281.]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Kjyashtorny S.G. The Royal Clan of the Turks and the Problem of its Designation//Post-Soviet Central Asia. Edited by Touraj Atabaki and John O'Kane. Tauris Academic Studies. London*New York in association with IIAS. The international Institute for Asian Studies. Leiden-Amsterdam, P.366-369.</ref> A.N. Bernstamm,<ref name="rgo-sib.ru">[http://www.rgo-sib.ru/book/kniga/159.htm Бернштам А.Н. Никита Яковлевич Бичурин (Иакинф) и его труд "Собрание сведений..." М.-Л., Наука, 1950.]</ref> C. V. Findley,<ref name="Findley 39">C. V. Findley 39.</ref> B.A. Muratov,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014">Муратов Б.А. ДНК-генеалогия тюркоязычных народов Урала, Волги и Кавказа. Том 4, серия «Этногеномика и ДНК-генеалогия», ЭИ Проект «Суюн». Vila do Conde, Lidergraf, 2014, илл. ISBN 978-5-9904583-2-1.</ref> R.R. Suyunov,<ref>[http://suyun.info/index.php?p=07082014_2 Муратов Б.А., Суюнов Р.Р. Саки-динлины, аорсы, Ашина и потомки кланов Дешти-Кипчака по данным ДНК-генеалогии//Вестник Академии ДНК-генеалогии (Бостон, США) → Том 7, №8, Август 2014, стр. 1198-1226.]</ref> D.G. Savinov,<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1988.htm Савинов Д.Г. Владение Цигу древнетюркских генеалогических преданий и таштыкская культура. // Историко-культурные связи народов Южной Сибири. Абакан: 1988. С. 64-74.]</ref> S.P. Guschin,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014"/> Rona-Tas<ref name="Róna-Tas 280">Róna-Tas 280.</ref> and R.N. Frye<ref>[http://www.richardfrye.org/files/Turks_in_Transoxiana.pdf Frye Richard N. Turks in Transoxiana]</ref> have pointed out that the origin of the Ashina is from [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]]. They have put forward this version of the following arguments:

=== Genetics (Data of Y-DNA) ===
During 2015-2016, the Fudan University (Shanghai), headed by ethnogenesist Shao-Qing Wen (文少卿) in [[China]] conducted tests to determine the Y-DNA haplogroup of the representatives of the Turkic clan Ashina (creators and managers Turkic Khanate in the VI-VII centuries) and [[Ashide]](阿史德: another dominant clan which produced empresses, so called [[Khatun]]s, and supreme military leaders).

Subclade of clan Ashina: [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]]-Z93, Z94+, Z2123-, Y2632-.(Ashide: [[Haplogroup Q-L53|Q1a-L53]])<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/23316012/Wen_S.-Q._Muratov_B.A._Suyunov_R.R._The_haplogroups_of_the_representatives_from_ancient_Turkic_clans_-_Ashina_and_Ashide_BEHPS_ISSN_2410-1788_Volume_3_2_1_2_March_2016_P.154-157 Wen S.-Q., Muratov B.A., Suyunov R.R. The haplogroups of the representatives from ancient Turkic clans - Ashina and Ashide//BEHPS, {{ISSN|2410-1788}}, Volume 3, №2[1,2<nowiki>]</nowiki>, March 2016, P.154-157.]</ref> In this research, 6 R-Z94 applicants, who identifies themselves as descendants of the Ashina clan and whose ancestors are known to be originated from [[Gaochang]](高昌), are listed as the descendants of the Ashina, with four of them from China having a surname Shi(史) and two of them from Pashtun Afganistan and Bulgaria.

=== Etymology ===
Findley assumes that the name Ashina comes from one of the [[Saka languages]] of central Asia and means "blue" or ''gök'' in Turkic. The color is identified with the east, so that Göktürk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East".<ref name="Findley 39"/> This idea is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of [[Saka]] origin".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

H.W. Haussig<ref name="Haussig Н 1979"/> and S.G. Kljyashtorny<ref name="ReferenceA"/> suggest an association between the name and the compound "kindred of Ashin" ''ahşaẽna'' - Old Persian, which can get quite satisfactory etymological development. This is so even in East Turkestan - then the desired form would be in the Sogdian '''xs' yn' k'' (-әhšēnē) "blue, dark"; Khotan-Saka (Brahmi) ''āşşeiņa'' (-āşşena) "blue", where a long -ā- emerged as development ahş-> āşş-; in Tocharian A āśna- "blue, dark" (from Khotan-Saka and Sogdian). The Saka etymology ''ashina'' (<āşşeiņa ~ āşşena) with the value "blue" (the color of the sky) is phonetically and semantically flawless. There is a textual support for this version in the ancient runic inscriptions of the Turks.

In the large Orkhon inscriptions, in the story of the first Kagan, people living in the newly created empire, are named ''kök türk'' - translated as "Celestial Turks". Without touching the numerous interpretations ''kök'' may have in this combination, note it's perfect semantic match with the reconstructed value of the name Ashina. An explicit semantic calque suggests knowledge of its original meaning and foreign origin, which is compatible with the multi-ethnic, multi-cultural nature of the
First Turkic khanate, which entailed the loss, however, of the popularity of "national character", in the words of L. Bazin, as was the political and cultural environment of the Otyuken regime of the era of Bilge Kagan.

The name Ashina was recorded in Ancient Arab chronicles in the form - ''Sha - ne''.<ref>Гумилёв Л.Н. Древние тюрки. М.-Л., Наука, 1967.</ref>

=== Writing ===

The Ashina writing system was taken from Sogdian language. The letters used in the construction of the memorial stele describing the heroic exploits of the members of the ruling kagan kind, were Sogdian. Thus the main inscription on the stele Bugutskoy set up in honour of one of the rulers of the First Turkic khanate, is a written Sogdian letter. A Sogdian inscription is found on a broadsword discovered in the burial of an ancient Turkic warrior at the monument at Jolene in the Altai Mountains.

During the period of the Second Eastern Turk, ancient Turkic runic writing spread, which was also influenced by Sogdian. Runes are widespread among the nomadic Turkic peoples in the early Middle Ages.

=== Funeral rite ===
Tanshu describes the funeral rites of the Ashina as follows: "The body of the deceased lived in a tent. Sons, grandchildren and relatives of both sexes slaughter horses and sheep, and as they spread around in front of the tent, sacrifice; they ride on horseback seven times around the tent, and then, at the entrance to the tent slit their own faces with a knife weeping, and spill their blood forward; pouring blood and tears collectively. They do so seven times and it is over. Later in the chosen day they take the horse on which the deceased used to ride, and the things that he used, and burn them along with the corpse: the ashes are then collected and buried in a certain season into the grave. Those who died in the spring and summer, are buried when the leaves on the trees and plants begin to turn yellow and fall; those who died in the fall or winter are buried when the flowers begin to unfold. On the day of the funeral, as well as on the day of his death, the family offers a sacrifice, rides horses and slit their face. The building, which was built on the grave, is decorated with the portrait of the face of the dead man and with the description of battles in which he was as in the continuation of life. Usually they put one stone for every man he killed, they may have a different number of such stones, up to a hundred or even a thousand. when bringing sheep and horses as a sacrifice to a single, they hang their heads on the milestones."

According to D. G. Savinov, no archaeological monument is fully consistent with the description given by I. Bichurin, neither South Siberia nor Central Asia is known yet, although many of its elements are found already in the early Turkic time. According to D. G.Savinov this may be for several reasons:
# Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open;
# The source is a compilation in character, and burial rituals and funeral cycle from various sources are listed in a unified description;
# 'Tukye' funeral rites in the form in which it is recorded in written sources, developed later on the basis of the various components present in some of the archaeological sites of Southern Siberia of early Turkic time.

It is certain that the rite of cremation was adopted among Turkic Hagan and a very narrow ruling stratum of kaganates. It was inherent in, it is the "prince of the tribe," Ashin, who will consider Indo-European origin. Rite of cremation did not spread among the common people of Turkic. This may well be at the origin of the other ethnic groups of the ruling family.

As a result of the use of the rite described Tanshu, of a very narrow class of people (aristocracy), Savinova's assumption most likely is true, on the grounds that the Tukyue burial sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia are not yet open.<ref>[http://kronk.spb.ru/library/savinov-dg-1984-03.htm Савинов Д.Г. Народы Южной Сибири в древнетюркскую эпоху Глава II. Раннетюркское время 1. Древнетюркские генеалогические предания и археологические памятники раннетюркского времени (с. 31-40)]</ref>

Almost all of the elements of the funeral rites of the Ashina have analogues in the Indo-European rites, in particular the Slavic rites. About individual incision Al Bakr can be quoted: "Wives of the same dead cut their hands and faces with knives." Chinese source said that on the day of the funeral, as well as in the day of his death, family used to ride horses. There is likely to have in mind something like Slavic funeral feast. "The building was built on the grave" is an analogue of the Slavic Domowina. Burial of the ashes of the deceased in the vessel (the tomb of Kul Tigin and his wife) as is recorded by the Slav's "Tale of Bygone Years", for example where it says: "burned, and after collecting the bones, put them in a small container."

=== Analysis of written sources and traditions ===
S. G. Kljyashtorny studied the legends of the Ashina clan in comparison with historical evidence. The dynastic chronicle "Sui Shu" carries information that is realistic at its basis, the historiographical value of which now seems undeniable, "and offered to share the early history of the tribes Tÿrk of two consecutive periods: Gansu- Gaochan when the ancestors of the Turks Ashina formed from Posthun and local Iranian tribes on the territory of Eastern Turkestan (III c. BC - 460 AD), and the Altai, when the established Turkic ethnic group moved into the territory of the Mongolian Altai (460- 552 AD.)"

Another Orientalist, Yu. A. Zuev, also points out the origin of the Saka-Wusun Ashina.

In particular, he drew attention to the similarity of the legends about the origin of the [[Saka]]-[[Wusun]] and Ashina.

So in particular Yu. A. Zuev notes:

{|border="1" cellpadding="17"
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"|[[Wusun]]
!style="background:#efefef;"|Ashina
|-
| 1 Annals determines the location of the ancient Wusun lived "between the Qilian and Dunhuang".
| 1 Ashina were to the west of Shihan - Shara-Nora, i.e. in the same area.
|-
| 2 Wusun constituted "a small principality of the western boundary of the [[Xiongnu]]."
| 2 In all versions of the legend, Ashina is a separate branch from the west sea, west to the Xiongnu.
|-
| 3 The Wusun were broken by the [[Yuezhi]] neighbouring tribe, and on their land only a newborn prince survived.
| 3 Ashina too were broken by their neighbours, and then only one boy survived.
|-
| 4 To help the baby came the ancestral totems of the Wusun - wolf and raven, which saved him from death.
| 4. The Ashina boy was saved by a wolf. In the tradition of the crows, but such a gap is filled by the tamgha list, which shows the Ashina tamgha is the Raven.
|-
| 5. The Wusun boy was carried away to the east, in a bid by the ''shanyu'' of the Xiongnu, and was educated there. In the tradition of the Wusun the boy is helped by the gods.
| 5 The ancestors of the Ashina - a boy and a wolf, were carried away by the gods, and they are in the east of the Shara-Nora in Inner Mongolia.
|-
| 6 After a few years the fight between Wusun and Yuezhi breaks out again, which ended in the defeat of the last.
| 6 When he learned that the boy was alive, hostile princes again send an army to destroy the Ashina and with him the totem tribe. However, this hostile plot fails.
|-
| 7 Wusun migrate north-west from the former place of residence, in the Seven Rivers.
| 7 The same course of action is followed by an Ashina. Bid Ashina Helu was on the Talas river.
|-
| 8 The Wusun acquired power and expanded their territory. The first Usun prince had ten sons.
| 8 The same number of children is found in the Ashina legend. But this version of the ten sons was artificially pegged onto the fact of the existence of the ten tribes (He's OK) of the Western Turkic Khanate.
|-
|}

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the Wusun had a family relationship with the ruling clan Ashina in the First Turkic Empire.

Also Orientalists A. N. Bernstamm, D. G. Savinov and others argue about the Saka-Wusun origin of the Ashina clan.

They point out that according to the "Sui Shu" the Ashina ancestors were some "mixed hu (northwestern barbarian) ethnos". A.N. Bernshtamm in the preface to "Collection of information" by N. Bichurin 1950 noted that the Chinese term "hu" - barbarians, i.e. "Not Chinese", had been identified with the name of the Turks. However, according to Bernshtamm, in Chinese, especially in areas of East Turkestan and Central Asia, as a rule (with a few exceptions), this term is understood as not just the Turkic tribes but also the settled, mainly Sogdian population.<ref name="rgo-sib.ru"/>

Sogdians played a huge role in the political, cultural, economic and trade activities of the Turkish Empire. They have, for example, performed important diplomatic missions with rulers, led embassies to the court of Iranian shahs, controlled trade silk. Sogdian preachers engaged in spreading Manichaeism, Christianity (Nestorianism), and Buddhism among the nomads.

These circumstances lead to the conclusion that the tribe Ashina formed in Hexi Pinlyane as delivery of various Indo-European ("mixed hu"). In this area, during the formation of the tribe (III c. BC - 460 AD), the Indo-European population was predominant and, consequently, the Iranian and Tocharian languages. In ethnogenesis of Ashina, that which also follows from the testimony of the Chinese sources, also participated the element of Hunnish childbirth. After the defeat of the state Tszyuytsyuyev in Hexi, the Ashina fled to Gaochang, where after 460 AD they fell under the rule of Juan-Juan and were relocated to the southern spurs of the Altai. Ashina were artisans and they were mainly engaged in metallurgy.

As suggested by D. G. Savinov, in the new places of settlement, including the territory of their newly created possessions, Ashina faced local tribes, the native proto-cultural substrate. Apparently, this time may include the first acculturation processes, initiating the formation of the ancient Turkic historical and cultural complex. Since the beginning of the active military and political activities the Ashina were joined by a variety of Turkic peoples. The name of the new state was Tÿrk (helmet, based on the geographical features of the Altai), and respectively, the population of the state has adopted the name of the Turks. The word became the name of the Ashina ruling dynasty.

A detailed study of the origin of Ashina is conducted by sinologist S. P. Guschin. He notes that from the legend of the origin of Ashina, we know that "Tukyue ancestors come from a reigning house, who lived to the north of the Huns." The title ''saki'' tribes in Chinese sounds like - "Shohei" 索诃, which coincides with the characters about the "reigning house with" 索國.

In the Chinese dictionary, the dialectal reading of character "Shohei" is given in the form of «saak» 索. Also in Chinese phonetic bases character 索 = sāk / sâk, is set in its old reading.

[[File:Ashina tamga.png|thumb|Tamga of Ashina - The Raven]]

=== Tamga Ashina ===

Yu. A. Zuev notes that the presence of crows as the ancient tribal totem of Wusun is doubtful. According to Wusun legend, the ancestors were Wusun raven and the wolf. This fact is reflected in the [[tamga]] of Wusun, which depicts the raven. Tamga Ashina also meant a raven. According to Zuev the gold (or Kagan’s) clan of Ashina tribe was called Shar-Duly, "Golden/Red Raven", "Golden bird Duli"(Middle Persian).

=== Origins and legends ===

According to the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', the Ashina were related to the northern tribes of the [[Xiongnu]], in particular they were of [[Tiele people|Tiele]] tribe by ancestral lineage.<ref>Rachel Lung, Interpreters in Early Imperial China, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, p.48</ref><ref>Duan: "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", 1988, pp.39-41</ref> As early as the 7th century, four theories about their mythical origins were recorded by the ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', ''[[Book of Sui]]'' and ''[[Youyang Zazu]]'':<ref name=ashina>Xue 39-85</ref>

*Ashina was one of ten sons born to a [[grey wolf|grey she-wolf]] (see [[Asena]]) in the north of [[Gaochang]].<ref name=zhoushu>''[[Zhoushu]]'', vol. 50 {{cite web|url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/cho5.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084245/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw:80/ccw/02/cho5.htm |archivedate=2007-10-11 |df= }}</ref>
*The ancestor of the Ashina was a man from the Suo nation (north of [[Xiongnu]]) whose mother was a [[wolf]], and a season goddess.<ref name=zhoushu/>
*The Ashina were mixture stocks from the Pingliang commandery of eastern [[Gansu]].<ref>''[[Suishu]]'', vol. 84 [http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/swa9.htm]</ref>
*The Ashina descended from a skilled [[Archery|archer]] named Shemo, who had once fallen in love with a sea goddess west of [[Ashide]] cave.<ref>''[[Youyang Zazu]]'', vol. 4 [http://www.oa18.com/read/classic/best/xyzz/007.htm]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

These stories were sometimes pieced together to form a chronologically coherent narrative of early Ashina history. However, as the ''Book of Zhou'', the ''Book of Sui'', and the ''Youyang Zazu'' were all written around the same time, during early [[Tang Dynasty]], whether they could truly be considered chronological or rather should be considered competing versions of the Ashina's origin is debatable.<ref name=ashina/> These stories also have parallels in folktales and legends of other Turkic peoples, for instance, the [[Uyghurs]] and the [[Wusun]].

The record of Turks in [[Zhoushu]] (written in the first half of the 7th century) describes the usage of gold in Turks around the mid-5th century: "(The Turks) inlaid gold sculpture of wolf head on their flag; their military men were called Fuli, that is, wolf in Chinese. It is because they are descendant of the wolf, and naming so is for not forgetting their ancestors."<ref name=zhoushu/>

== History ==

The name Ashina first appeared in the Chinese records of the 6th century.<ref name=ashina/> The [[Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]] infers that between the years 265 and 460 the Ashina had been part of various late [[Xiongnu]] confederations. By about 460 they were subjugated by the Rouran, who ousted them from [[Xinjiang]] into the [[Altay Mountains]], where the Ashina gradually emerged as the leaders of the early Turkic confederation, known as the [[Göktürk]]s.<ref>Klyashtorny ''passim''.</ref> By the 550s, [[Bumin Khan]] established the [[Göktürk Empire]], which flourished until the 630s and from 680s until 740s. The [[Orkhon Valley]] was the centre of the Ashina power.

Multiple members of the Ashina clan [[Turks in the Tang military|served as generals]] in the [[Tang Dynasty]] military. The general Ashina She'er led a [[campaign against Kucha|Tang campaign against Kucha]] and [[Tang campaign against Karasahr|against Karasahr]] in 648.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=99}} His brother, Ashina Zhong, was also a Tang general.{{sfn|Skaff|2009|p=188}} Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen joined [[Su Dingfang]]'s [[Conquest of the Western Turks|military expedition]] against the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]] in 657.{{sfn|Skaff|2009|p=183}}

After the collapse of the Göktürk empire from the [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]], branches of the Ashina clan moved westward to Europe where they became the [[Khagan|kaghans]] of the [[Khazars]]<ref>Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov, André Wink, Nomads in the Sedentary World, Routledge, 2001, p.89</ref><ref>Frederik Coene, The Caucasus: An Introduction, Taylor & Francis, 2009, p.109</ref> and possibly other nomadic peoples with Turkic roots. According to Marquart, the Ashina clan constituted a noble caste throughout the [[steppes]]. Similarly, the [[Bashkir people|Bashkir]] historian and Turkolog [[Zeki Validi Togan]] described them as a "desert aristocracy" that provided rulers for a number of [[Eurasia]]n [[nomadic empire]]s. Accounts of the Göktürk and [[Khazar]] [[khaganate]]s suggest that the Ashina clan was accorded sacred, perhaps quasi-[[divinity|divine]] status in the [[shaman]]ic religion practiced by the steppe nomads in the first century CE.

A relevant example of the special status of this wolf clan is demonstrated by Mongolian history. The [[Chonos tribe|Chonos]], whose name translates as "wolves", were held in such esteem by Mongolian warlords that when [[Jamukha]] in the late 12th century took prisoners of war from the wolf-tribe, during the subsequent victory decapitation ritual he executed them by boiling to avoid the taboo of letting wolf blood mingle with the Earth.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} According to [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din]], the [[Chono people|Chonos]] came to Mongolia from [[Ergenekun]].

== See also ==
*[[Asen dynasty]]
*[[Asena]]
*[[Ashide]]
*[[Chonos tribe]]
*[[Oghuz Turks]]
*[[Turkmens]](on the Y-DNA of Turkmens)
*[[Timeline of Turks (500-1300)]]
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[Turks in the Tang military]]
*[[Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples]]

== Etymology ==
The Ashina probably comes from one of the [[Iranian languages]] of central Asia and means "blue", ''kok'' in [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], the colour identified with the east, so that Gokturk, another name for the Turk empire, meant the "Turks of the East". "The term ''bori'', used to identify the ruler's retinue as 'wolves', probably also derived from one of the Iranian languages", Carter Vaughin Findley has observed.<ref>Findley 39.</ref>

His opinion is seconded by the Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas, who finds it highly plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of Iranian origin, almost certainly [[Saka]]".<ref name="Róna-Tas 280"/>

Former Dr. Zhu Xueyuan derives the name from the related [[Manchu]] word ''[[Aisin]]'' and the early tribe ''[[Wusun]]'' ('''Asin''' or '''Osin''') pronounced earlier in [[archaic Chinese]], a group of people which he highly considered as a [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] people. Zhu asserted that the Xiongnu's tribe Juqu was evidently related to Juji (old pronouncing of [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]]), and that the [[Yuezhi]] was belonged to another Tungusic tribe named Wuzhe, which could all ultimately traced back to the roots of [[Sushen]].<ref>Zhu 68-91.</ref>
The question has recently been renewed by the new reading of the Bugut inscription by a Japanese team: on this [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] inscription, the oldest inscription of the First Turkic empire, the name of the dynasty is clearly written [[Ashinas]]. It is not clear if the previous etymologies can be accepted as they did not took into account this final -s.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*Findley, Carter Vaughin. ''The Turks in World History''. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-517726-6.
* Golden, Peter. ''An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East'', Harrassowitz, 1992.
*{{cite book| last=Grousset | first = René |title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia|year=1970|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1| ref=harv}}
*[http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/085/212.htm Klyashtorny, Sergei. "Орхонские тюрки" ("Orhon Turks").]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''The [[Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]]'' 2nd ed. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1950-1958.
*[[András Róna-Tas|Róna-Tas, András]]. ''Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages''. Central European University Press, 1999. ISBN 963-9116-48-3. Page 280.
*{{cite book|first=Jonathan Karem|last= Skaff|editor=Nicola Di Cosmo|title=Military Culture in Imperial China|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03109-8|ref=harv}}
* Zhu, Xueyuan. ''The Origins of Northern China's Ethnicities''. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 2004. ISBN 7-101-03336-9.
* Xue, Zongzheng. ''A History of Turks''. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press, 1992. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8.

== External links ==
* {{ru icon}} [http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot03.htm Lev Gumilev about the Ashina clan]

{{Göktürks}}

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[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Royal families]]
[[Category:Groups connected to the Khazars]]
[[Category:Göktürks]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]

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